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Chapter 2 : Blood Circulation and Transportation

2.1 Transports System in Humans Structure of heart Function of the heart Blood vessels and their functions Comparison between arteries, veins and capillaries Path of blood flow in the circulatory system 2.2 Human Blood Blood constituents and their function Blood group and compatibility 2.3 Transport System in Plants Transport tissues in plants The transportation of water through xylem

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Chapter 2 : Blood Circulation and Transportation

The transportation of food through phloem Transpiration Factors that affect the rate of transpiration Role of transpiration in transport


2.1 Transport System in Humans Structure of the heart

Aorta From head and body

To head and body

Vena cava

Right atrium

Tricuspid valve

Right ventricle Septum

Left ventricle

Bicuspid valve

Left atrium Pulmonary vein

From lungs

To lungs Pulmonary artery Semilunar

valve


2.1 Transport System in Humans Functions of the heart

A muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the whole body Deoxygenated blood from the whole body flows back to the

right atrium via the vena cava. It then, sends blood to the right ventricle and the right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs to picks up oxygen

Oxygenated blood flows to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle. Then, it is pumped out from the heart into the aorta which distributes blood to various parts of the body

Responsible for distributing oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other waste products


2.1 Transport System in Humans

Blood vessels and their function

Artery

Vein

Blood capillary

Blood enters

Blood flows out

(a)Capillary joins artery and vein

Direction of blood flow

Valve close to prevent backflow

of blood

Valve opens

(b) Action of semilunar valve at the wall of the vein


2.1 Transport System in Humans Comparison between arteries, veins and capillaries

Very low Low High Blood pressure Very small Big Small Size of lumen

(diameter)

Very thin and only one cell thick

Thin, less elastic, less muscular

Thick, muscular, elastic

Thickness of wall

Appearance

Capillaries Veins Arteries Characterisitcs Connective tissue

Smooth muscle Lumen

Endothelium tissue

Connective tissue Smooth muscle Lumen

Endothelium tissue

Lumen

Endothelium tissue

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Connect the arteries and the veins

Transport blood from the body tissues to the heart

Transport blood from the heart to the body tissues

Function

Very slow Slow Fast Rate of blood flow

Oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood

Deoxygenated blood except the pulmonary vein

Oxygenated blood except the pulmonary artery

Type of blood transported

No Yes No Presence of valve

Capillaries Veins Arteries Characterisitcs


2.1 Transport System in Humans Path of blood flow in the circulatory system

Head and neck

Hands

Lungs

Liver

Stomach and intestine

Kidneys

Legs

Pulmonary artery

Aorta Vena cava

Pulmonary vein

Heart

Artery

Heart

Vein

Deoxygenated blood

Oxygenated blood


The human blood circulatory system is divided into

* Pulmonary circulation : Deoxygenated blood returning from the organs and tissues of the body travels from the right ventricle to the left atrium * Systemic circulation : Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all tissues in the body except lungs and return deoxygenated blood which carries waste products back to the heart



2.2 Human Blood

Blood is a vital fluid tissue made up of liquids and solids The liquid component of blood is called plasma, which is light yellow in colour The solid component consists of blood cells, namely red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets Plasma and blood cells in blood can be separated from a blood sample by using a centrifuge

Blood constituents and their functions


2.2 Human Blood

No Yes No Presence of nucleus

Bone narrow Bone narrow and lymph node

Bone narrow Place of production

2 – 3 m 10 m 8 m Estimated size

Shape

Platelets White blood cells

Red blood cells Characteristics

Biconcave disc No fixed shape Cytoplasmic fragment of cells that has no fixed shape

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2.2 Human Blood

About 200 000 to 400 000

About 7 millions

About 5 millions

Number per cubic millimeter (mm3)

Help in blood clotting

Defence and immunity

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Function

No No Yes Presence of haemoglobin

8 – 10 days A few days to many months 120 days Life span

Platelets White blood cells

Red blood cells Characteristics


2.2 Human Blood

The human blood is divided into four groups namely group A, B, O and AB People with blood type O are called universal donors because they can donate blood to any blood group. They can receive blood from group O only People with blood type AB are called universal recipients because they can receive blood from any blood group. They can donate to group AB only Transfusion is a process of blood transfer from a donor to a recipient Agglutination will occur when the blood of two incompatible groups are mixed together

Blood group and compatibility


2.2 Human Blood

/ / / / AB

/ O

/ / B

/ / A

AB O B A Recipient’s blood

type

Compability of different blood groups

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Donor’s blood type

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2.3 Transport System in Plants Transport tissues in plants

Transports the product of photosynthesis (glucose) from the leaf to the rest of the plant for consumption or storage

Gives support to plant with its thick and strong wall Transports water and mineral salts from the roots to other parts of the plant

Functions

A soft living tissue Rich with protoplasm

A long hollow tissue strengthened by fibre Does not contain protoplasm

Features

Phloem Xylem


2.3 Transport System in Plants

Root

Leaf

Stem

Dicotyledonous plant Monocotyledonous plant

Xylem

Phloem

Xylem

Phloem

Xylem

Phloem Epidermis

Xylem

Phloem

Cortex

Epidermis

Xylem

Phloem

Epidermis

Hair root Xylem

Phloem Cortex

Hair root

Epidermis Endodermis


2.3 Transport System in Plants The transportation of water through xylem

Red-coloured solution

Red-coloured part

Red-coloured part

Cross section of a stem

Cross section of a root Balsam plant


Procedures A balsam plant is immersed into a beaker filled with a red-

coloured solution. The plant is then exposed to sunlight After one day, the epidermis of the stem and leaf is observed A thin slice of the root and stem is cut and observed under a

microscope Observation Some red bands are found at the veins of the leaf and some

part of the stem and root From the cross section of the stem, it is observed that xylem

tissues arranged in rings in each vascular bundle are coloured red

Conclusion Those red bands are xylem tissues which transport water from

the root to the stem and leaves



2.3 Transport System in Plants The transportation of food through phloem

Swelling is due to accumulation of product of photosynthesis (food)

Shrinking

After few weeks

First day


Procedures The phloem tissues of a plant is removed by making a ring at

the bark of its stem The plant is left under sunlight and watered everyday The plant is left for few weeks Observation The bark above the ring swells The bark below the ring shrivels Leaves on the upper part of the ring do not wilt Inference The bark above the ring swells because the food (glucose)

cannot be transported to the lower portion without phloem tissue


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The bark below the ring shrivels because the food has been used up

Leaves of the plant do not wilt because water and mineral salts can still be transported up through the xylem tissues

Conclusion Phloems tissues transport food (glucose) from the leaf to other

parts of the plant



2.3 Transport System in Plants Transpiration Transpiration is the evaporation process where plants lose

excessive water to the atmosphere in the form of water vapour The excess water will be removed through the stomata which

can be found on both surfaces on the leaf Stomata consist of : * Stoma : The pore where water vapour is expelled out of the plant * Guard cell : Two kidney-shaped cells that contain chloroplasts Control the pore size of the stoma The stoma is smaller during hot days and bigger during cold

days The opening of the stoma also allows exchange of gas



Stomata on leaf surface

Guard cell

Stoma

Hot day

Stoma is smaller

Cold day

Stoma is bigger



Light

Factors that affect the rate of transpiration

Temperature

Relative humidity

Wind speed

Water availability

Altitude



Role of transpiration in transport

Transpiration helps in the absorption and transportation of water and minerals in plants As water is lost or used up by the plant, more water is

sucked up from the xylem vessels in the leaves, stem and roots The flow of water is continuous from the roots to the leaves The water in the soil contains minerals which are absorbed

by the roots, tranported up the stem and to the leaves


The End

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Bab 2 : Peredaran Darah dan Pengangkutan

2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia • Struktur jantung • Fungsi jantung • Saluran darah dan fungsinya • Perbandingan di antara arteri, vena dan kapilari • Laluan aliran darah dalam sistem peredaran 2.2 Darah Manusia • Kandungan darah dan fungsinya • Kumpulan darah dan kesesuaian 2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan • Pengangkutan tisu dalam tumbuhan • Pengangkutan air melalui xilem

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Bab 2 : Peredaran Darah dan Pengangkutan

• Pengangkutan makanan melalui floem • Transpirasi • Faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi • Peranan transpirasi dalam pengangkutan

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2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia

Struktur jantung Aorta

Dari kepala dan badan

Ke kepala dan badan

Vena kava

Aurikel kanan

Injap trikuspid

Ventrikal kanan Septum

Ventrikel kiri

Injap bikuspid

Aurikel kiri Vena pulmonari

Dari peparu

Ke peparu Arteri pulmonari Injap sabit

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2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia Fungsi jantung

• Organ berotot yang mengepam darah keluar ke seluruh badan

• Darah terdeoksigen daripada seluruh badan mengalir balik ke aurikel kanan melalui vena kava. Kemudian ia menghantar darah ke ventrikel kanan dan ventrikel kanan mengepam darah ke dalam arteri pulmonari. Arteri pulmonari membawa darah ke peparu dan mengambil oksigen

• Darah beroksigen mengalir dari aurikel kiri melalui vena pulmonari. Darah melewati aurikel kiri ke dalam ventrikel kiri. Kemudian, ia dipam keluar dari jantung ke dalam aorta dan darah diedarkan ke seluruh bahagian badan

• Bertanggungjawab untuk mengedar oksigen dan nutrien ke badan dan membawa keluar karbon dioksida dan produk buangan yang lain Keluar Versi BI


Saluran darah dan fungsinya

Arteri

Vena

Kapilari darah

Darah masuk Darah mengalir keluar

(a) Kapilari menyambungkan arteri dengan vena

Arah aliran darah

Injap tertutup untuk mencegah

darah mengalir balik

Injap terbuka

(b) Tindakan injap sabit pada dinding vena

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2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia Perbandingan antara arteri, vena dan kapilari

Sangat rendah Rendah Tinggi Tekanan darah Sangat kecil Besar Kecil Saiz lumen

(diameter)

Sangat nipis dan setebal satu sel

Nipis, kurang kenyal, kurang berotot

Tebal, berotot, kenyal

Ketebalan dinding

Rupa bentuk Kapilari Vena Arteri Ciri-ciri

Tisu penghubung Otot rata Lumen

Tisu endothelium

Tisu penghubung Otot rata Lumen

Tisu endothelium

Lumen

Tisu endothelium

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Menghubung-kan arteri dengan vena

Mengangkut darah dari tisu badan ke jantung

Mengangkut darah dari jantung ke tisu badan

Fungsi

Sangat perlahan

Perlahan Laju Kadar aliran darah

Darah beroksigen dan darah terdeoksigen

Darah terdeoksigen kecuali vena pulmonari

Darah beroksigen kecuali arteri pulmonari

Jenis darah yang diangkut

Tiada Ada Tiada Kehadiran injap

Kapilari Vena Arteri Ciri-ciri

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Laluan aliran darah dalam sistem peredaran Kepala

dan leher Tangan

Peparu

Hati

Perut dan usus

Ginjal

Kaki

Arteri pulmonari

Aorta Vena kava

Vena pulmonari

Jantung

Arteri

Jantung

Vena

Darah terdeoksigen

Darah beroksigen

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• Sistem peredaran darah manusia dibahagikan kepada

* Peredaran pulmonari : Mengembalikan darah terdeoksigen dari organ dan tisu badan yang meneruskan perjalanan dari ventrikel kanan ke aurikel kiri * Peredaran sistemik : Membawa darah beroksigen dari jantung ke semua tisu dalam badan kecuali peparu dan mengembalikan darah terdeoksigen yang membawa bahan buangan kembali ke jantung


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2.2 Darah Manusia

• Darah adalah aliran tisu yang amat penting yang terbina daripada cecair dan pepejal

• Komponen cecair darah dipanggil plasma yang berwarna kuning muda

• Komponen pepejal terdiri daripada sel darah iaitu sel darah merah, sel darah putih dan platlet

• Plasma dan sel darah dalam darah boleh dipisahkan dari sampel darah menggunakan centrifuge

Kandungan darah dan fungsinya

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2.2 Darah Manusia

Tiada Ada Tiada Kehadiran nukleus

Sumsum tulang Sumsum tulang dan kelenjar linfa

Sumsum tulang

Tempat penghasilan

2 – 3 m 10 m 8 m Anggaran saiz

Bentuk

Platlet Sel darah

putih Sel darah

merah Ciri-ciri

Dwicekung Tiada bentuk tetap Tiada bentuk tetap

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2.2 Darah Manusia

Lebih kurangt 200 000 ke 400 000

Lebih kurang 7 juta

Lebih kurang 5 juta

Bilangan per milimeter padu (mm3)

Membantu dalam pembekuan darah

Mempertahan-kan badan

Mengangkut oksigen dan karbon dioksida

Fungsi

Tiada Tiada Ada Kehadiran hemoglobin

8 – 10 hari Beberapa hari ke beberapa bulan

120 hari Jangka hayat

Platlet Sel darah

putih Sel darah

merah Ciri-ciri

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2.2 Darah Manusia

• Darah manusia dibahagikan kepada empat kumpulan iaitu kumpulan A, B, O dan AB

• Manusia yang mempunyai darah O dipanggil penderma universal kerana mereka boleh menderma darah kepada sebarang kumpulan darah. Mereka boleh menerima darah dari kumpulan O sahaja

• Manusia yang mempunyai darah jenis AB dipanggil penerima universal kerana mereka boleh menerima darah dari sebarang kumpulan darah. Mereka boleh menderma kepada kumpulan AB sahaja

• Pemindahan darah adalah satu proses memindahkan darah daripada penderma kepada penerima

• Pengaglutinatan akan berlaku apabila dua jenis darah yang tidak sesuai dicampurkan

Kumpulan darah dan kesesuaian

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2.2 Darah Manusia

/ / / / AB

/ O

/ / B

/ / A

AB O B A Jenis darah penerima

Kesesuaian kumpulan darah yang berbeza

Jenis darah penderma

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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan Pengangkutan tisu dalam tumbuhan

• Mengangkut hasil fotosintesis (glukosa) dari daun ke bahagian lain tumbuhan untuk kegunaan dan simpanan

• Memberi sokongan kepada tumbuhan dengan dindingnya yang tebal dan kuat • Mengangkut air dan garam mineral dari akar ke bahagian lain tumbuhan

Fungsi

• Tisu lembut • Kaya dengan protoplasma

• Salur panjang berdinding tebal • Tidak mengandungi protoplasma

Ciri-ciri

Floem Xilem

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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan

Akar

Daun

Batang

Tumbuhan dikotiledon Tumbuhan monokotiledon

Xilem

Floem

Xilem

Floem

Xilem

Floem Epidermis

Xilem

Floem

Kortex

Epidermis

Xilem

Floem

Epidermis

Akar rambut

Xilem

Floem Kortex

Akar rambut

Epidermis Endodermis

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Pengangkutan air melalui xilem

Larutan berwarna

merah

Bahagian berwarna

merah

Bahagian berwarna

merah

Keratan rentas batang

Keratan rentas akar Pokok keembung

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Prosedur • Pokok keembung direndamkan ke dalam bikar yang berisi larutan

berwarna merah. Tumbuhan ini kemudiannya didedahkan kepada cahaya matahari

• Selepas satu hari, epidermis batang dan daun diperhatikan • Potong keratan rentas yang nipis bagi akar dan batang dan

diperhatikan di bawah mikroskop Pemerhatian • Jalur merah ditemui pada vena daun dan sebahagiannya pada

batang dan akar • Daripada keratan rentas batang, dapat diperhatikan yang tisu xilem

tersusun dalam gelang dalam setiap bekas vaskular berwarna merah

Kesimpulan • Jalur yang berwarna merah adalah tisu xilem yang mengangkut air

daripada akar ke batang dan daun


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Pengangkutan makanan melalui floem

Membengkak akibat pengumpulan hasil fotosintesis (makanan)

Mengecut

Selepas beberapa minggu

Hari pertama

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Prosedur • Tisu floem tumbuhan disingkirkan dengan membuat

gelang pada kulit kayu batang tumbuhan • Tumbuhan ini dibiarkan di bawah cahaya matahari dan

air • Tumbuhan ini dibiarkan selama beberapa minggu Pemerhatian • Kulit kayu di bahagian atas gelang membengkak • Kulit kayu di bahagian bawah gelang mengecut • Daun pada bahagian atas gelang tidak layu Inferens • Kulit kayu pada bahagian atas gelang membengkak

kerana tanpa tisu floem makanan (glukosa) tidak dapat diangkut ke bahagian bawah


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• Kulit kayu bahagian bawah gelang mengecut kerana makanan telah habis digunakan

• Daun tumbuhan tidak layu kerana air dan garam mineral masih boleh diangkut melalui tisu xilem

Kesimpulan • Tisu floem mengangkut makanan (glukosa) daripada

daun ke bahagian lain tumbuhan


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Transpirasi • Transpirasi adalah proses penyejatan di mana tumbuhan

hilang air berlebihan ke atmosfera dalam bentuk wap air • Air berlebihan akan disingkirkan melalui stoma yang boleh

dijumpai pada kedua-dua permukaan daun • Stoma terdiri daripada : * Stoma : Liang di mana wap air dibuang keluar dari

tumbuhan * Sel pengawal : Sel yang berbentuk dua ginjal yang mengandungi kloroplas yang mengawal saiz liang stoma • Stoma menjadi kecil pada hari panas dan besar pada hari

sejuk • Bukaan stoma membenarkan pertukaran gas

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Stoma atas permukaan daun

Sel pengawal

Stoma

Hari panas

Stoma mengecil

Hari sejuk

Stoma membesar

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Cahaya

Faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar

transpirasi

Suhu

Kelembapan bandingan

Laju angin

Adanya air

Ketinggian

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Peranan transpirasi dalam pengangkutan

• Transpirasi membantu dalam penyerapan dan pengangkutan air dan mineral dalam tumbuhan

• Seperti mana air hilang atau habis digunakan oleh tumbuhan, lebih banyak air disedut daripada salur xilem dalam daun, batang dan akar

• Aliran air berterusan daripada akar kepada daun • Air dalam tanih mengandungi mineral yang boleh diserap

oleh akar, diangkut ke batang dan ke daun

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