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King Saud University

College of Nursing

Blood Transfusion

Hatem Alsrour

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Out lineDefinition.Objective.What is a Blood ?Blood Types.Types of Blood Transfusion.Who Needs a Blood Transfusion ?Before a Blood Transfusion.During a Blood Transfusion.

After a Blood Transfusion.Risks of Blood Transfusion.References.

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Definition ( Blood Transfusion )

is the process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one

person into the circulatory system of another.

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ObjectiveRecognise different blood components andexplain why they might be prescribed.Understand the essential safety measures necessary when collectingand transporting blood from the blood bank to a clinical area.Minimise risk through the use of appropriate patient and componentidentification checks.Make informed decisions about patient care before, during and after ablood transfusion.Confidently respond in the event of an adverse reaction to transfusedblood.

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What is a Blood?

Blood is composed of fluid and different kinds of blood cells:

Plasma is the fluid portion of blood.

White Blood Cells protect against disease and infection. It range 4.5 11 k/ul

Platelets help form blood clots when bleeding occurs. It range 150 450 k/ul .

Red Blood Cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the other cells of the body and return carbon dioxide to the lungs. It range 4 5.5k/ul

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Blood Types

Every person has one of the following bloodtypes:

A, B, AB , or O.Also, every person's blood is either Rh-positive or Rh-negative . So, if you have typeA blood, it's either A positive or A negative.

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No YES

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Types of Blood TransfusionBlood is transfused either as whole blood (with all its parts) or, more often,

as individual parts. The type of blood transfusion you need depends onyour situation:

Red Blood Cell Transfusions

Red blood cells are the most commonly transfused part of the blood. These cells

carry oxygen from the lungs to your body's organs and tissues. They also helpyour body get rid of carbon dioxide and other waste products. You may need a

transfusion of red blood cells if you've lost blood due to an injury or surgery.

Platelets and Clotting Factor Transfusions Platelets and clotting factors help stop bleeding, including internal bleeding that

you can't see. Some illnesses may cause your body to not make enough plateletsor other clotting factors. You may need regular transfusions of these parts of your blood to stay healthy.

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Plasma Transfusions

Plasma is the liquid part of your blood. It's mainly water, but also containsproteins, clotting factors, hormones, vitamins, cholesterol, sugar, sodium,potassium, calcium, and more. If you have been badly burned or have liver failure or a severe infection, you may need a plasma transfusion.

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Who Needs a Blood Transfusion?

Many people who have surgery need blood transfusions because theylose blood during the operation. For example, about one-third of allheart surgery patients have a transfusion.

Some people who have serious injuriessuch as from car wrecks,war, or natural disastersneed blood transfusions.

Some people need blood or parts of the blood because of illnesses. You may need a blood transfusion if you have:- A severe infection or liver disease that stops your body from properly making blood or some parts of blood.- An illness that causes anemia, such as kidney disease or cancer. Medicines or radiationused to treat a medical condition also can cause anemia.- A bleeding disorder, such as hemophilia or thrombocytopenia.

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Before a Blood Transfusion

The nurse should being sure of:

- The doctor order and signature.

- The serial number of blood unit.

- The blood type of ordered unit and pts blood type.

- Date of having blood unit not exceed one month.

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During a Blood Transfusion

The nurse should :Assessment of vital signs prior to transfusion.

Tow nurses verify correct and unit of bloodare correctly matched.Direct observation of client during first 15minutes of infusion.Check vital signs according to protocol.

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If blood transfusion reaction occur the nurseshould:Stop transfusion immediately.Continue IV infusion with normal saline.Notify physician of clients signs and symptoms.Provide care for client as indicated.Complete reaction from according to institution protocol.Obtain urine specimen from client and send for freehemoglobin.

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After a Blood Transfusion

After a blood transfusion, vital signs are checked(such as your temperature, blood pressure, andheart rate).

The patient maybe have some bruising or sorenessfor a few days at the site where the IV was inserted .need blood tests that show how your body isreacting to the transfusion.

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References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusionhttp://www.bloodtransfusion.com/www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/bt/bt_whatis.htmlwww.emro.who.intwww.who.int/topics/blood_transfusionhttp://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/medical_care/transfusions.htmlhttp://faculty.valenciacc.edu/jclark/Manny/studentBloodTransfusion.ppthttp://www.rdasa.com.au/conference/documents/KathrynRobinson-BloodTransfusion.pdf