blood supplementary materials - elsevier

TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes,Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species

Species

Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)

Hemo-globin g/dL

Erythro-cyte 106/mm3

Leukocyte count 103/mm3

Throm103/m

Palaeognathae

Ostrich (Struthio camelus) 44.15 11.2 1.95 10.0 25.85

Emu (Dromaius novahol-landiae)

37.0 11.8 1.6 15.7

Greater Rhea (Rhea americana)

49.4 8.9

Lesser Rhea (Pterocnemia pennata)

48 17.8 2.2 14.1

Red-legged Tinamou (Crypturellus erythropus)

34.3 22.0 1.87 9.55

Accipitriformes

Family Accipitridae

African Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer)

43.2 22.3 2.04

African Harrier Hawk (Polyboroides typus)

46.7 24.2 2.29

African Hawk-Eagle (Aquila spilogaster)

40.1 21.9 2.31

African White-backed Vulture (Gyps africanus)

44.3 19.7 2.5 16.7

Augur Buzzard (Buteo augur)

30.8 18.4 1.74

Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)

47.5 15.3 3 11.3

Appendix 2

Blood Supplementary Materials

15

together with Hemoglobin

bocyte m3 References

Mean: Mushi et al., 1999; Bonadiman et al., 2009

Patodkar et al., 2008

Uhart et al., 2006

Reissig et al., 2002

Smith, 2003

Mean: Hollamby et al., 2004

Cooper, 1975

Cooper, 1975

Naidoo et al., 2008

Cooper, 1975

Mean: Elliot et al., 1974; Hoffman et al., 1981

(Continued)

Blood Supplementary Materials16

Species


Hemo-globin g/dL



Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References

Bearded Vulture ( Gypaetus barbatus)

47 16.4 2.9 9.7 Hernández and Margalida, 2010

Black Kite (Milvus migrans) 42.5 20.3 1.93 19.0 Mean: Cooper, 1975; Ferrer et al., 1987; Powers et al., 1994

Black-shouldered Kite (Elanus axillaris)

48.5 19.6 2.00 Cooper, 1975

Black Sparrowhawk (Accipiter melanoleucus)

41.8 24.4 2.33 Cooper, 1975

Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus)

43 Ferrer et al., 1987

Cape Vulture (Gyps coprotheres)

46 2.8 44.5 Van Heerden et al., 1987

Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo)

41 31.5 Ferrer et al., 1987; Powers et al., 1994

Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter cooperi)

49.9 3.75 Gessaman et al., 1986

Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela)

47.5 2.6 22.0 Elliot et al., 1974

Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca)

40 Ferrer et al., 1987

Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus)

42.5 13.7 2.3 16.0 Polo et al., 1992

Eurasian Griffon (Gyps fulvus)

45 15.1 2.6 13.2 Polo et al., 1992

European Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus)

10.5 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

Gabar Goshawk (Microni-sus gabar)

32.8 16.4 1.72 Cooper, 1975

Galapagos Hawk (Buteo galapagoensis)

43 Dem et al., 2012

Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)

39.0 13.8 2.1 19.7 Mean: Elliot et al., 1974; Polo et al., 1992

Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus)

45 15.1 2.6 13.2 Polo et al., 1992

Harris’ Hawk 13.0 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

Hooded Vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus)

41.45 20.4 2.37 22.4 Mean: Elliot et al., 1974; Cooper, 1975

Lizard Buzzard (Kaupifalco monogrammicus)

44.7 24.8 2.69 Cooper, 1975

TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d

17Blood Supplementary Materials

Species


Hemo-globin g/dL




Long-crested Eagle (Lophaetus occipitalis)

41.0 13.2 4.01 Cooper, 1975

Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus)

34.7 21.0 Lavin et al., 1992; Cited in Powers et al., 1994

Montagu’s Harrier (Circus pygargus)

51 13.5 3.1 12.3 Lavin et al., 1993

Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)

8.7 Hanauska-Brown et al., 2003

Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus)

40.0 1.8 33.0 Elliot et al., 1974

Pale Chanting Goshawk (Melierax canorus)

32.0 16.4 1.59 Cooper, 1975

Red Kite (Milvus milvus) 12.0 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)

39.4 2.45 Rehder et al., 1982

Savanna Hawk (Buteogallus meridionalis)

52.5 3.0 31.0 Elliot et al., 1974

Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus)

49.1 12.9 Mean: Gessaman et al., 1986; Powers et al., 1994

Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti)

43.5 14.2 2.29 15.1 Polo et al., 1992

South American Snail Kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis)

42 14.0 2.8 Gee et al., 1981

Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis)

35.0 17.8 2.12 Cooper, 1975

Swamp Harrier (Circus approximans)

39 20.7 Calculated from Youl, 2009

Tawny Eagle (Aquila rapax)

38.1 15.1 2.30 Mean: Cooper, 1975; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Wahlberg’s Eagle (Aquila wahlbergi)

32.5 16.9 1.53 Cooper, 1975

White-bellied Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster)

55 3.2 22.0 Elliot et al., 1974

White-tailed Sea-eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla)

19.5 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

Family Cathartidae

Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus)

42 13.5 2.4 Gee et al., 1981

California Condor (Gym-nogyps californianus)

44 15.7 Dujowich et al., 2005


(Continued)


Species


Hemo-globin g/dL




King Vulture (Sarcoram-phus papa)

43 3.8 41.8 Elliot et al., 1974

Secretary Bird (Sagittarius serpentarius)

37.5 22.3 1.51 Cooper, 1975

Anseriformes

Black duck (Anas superciliosa)

40.2 13.0 2.8 19.7 Mulley, 1979

Buffiehead (Bucephala albeola)

54.3 2.64 Kocan, 1972

Canvasback Duck (Aythya valisineria)

52.2 2.56 Kocan, 1972

Common Pochard (Aythya ferina)

43.7 14.6 3.2 Balasch et al., 1974

Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis)

57.1 2.45 Kocan, 1972

Maccoa Duck (Oxyura maccoa)

37.9 15.1 3.1 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)

45.75 13.875 2.89 Shave and Howard, 1971

Maned Duck or Australian Wood duck (Chenonetta jubata)

45.5 14.9 2.79 23.6 Mulley, 1980

Red-billed Teal (Anas erythrorhyncha)


Ring-neck Duck (Aythya collaris)

49.1 2.50 Kocan, 1972

Yellow-billed Duck (Anas undulata)


Wood Duck (Chenonetta jubata)

45.5 14.9 2.79 23.6 Mulley, 1980

Aleutian Canada Goose (Branta canadensis leuco-parea)

42 13.2 2.6 Gee et al., 1981

Egyptian Goose (Alopo-chen aegyptiacus)


Embden Goose(Anser anser)

38 11.4 2.6 Gee et al., 1981

Nene Goose (Branta sandvicensis)

46 15.5 2.6 Gee et al., 1981

Snow Goose (Anser caerulescens)

45.8 14.2 2.24 19.7 Williams and Trainer, 1971

Spur-winged Goose (Plec-tropterus gambensis)





Species


Hemo-globin g/dL




Tule White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons)

43 15.0 2.9 Gee et al., 1981

Black-necked Swan (Cygnus melanocoryphus)

35.5 12.0 1.75 11.75 Norambuena and Bozinovic, 2009

Mute swan (Cygnus olor) 34.5 12.7 2.07 16.2 Dolka et al., 2014

Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinators)

45 12.65 Olsen et al., 2002

Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus)

- - - 19.1 Milani et al., 2012

Apodiformes

Alpine swift (Apus melba) 51.1 18.6 4.0 Palomeque et al., 1980

Pallid swift (Apus pallidus) 54.5 18.3 5.3 Palomeque et al., 1980

Swift (Apus apus) 50 17.8 4.7 Palomeque et al., 1980

Anna’s Hummingbird (Calypte anna)

55.3 18.2 6.1 Carey and Morton, 1976

Caprimulgiformes

Tawny Frogmouth (Podar-gus strigoides)

41 2.26 12.87 McCracken, 2003

Charadriiformes

Family Alcidae

Ancient Murrelet (Synthli-boramphus antiquus)

40 4.1 Newman et al., 1997

Cassin’s auklet (Ptychor-amphus aleuticus)

34 9.2 Newman et al., 1997

Common Murre or common guillemot (Uria aalge)

39 9.3 Newman et al., 1997

Crested Auklet (Aethia cristatella)

40 2.5 Newman et al., 1997

Horned puffin (Fratercula corniculata)

44 4.3 Newman et al., 1997

Little Auk (Plautus alle) 56.8 17.0 3.5 Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1987

Marbled murrelet (Brachy-ramphus marmoratus)

41 5.7 Newman et al., 1997

Parakeet Auklet (Aethia psittacula)

42 5.0 Newman et al., 1997

Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba)

47 4.0 Newman et al., 1997

(Continued)



Species


Hemo-globin g/dL




Rhinoceros Auklet ( Cerrorhinca monocerata)

44.6 12.3 Newman et al., 1999

Tufted Puffin (Fratercula cirrhata)

41 4.0 Newman et al., 1997

Family Burhinidae

Double-striped Thick-knee (Burhinus bistriatus)

49.3 13.6 3.57 9.543 Ball, 2003

Stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus)

47 14.45 2.86 7.88 Samour et al., 1998

Spotted Thick-knee (Burhinus capensis)

46 13.3 2.06 13.57 Samour et al., 1998

Family Charadriidae

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)

46.6 14.0 4.0 8.16 Ball, 2003

Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus)

49.1 3.80 Ball, 2003

Family (Haematopodidae) Newman et al., 1997

American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliates)

45.2 8.7 Carlson-Bremer et al., 2010

Family Jacanidae

Wattled Jacana (Jacana jacana)

48.7 5.088 Ball, 2003

Family Laridae

Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibun-dus or Larus ridibundus)

43.9 15.9 3.2 Balasch et al., 1974

Black legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla)

41 4.2 Newman et al., 1997

European Herring Gull (Larus argentatus)

42.1 14.45 2.5 15.50 Balasch et al., 1974

Glaucous-winged Gull (Larus glaucescens)

38 5.1 Newman et al., 1997

Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus)

41 12.9 2.1 15.7 Averbeck, 1992

Kelp Gull (Larus domini-canus)

39.0 12.6 3.6 Myrcha and Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980

Family Recurvirostridae

American Avocet (Recurvi-rostra americana)

46.2 13.4 3.48 8.258 Ball, 2003

Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus)

50.3 15.0 3.45 7.78 Ball, 2003


Species


Hemo-globin g/dL




Family Scolopacidae

Red knot (Calidris canutus rufa)

51 - - - - D’Amico et al., 2010

Family Stercorariidae

Brown Skua (Stercorarius antarcticus) or S. lönnbergi


Great Skua (Stercorarius skua)

44 Bearhop et al., 1999

Family Sternidae

Antarctic Tern (Sterna vittata)


Arctic Tern (Sterna para-disaea)

46.0 14.4 3.1 Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1987

Common Tern (Sterna hirundo)

48.1 10 Fiorello et al., 2009

Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata) 47 21.2 Work, 1996

Ciconiiformes

Family Ardeidae

Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycti-corax)

44.8 13.6 2.86 8.31 Celdrán et al., 1994

Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea)


Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea)

43.9 12.9 2.49 9.44 Celdrán et al., 1994

Little Egret (Egretta gar-zetta)

47.7 11.3 2.80 6.11 Fontenelle, 2001

Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) 45.6 12.6 2.75 6.43 Celdrán et al., 1994

Family Ciconiidae

Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) 42 11.5 2.2 64.7 90.9 Puerta et al., 1989

Greater Adjutant (Leptopti-los dubius)

38.0 13.6 1.63 8.72 Salakij et al., 2004

Lesser Adjutant (Leptopti-los javanicus)

41.3 13.9 1.89 9.422 Salakij et al., 2004

Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari)

46 16.1 2.30 9.8 Fontenelle, 2001

Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala)

42.4 17.7 3.24 3.88 12.9 Aengwanich et al., 2002


(Continued)


Species


Hemo-globin g/dL




White stork (Ciconia ciconia)

36 11.1 1.9 62.1 66.6 Puerta et al., 1989

Family Threskiornithidae

Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor)

45.1 2.5 15.0 Chou et al., 2008

Eurasian Spoonbill (Plata-lea leucorodia)

46.4 15.9 2.97 9.39 Celdrán et al., 1994

Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus)

49.0 17.1 3.53 9.08 Celdrán et al., 1994

Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus ermita)

44 3.1 3.4 Dutton et al., 2002

Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridg-wayi)

42 16.8 3.0 3.9 Coke et al., 2004

Scarlet Ibis (Eudocimus ruber)

46 16.1 2.30 9.8 Fontenelle, 2001

Black-headed Ibis (Threskiouris melano-cephalus)

46 18.7 2.8 14.9 16.2 Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2004

Coliiformes

Blue-naped Mousebird (Urocolius macrourus)

53.1 18.8 4.52 12.85 Calculated from Pye, 2003

Speckled Mousebird (Colius striatus)

42.4 13.2 2.37 8.66 Pye, 2003

Columbiformes

African-collared Dove (Streptopelia roseogrisea)

15 5.5 35 32 Lashev et al., 2009

Collared Dove (Streptope-lia decaocto)

13 5.3 23 30 Lashev et al., 2009

Domestic Pigeon (Columba livia)

50.5 16.7 4.0 24 34 Mean: Balasch et al., 1974; Kalomenopoulou and Koliakos, 1989; Lashev et al., 2009

Laughing dove (Spilopelia senegalensis)


Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

49 Harms and Harms, 2012

Nicobar Pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica)

50.7 17.0 3.4 4.3 Peinado et al., 1992a

Pheasant Pigeon (Otidip-haps nobilis)

41.7 13.9 2.6 6.9 Peinado et al., 1992a

Pink-headed Fruit Dove (Ptilinopus porphyreus)

46.8 13.8 2.54 9.96 Schultz, 2003



Species


Hemo-globin g/dL




Rock Pigeon (Columba livia)

47 15 2.5 12.3 Gayathri et al., 2004

Speckled Pigeon (Columba guinea)


Southern Crowned or Scheep Maker’s crowned pigeon (Goura scheep-makeri)

42.0 12.7 2.3 19.4 Peinado et al., 1992a

Tambourine Dove (Turtur tympanistria)


Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria)

37.6 12.3 2.3 10.8 Peinado et al., 1992a

Western or Common crowned pigeon (Goura cristata)

34.3 10.8 2.2 17.7 Peinado et al., 1992a

White-winged Dove (Zenaida asiatica)

16.05 Small et al., 2005

Coraciiformes

Northern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus)

45.9 13.8 2.42 15.84 Dutton, 2003

Blue-crowned Motmot (Momotus momota)

40.7 12.7 4.05 13.34 Dutton, 2003

Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis)

47.9 16.1 2.53 11.65 Dutton, 2003

Green Wood Hoopoe (Phoeniculus purpureus)

54.2 16.5 4.13 6.58 Dutton, 2003

Hoopoe (Upupa epops) 46.6 16.2 3.7 10.03 Dutton, 2003

Lilac-breasted Roller (Coracias caudatus)

47.4 14.7 3.42 9.87 Dutton, 2003

Micronesian Kingfisher (Todiramphus cinnamo-minus)

47 16.1 3.34 8.19 Dutton, 2003

Southern Carmine Bee-eater (Merops nubicoides)

51.1 15.9 6.30 Dutton, 2003

Cuculiformes

Greater Roadrunner (Geo-coccyx californianus)

40.7 11.5 2.36 12.7 Abou-Madi, 2003

Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira)

48.7 16.6 3.23 6.77 Abou-Madi, 2003

Falconiformes

Family Falconidae

American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

43.0 9.8 Franson et al., 1983; Dressen et al., 1999


(Continued)


Species


Hemo-globin g/dL




Crested Caracara (Poly-borus plancus)

48 3.1 24.1 Elliot et al., 1974

Collared Forest Falcon (Micrastur semitorquatus)

35.5 2.4 26.4 Elliot et al., 1974

Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)

24.7 2.47 6.02 Shen et al., 2008

Greater Kestrel (Falco rupicoloides)


Lanner Falcon (Falco biarmicusis)


Peregrine Falcon (Falco perigrinus)

41 14.6 2.8 12.6 Mean: Gee et al., 1981; Samour et al., 1996

Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug)

47 15.9 2.65 5.7 Samour et al., 1996

Galliformes

Attwater’s Prairie Chickens (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri)

44.8 13.7 West and Haines, 2002

Black-fronted piping-guan (Aburria jacutinga)

38.4 12.9 2.2 8.5 6.4 Motta et al., 2013

Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)

37.0 12.5 3.05 20.1 Mean: Bond and Gilbert, 1958; Gee et al., 1981; Johnson et al., 2007

Chicken (Gallus gallus) 31.0 13.5 3.0 Mean: Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 Borges et al., 2004 Andretta et al., 2012

Common Quail (Coturnix coturnix)

38.0 13.2 3.59 Pages and Planas, 1983

Greater sage grouse (Cen-trocercus urophasianus)

53 5.1 Mean: Dunbar et al., 2005; Dyer et al., 2009

Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris)

40.9 16.1 3.0 Mean: Balasch et al., 1973; Fallaw et al., 1976; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)

33.0 14.3 4.1 30 65 Mean: Belleville et al., 1982; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983; Schindler et al., 1987; Nirmalan and Robinson, 1971



Species


Hemo-globin g/dL




Natal Spurfowl or Natal Francolin (Pternistis natalensis or Francolinus natalensis)

31.7 11.4 3.3 Fourie and Hat-tingh, 1983

Peacock (Pavo cristatus) 36.9 12 2.1 Balasch et al., 1973

Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)

37.2 11.1 2.6 Balasch et al., 1973

Jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) 40.2 12.2 2.6 Mean: Balasch et al., 1973; Adnan and Amin Babjee, 1985; Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2007

Red Grouse (Lagopus lagopus)

46.7 14.4 3.7 6.7 Wilson and Wilson, 1978

Red-necked Spurfowl or Red-necked Francolin (Pternistis afer or Francolinus afer)


Rock partridge (Alectoris graeca)

43 14.9 2.8 Balasch et al., 1973

Turkey (Meleagris gal-lopavo)

36.5 17.4 1.0 7.8 Schmidt et al., 2009a

Gaviiformes

Common Loon (Gavia immer)

47 17 Haefele et al., 2005

Red-throated Loon (Gavia stellata)

54 20.7 3.1 Bond and Gilbert, 1958

Gruiformes

Cranes

Blue Crane (Anthropoides paradiseus)


Common Crane (Grus grus)

42.7 14.6 2.4 21.9 10.6 Puerta et al., 1990

Florida Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis pratensis)

44 12.6 2.2 Gee et al., 1981

Greater sandhill crane (Grus canadensis tabida)

41 14.5 2.6 Gee et al., 1981

Mississippi sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla)

44 13.7 2.5 Gee et al., 1981

Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus)

45 10.8 Carpenter, 2003


(Continued)



Species


Hemo-globin g/dL




Wattled Crane (Bugeranus carunculatus)

45 12.7 Carpenter, 2003

Whooping Crane (Grus americana)

42 2.2 18.2 Carpenter, 2003

Coot (Fulica americana) 43.5 17.0 Mean: Bond and Gilbert, 1958; Rubio et al., 2012

Guam Rail (Gallirallus owstoni)

45 2.7 3.9 Fontenot et al., 2006

Red-knobbed Coot or Crested Coot (Fulica cristata)

37.4 Rubio et al., 2012

Family Otididae

Great Bustard (Otis tarda) 51 13.0 3.0 33 Jimenez et al., 1991

Houbara Bustard (Chlamy-dotis undulate)

43 13.6 1.9 7.9 4.1 Howlett et al., 2002

Heuglin’s Bustard (Neotis heuglinii)

43 12.5 2.2 4.2 5.11 D’Aloia et al., 1996

Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori)

47 14.1 2.3 7.3 5.5 Howlett et al., 1995

Little Black Bustard (Eupo-dotis afra)

44 14.6 2.7 7.85 10.5 D’Aloia et al., 1996

Red-crested Bustard (Lophotis ruficrista)

50 14.2 2.9 10.7 9.2 Howlett et al., 2002

White-bellied Bustard (Eupodotis senegalensis)

45.5 14.7 2.4 12.3 7.6 Mean: D’Aloia et al., 1996; Howlett et al., 2002

Purple Swamphen (Por-phyrio porphyrio)

47.6 15.9 2.81 5.21 Celdrán et al., 1994

Passeriformes

Family Acanthizidae

Brown Thornbill (Acan-thiza pusilla)

44.8 16.3 3.0 Breuer et al., 1995

Family Corvidae

American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos)

12.7 Nemeth et al., 2011

Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata)

45.7 15.3 3.51 Mean: Carey and Morton, 1976; Garvin et al., 2003

Clark’s Nutcracker (Nuci-fraga columbiana)

49.3 14.8 4.46 Carey and Morton, 1976

Fish Crow (Corvus ossi-fragus)

18 Nemeth et al., 2011


Species


Hemo-globin g/dL




Indian House Crow (Corvus splendens)

29.5 11.1 1.78 Cooper, 1996.

Pied Crow (Corvus albus) 40.9 14.49 2.87 26.04 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983; Ihedioha et al., 2011

Raven (Corvus corax) 40.7 16.1 3.2 Balasch et al., 1974

Family Estrildidae

Canyon Towhee (Melozone fusca)

44.1 15.1 3.81 Carey and Morton, 1976

Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina)

53.1 16.2 5.12 Carey and Morton, 1976

Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis)

51.9 16.2 4.37 Carey and Morton, 1976

Green-tailed Towhee (Pipilo chlorurus)

50.0 15.6 3.29 Carey and Morton, 1976

Gouldean Finch (Chloebia gouldi)

52.8 7.51 Gentz, 2003

Grey-headed Junco (Junco caniceps)

49.7 16.6 4.20 Carey and Morton, 1976

Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla)

51.0 16.1 3.30 Carey and Morton, 1976

Lincoln’s Sparrow (Melospiza lincolnii)

50.9 15.8 3.71 Carey and Morton, 1976

Red-browed firetail (Neo-chmia temporalis)

49.9 12.6 2.9 Breuer et al., 1995

Red-headed Finch (Amadina erythrocephala)


Rock Bunting (Emberiza cia)

49.9 14.8 5.2 8.6 Llacuna et al., 1996

Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)

53.3 16.6 3.31 Carey and Morton, 1976

White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)

47.2 12.8 3.40 Carey and Morton, 1976

White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys)

51.3 16.4 3.84 Carey and Morton, 1976

Family Eurylamiidae

Green Broadbill (Calypto-mena viridis)

49.4 3.9 5.955 Gentz, 2003

Family Fringillidae

American Goldfinch (Car-duelis tristis)

56.35 17.05 4.24 Carey and Morton, 1976

European Greenfinch (Carduelis chloris)

51.0 14.0 Sepp et al., 2010


(Continued)


Species


Hemo-globin g/dL




Lesser Goldfinch (Cardu-elis psaltria)

52.5 17.0 Carey and Morton, 1976

Pine Siskin (Carduelis pinus)

53.5 17.85 4.35 Carey and Morton, 1976

Cassin’s Finch (Haemorhous cassinii)

56.0 20.9 3.54 Carey and Morton, 1976

House Finch (Haemorhous mexicanus)


Purple Finch (Haemorhous purpureus)


Family Icteridae

Boat-tailed grackle (Quis-calus major)

46 Harms and Harms, 2012

Family Mimidae

Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis)

48.0 Hatch et al., 2010

Floreana Mockingbird or Charles Mockingbird (Nesomimus trifasciatus)

44.5 18.8 Deem et al., 2011

Family Maluridae

Superb Fairy-wren (Malurus cyaneus)

44.9 14.5 2.9 Breuer et al., 1995

Family Paridae

Great Tit (Parus major) 52.3 14.1 5.0 4.5 Llacuna et al., 1996

Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus)

48.1 12.6 3.29 Carey and Morton, 1976

Mountain Chickadee (Poecile gambeli)

51.4 15.75 4.105 Carey and Morton, 1976

Siberian Tit (Poecile cinctus)

14.3 Krams et al., 2010

Family Parulidae

American Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechialia)

50.2 13.5 3.53 Carey and Morton, 1976

Orange-crowned Warbler (Oreothlypis celata)

57.2 17.7 5.32 Carey and Morton, 1976

MacGillivray’s Warbler (Geothlypis tolmiei)

58.45 19.4 3.54 Carey and Morton, 1976

Magnolia Warbler (Setophaga magnolia)

- 14.9 3.31 Carey and Morton, 1976

Nashville Warbler (Oreothlypis ruficapilla)

43.1 12.7 3.35 Carey and Morton, 1976



Species


Hemo-globin g/dL




Townsend’s Warbler (Setophaga townsendi)

50.8 18.4 4.92 Carey and Morton, 1976

Wilson’s Warbler (Cardel-lina pusilla)

54.1 16.7 4.80 Carey and Morton, 1976

Yellow-rumped Warbler (Setophaga coronata)

50.64 16.6 4.47 Carey and Morton, 1976

Family Passeridae

Cape Sparrow (Passer melanurus)


House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)

45.15 12.3 4.1 18.9 Mean Puerta et al., 1995; Harms and Harms, 2012

Family Petroicidae

Eastern Yellow Robin (Eopsaltria australis)

45.3 15.3 2.4 Breuer et al., 1995

Family Pycnonotidae

Common Bulbul (Pyc-nonotus barbatus)


Family Sturnidae

Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)

46.6 14.2 4.4 Pages and Planas, 1983

Common Hill Mynah (Gracula religiosa)

47.1 12.3 3.46 23.9 Archawaranon, 2005

Superb Starling (Lamprot-ornis superbus)

49.4 15.7 4.18 9.333

Family Turdidae

American Robin (Turdus migratorius)

51.5 16.2 3.45 Carey and Morton, 1976

Blackbird (Turdus merula) 47.6 13.7 4.3 14.8 Llacuna et al., 1996

Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus)

51.2 15.7 5.04 Carey and Morton, 1976

Swainson’s Thrush (Catha-rus ustulatus)

58.4 18.0 3.32 Carey and Morton, 1976

Pelecaniformes

Family Pelecanidae

Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor)

45.1 2.5 15.0 Chou et al., 2008

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)

41.9 14.2 2.7 Balasch et al., 1974

Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea)



(Continued)


Species


Hemo-globin g/dL




Pink-backed Pelican (Pele-canus rufescens)

43 18.5 Weber, 2003

Family Frigatidae

Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor)

50.5 10.4 Work, 1996


42 16.8 3.0 3.9 Coke et al., 2004

Southern Giant Petrel (Macronectes giganteus)

47 4.0 Uhart et al., 2003

White Ibis (Threskiouris melanocephalus)

46 18.7 2.8 14.9 16.2 Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2004

Family Sulidae

Black-faced Cormorant (Leucocarbo fuscescens)

43.4 14.5 2.2 1.8 Melrose and Nicol, 1992

Brown Booby (Sula leuco-gaster)

45 10.3 Work, 1999

Great Cormorant (Phala-crocorax carbo)

43.5 13.8 2.9 Balasch et al., 1974

Flightless Cormorant (Phalacrocorax harrisi)

49.2 - - 8.0 - Travis et al., 2006a

Guanay Cormorant (Phala-crocorax bougainvillii)

45 12.1 Weber, 2003

Imperial Cormorant (Phalacrocorax actriceps)

49.9 3.73 12.1 Gallo et al., 2013

Northern Gannet (Sula bassanus)

41 14.0 2.6 Balasch et al., 1974

Pelagic Cormorant (Phala-crocorax pelagicus)

30 3.1 Newman et al., 1997

Red-footed Booby (Sula sula)

48 9.9 Work, 1996

Phaethontiformes

Red-tailed tropicbird (Phaeton rubricauda)

50 6.8 Work, 1996

Phoenicopteriformes

Chilean flamingo (Phoe-nicopterus chiliensis)

46 16.9 2.8 6.6 Peinado et al., 1992b

Greater flamingo (Phoe-nicopterus tuber roseus)

49 18.0 2.9 6.2 Peinado et al., 1992b

Rosy flamingo (Phoe-nicopterus ruber ruber)

45 15.4 2.4 10.1 Peinado et al., 1992b

Lesser flamingo (Phoeni-conais minor)

46 15.4 2.2 11.9 Peinado et al., 1992b



Species


Hemo-globin g/dL




Procellariiformes

Cory’s Shearwater, (Calo-nectris diomedia)

47.6 33.8 63.8 Bried et al., 2011

Galápagos Petrel (Ptero-droma phaeopygia)

49 10.9 Work, 1996

Hawaiian Dark Rumped petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia)

49 10.9 Work, 1996

Laysan Albatross (Diome-dea immutabilis)

38 22.4 Work, 1996

Manx Shearwater (Puffinus puffinus)

48 14.8 2.87 5.4 Stoskopf, 2003

Northern Fulmar (Fulma-rus glacialis)

32 3.4 Newman et al., 1997

Waved Albatross (Phoe-bastria irrorata)

38.2 5.9 Padilla et al., 2003

Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus pacificus)

48 18.2 Work, 1996

Wilson’s Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus)

50.0 17.0 4.0 Mean: Myrcha and Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980; Quillfeldt et al., 2004

Psittaciformes

Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)

38.7 13.2 Valéria et al., 2008

Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrot (Amazona aestiva)

50 26.9 Deem et al., 2005

Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)

47.6 16.3 5.1 5.5 Harper and Lowe, 1998

Cuban Amazon parrot (Amazona leucocephala leucocephala)

56 22 3.1 6.6 - Tell and Citino, 1992

Golden conures or arara-juba (Guaruba guarouba)

46 12.8 3.6 11.9 26.3 Prioste et al., 2012

Hispaniolan Amazon Parrot (Amazona Ventralis)

51.6 10.6 Guzman et al., 2008

Hyacinth Macaw (Anodo-rhynchus hyacinthinus)

50 13.5 Calle and Stewart, 1987

Kakapo (Strigops habrop-tilus)

40.5 14.0 18.4 Low et al., 2006

Kea (Nestor notabilis) 49.8 11.3 Calculated from Youl, 2009

Macaw (Ara rubrogenys) 49.5 12.0 3.6 10.1 García del Campo et al., 1991


(Continued)


Species


Hemo-globin g/dL




Monk parakeet or quaker parrot (Myopsitta mona-chus)

50 14.7 3.35 6.0 Godwin et al., 1982

Red-Capped Parrot (Pion-opsitta pileata)

46.7 15.8 2.1 8.7 Schmidt et al., 2009b

Spix’s macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii)

46.8 2.9 9.2 Foldenauer et al., 2007

St Vincent parrot (Ama-zona guildingii)

40 1.9 8.7 Deem et al., 2008

Vinaceous Amazon Parrot (Amazona vinacea)

45.5 15.4 2.3 9.2 Schmidt et al., 2009b

Sphenisciformes

Chinstrap Penguin (Pygos-celis antarctica)


Galápagos Penguin (Sphe-niscus mendiculus)

43.5 31.5 Travis et al., 2006b

Gentoo penguin (Pygosce-lis papua)

45 17.2 2.24 Hawkey et al., 1989

Humboldt Penguin (Sphe-niscus humboldti)

49.4 23.2 Wallace et al., 1995

Jackass Penguin (Sphenis-cus demersus)

47 15.4 1.6 11.6 Stoskopf et al., 1980

King Penguin (Apteno-dytes patagonicus)

47.8 16.7 1.49 14.35 Cranfield, 2003

Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor)

41 8.7 1.7 - - Nicol et al., 1988

Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus)

42 13.9 1.99 Hawkey et al., 1989

Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome)

45 16.4 2.36 Hawkey et al., 1989

Strigiformes

African Grass Owl (Tyto capensis)


African Wood Owl (Strix woodfordii)

31.0 1.75 Cooper, 1975

Barn Owl (Tyto alba) 41.5 15.3 2.63 23.2 Mean: Elliot et al., 1974; Cooper, 1975; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Barred owl (Strix varia) 39.7 17.2 2.9 17.7 Elliot et al., 1974

Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia)

45.1 15.9 2.23 8.9 Aguilar, 2003



Species


Hemo-globin g/dL




Eastern Screech Owl (Otus asio)

49.1 12.2 4.2 18.1 Elliot et al., 1974 or Aguilar, 2003

Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) 37.8 11.2 1.89 14.6 Aguilar, 2003

Great Grey Owl (Strix nebulosa)

42.2 7.9 14.96 Aguilar, 2003

Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)

32 7.7 2.2 Bond and Gilbert, 1958

Malay fishing owl (Ketupa ketupu)

47.5 2.6 13.2 Elliot et al., 1974

Nepal brown wood owl (Strix leptogrammica)

37.5 2.1 39.6 Elliot et al., 1974

Short eared owl (Asio flammeus)

42 12.0 3.0 14.3 Elliot et al., 1974 or Aguilar, 2003

Snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca)

38.2 12.6 2.8 28.1 Elliot et al., 1974 or Aguilar, 2003

Spectacled Owl (Pulsatrix perspicillata)

38.9 12.7 1.48 11.36 Aguilar, 2003

Spotted Eagle-Owl (Bubo africanus)


Striped owl (Rhinoptynx clamator)

47.0 2.6 26.9 Elliot et al., 1974

Verreaux’s Eagle Owl (Bubo lacteus)

36.0 17.9 1.26 Cooper, 1975

Trogoniformes

Crested Quetzal (Pharo-machrus antisianus)

40 12.9 1.41 8.8 Neiffer, 2003

Golden-headed Quetzal (Pharomachrus auriceps)

52.3 17.1 3.53 5.48 Neiffer, 2003

Javan Trogon (Apal-harpactes reinwardtii)

50 12.48 Neiffer, 2003

White-tailed Trogon (Trogon chionurus)

47.5 2.49 3.82 Neiffer, 2003

Classification based on the del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Sargatal, J. eds (1992–2013) Handbook of the Birds of the World. 17 Volumes, Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona but with families Accipitridae and Cathartidae placed into a separate Order Accipitriformes following the Tree of Life.



TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species

Volume fl Cell Nucleus References

Emu (Dromaius novahol-landiae)

226 Calculated from Mushi et al., 1999;Bonadiman et al., 2009

Greater Rhea (Rhea ameri-cana)

220 Calculated from Uhart et al., 2006

Lesser Rhea (Pterocnemia pennata)

217 Reissig et al., 2002

Ostrich (Struthio camelus) 229 16.2 11.3 5.4 3.6 Mean: Mushi et al., 1999; Bonadiman et al., 2009

Red-legged Tinamou (Cryp-turellus erythropus)

183 Calculated from Smith, 2003

Accipitriformes

Family Accipitridae

African Fish Eagle (Haliaee-tus vocifer)

203.4 Calculated from Cooper, 1975

African Harrier Hawk (Poly-boroides typus)


African Hawk-Eagle (Aquila spilogaster)



197 Naidoo et al., 2008

Augur Buzzard (Buteo augur)



167 Elliot et al., 1974

Bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus)

160.6 Hernández and Margalida, 2010

Black Kite (Milvus migrans) 209.8 Calculated from Cooper, 1975

Black Sparrowhawk (Accipiter melanoleucus)


Black-shouldered Kite (Ela-nus axillaris)


Cape Vulture (Gyps copro-theres)

164.3 Van Heerden et al., 1987

Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter cooperi)

133.1 Calculated from Gessaman et al., 1986




188 15.1 7.9 6.7 2.4 Polo et al., 1992

Eurasian Griffon (Gyps fulvus)

170 14.1 7.7 6.8 2.5 Polo et al., 1992

Gabar Goshawk ( Micronisus gabar)



(Continued)


Golden Eagle (Aquila chry-saetos)

184 14.7 8.2 6.8 2.7 Mean: Elliot et al., 1974; Polo et al., 1992


170 14.1 7.7 6.8 2.5 Polo et al., 1992

Hooded Vulture (Necrosy-rtes monachus)

180.4 Elliot et al., 1974; Calcu-lated from Cooper, 1975

Lizard Buzzard (Kaupifalco monogrammicus)


Long-crested Eagle (Lopha-etus occipitalis)


Montagu’s Harrier (Circus pygargus)

13.4 7.8 6.5 2.3 Lavin et al., 1993

Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spiza-etus ornatus)


Pale Chanting Goshawk (Melierax canorus)


Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)

160.8 Calculated from Rehder et al., 1982

Savanna Hawk (Buteogallus meridionalis)



150 Calculated from Gee et al., 1981


190 14.9 8.0 7.4 2.6 García-Montijano et al., 2002; Polo et al., 1992

Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis)


Tawny Eagle (Aquila rapax) 166.2 14.3 7.6 Mean: Calculated from Cooper, 1975; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983;

Wahlberg’s Eagle (Aquila wahlbergi)

212.4



Family Cathartidae



King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa)


Secretary Bird (Sagittarius serpentarius)


Anseriformes


134 Balasch et al., 1974

Black duck (Anas superciliosa)

145 Mulley, 1979

TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d



Buffiehead (Bucephala albeola)

205.7 Calculated from Kocan, 1972

Canvasback Duck (Aythya valisineria)


Maccoa Duck (Oxyura maccoa)

121 12.2 6.2 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Mallard (Anas platyrhyn-chos)

167.5 Shave and Howard, 1971

Maned Duck (Chenonetta jubata)

163.1 Calculated from Mulley, 1980

Red-billed Teal (Anas eryth-rorhyncha)

127 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Ring-neck Duck (Aythya collaris)


Red-billed Teal (Anas eryth-rorhyncha)


Wood duck (Chenonetta jubata)

164.2 Mulley, 1980

Yellow-billed Duck (Anas undulata)


Canada Goose (Branta Canadensis)

161.5 Calculated from Gee et al., 1981

Egyptian Goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus)


Embden Goose (Anser anser)


Nene Goose (Branta sand-vicensis)


Snow Goose (Anser caer-ulescens)

204.5 Calculated from Williams and Trainer, 1971

Spur-winged Goose (Plec-tropterus gambensis)



148.3 Calculated from Williams and Trainer, 1971

Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) 169.8 Dolka et al., 2014


208 Norambuena and Bozinovic, 2009

Apodiformes

Alpine swift (Apus melba) 126 13.8 7.0 6.3 2.4 Palomeque et al., 1980

Anna’s Hummingbird (Calypte anna)

90.7 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976

Pallid swift (Apus pallidus) 104 13.4 6.8 6.2 2.5 Palomeque et al., 1980

Swift (Apus apus) 109 13.6 6.9 6.2 2.2 Palomeque et al., 1980



(Continued)


Caprimulgiformes

Tawny Frogmouth (Podargus strigoides)

181.4 Calculated from McCracken, 2003

Charadriiformes

Family Alcidae

Antarctic Tern (Sterna vittata)


Arctic Tern (Sterna paradi-saea)

152 12.7 6.6 Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1987

Little Auk (Plautus alle) 167 12.8 6.8 Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1987

Family Burhinidae


154.2 Ball, 2003

Stone Curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus)

167.3 Samour et al., 1998

Spotted Thick-knee (Burhi-nus capensis)

174.8 Samour et al., 1998

Family Charadriidae

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)

116.9 Ball, 2003

Family Laridae

Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus)



172.8 12.2 7.0 Mean: Balasch et al., 1974; Averbeck, 1992


200.3 12.4 7.1 Averbeck, 1992

Kelp Gull (Larus domini-canus)



American Avocet (Recurvi-rostra americana)

135.3 Ball, 2003

Black-winged Stilt (Himan-topus himantopus)

148.8 Ball, 2003

Brown Skua (Stercorarius antarcticus) or S. lönnbergi

124.4 Myrcha and Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980

Great Skua (Stercorarius skua)

169 Bearhop et al., 1999

Family Sternidae

Antarctic Tern (Sterna vit-tata)


Arctic Tern (Sterna paradi-saea)

152 12.7 6.6 Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1987




Order Ciconiiformes

Family Ciconiidae

Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala)

139.5 Aengwanich et al., 2002

Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) 190.9 Calculated from Puerta et al., 1989

White Stork (Ciconia ciconia)

189.5 Calculated from Puerta et al., 1989

Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus)

222.8 15.55 7.35 Salakij et al., 2004

Greater Adjutant (Leptopti-los dubius)

233.1 16.4 8.8 Salakij et al., 2004

Coliiformes

Blue-naped Mousebird (Urocolius macrourus)

117.5 Calculated from Pye, 2003



White-backed Mousebird (Colius colius)


Columbiformes

Laughing Dove (Spilopelia senegalensis)


Nicobar pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica)

150 13.9 7.3 6.6 2.5 Peinado et al., 1992a

Pheasant pigeon (Otidip-haps nobilis)

159 13.5 7.6 6.3 2.9 Peinado et al., 1992a

Pink-headed Fruit Pigeon (Ptilinopus porphyreus)

140.5 Schultz, 2003

Rock pigeon (Columba livia) 135 11.7 6.6 6.8 3.3 Balasch et al., 1974; Gayathri et al., 2004

Pigeon domestic 147 11.9 6.4 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Southern Crowned or Scheep Maker’s crowned pigeon (Goura scheepmakeri)

183 13.3 8.1 5.8 2.9 Peinado et al., 1992a

Speckled Pigeon (Columba guinea)


Tambourine Dove (Turtur tympanistria)

108 12.5 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983


169 13.6 8.1 5.8 2.9 Peinado et al., 1992a


159 14.1 6.1 6.1 2.9 Peinado et al., 1992a



(Continued)


Cuculiformes

Greater Roadrunner (Geo-coccyx californianus)

188.3 Abou-Madi, 2003

Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira) 150.7 Abou-Madi, 2003

Coraciiformes


198.8 Dutton, 2003


130 Dutton, 2003


194.2 Dutton, 2003


155.4 Dutton, 2003

Hoopoe (Upupa epops) 130.9 Dutton, 2003

Lilac-breasted Roller (Cora-cias caudatus)

131.7 Dutton, 2003

Micronesian Kingfisher (Todiramphus cinnamomi-nus)

147.4 Dutton, 2003

Falconiformes

Family Falconidae

Collared forest falcon (Micrastur semitorquatus)


Common Kestrel (Falco tin-nunculus)

169.1 Shen et al., 2008

Greater Kestrel or White-eyed Kestrel (Falco rupico-loides)


Lanner Falcon (Falco biar-micusis)


Peregrine Falcon (Falco perigrinus)


Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) 183.2 Samour et al., 1996

Southern Crested Caracara (Polyborus plancus)


Galliformes

Black-fronted piping-guan (Penelope jacutinga)

174.5 Calculated from Motta et al., 2013

Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)

121.3 Calculated from Bond and Gilbert, 1958; Gee et al., 1981; Johnson et al., 2007

Chicken (Gallus gallus) 127 12.5 7.5 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Common Quail (Coturnix coturnix)





Grouse (Lagopus lagopus) 126.2 Calculated from Wilson and Wilson, 1978

Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris)


Horned guan (Oreophasis derbianus)

166 Cornejo et al., 2014

Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

80.5 Calculated from Belleville et al., 1982; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983; Schindler et al., 1987; Nirmalan and Robinson, 1971

Jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) 154.6 Calculated from Balasch et al., 1973;Adnan and Amin Babjee, 1985; Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2007

Natal Spurfowl or Natal Francolin (Pternistis natalensis or Francolinus natalensis)


Peacock (Pavo cristatus) 175.7 Calculated from Balasch et al., 1973

Pheasant (Phasianus col-chicus)

143.1 Calculated from Balasch et al., 1973

Red-necked Spurfowl or Red-necked Francolin (Pternistis afer or Francoli-nus afer)


Rock Partridge (Alectoris graeca)

153.6 Balasch et al., 1973

Gruiformes

Blue Crane (Anthropoides paradiseus)


Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis)

180 Carpenter, 2003


204.5 Carpenter, 2003


166.7 Calculated from Fontenot et al., 2006

Purple Swamphen (Porphy-rio porphyrio)

170 Celdrán et al., 1994

Family Otididae

Great Bustard (Otis tarda) 178.7 Jimenez et al., 1991


198.1 D’Aloia et al., 1996

Houbara bustard (Chlamy-dotis undulata)

232 Howlett et al., 2002



(Continued)


Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori) 208.5 13.5 6.4 Howlett et al., 1995

Little Black Bustard (Eupo-dotis afra)

170.2 D’Aloia et al., 1996

Red-crested Bustard (Lopho-tis ruficrasta)


Rufous-crested bustard (Eupodotis ruficrista)


White bellied bustard (Eupodotis senegalensis)


Passeriformes

Family Acanthizidae

Brown Thornbill (Acanthiza pusilla)

156.3 Breuer et al., 1995

Family Corvidae


120 Gentz, 2003

Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata)

130.2 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976; Garvin et al., 2003

Clark’s Nutcracker (Nuci-fraga columbiana)


Indian House Crow (Corvus splendens)

165.7 Calculated from Cooper, 1996.

Pied Crow (Corvus albus) 152 12.5 6.9 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Raven (Corvus corax) 128 Balasch et al., 1974

Family Emberizidae

Red-crested Cardinal (Paroaria coronata)


Family Eurylamidae

Green Broadbill (Calyptom-ena viridis)


Family Estrildidae

Canyon Towhee (Melozone fusca)


Chipping Sparrow (Spizella oronate)


Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis)


Green-tailed Towhee (Pipilo chlorurus)


Grey-headed Junco (Junco caniceps)






Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla)


Lincoln’s Sparrow (Melospiza lincolnii)


Red-browed Firetail (Neo-chmia temporalis)


Red-headed Finch (Ama-dina erythrocephala)


Rock Bunting (Emberiza cia) 96.7 Llacuna et al., 1996

Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)


White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)


White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys)


Family Fringillidae

American Goldfinch (Car-duelis tristis)


Pine Siskin (Carduelis pinus) 123.0 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976

Cassin’s Finch (Haemorhous cassinii)


Family Icteridae

Venezuelan Troupial (Icterus icterus)

154.3 Gentz, 2003

Family Irenidae

Asian Fairy-bluebird (Irena puella)

118 Gentz, 2003

Family Maluridae

Superb Fairy Wren (Malurus cyaneus)


Family Meliphagidae

Blue-faced Honeyeater (Entomyzon cyanotis)

117 Gentz, 2003

Family Muscicapidae

Silver-eared Mesia (Leiothrix argentauris)

185.6 Gentz, 2003

Family Paridae

Great Tit (Parus major) 105.6 Llacuna et al., 1996

Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus)


Mountain Chickadee (Poe-cile gambeli)



(Continued)


Family Parulidae

American Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechialia)


Orange-crowned Warbler (Oreothlypis celata)


MacGillivray’s Warbler (Geothlypis tolmiei)


Nashville Warbler ( Oreothlypis ruficapilla)


Townsend’s Warbler (Setophaga townsendi)


Wilson’s Warbler ( Cardellina pusilla)


Yellow-rumped Warbler (Setophaga oronate)


Family Passeridae

Cape Sparrow (Passer melanurus)



110.1 Calculated from Puerta et al., 1995; Harms and Harms, 2012

Family Petroicidae

Eastern yellow robin (Eopsaltria australis)


Family Pittidae

Hooded Pitta (Pitta sordida) 114.3 Gentz, 2003

Family Ploceidae

Southern Red Bishop (Euplectes orix)

133.5 Gentz, 2003

Family Pycnonotidae

Common Bulbul (Pycnono-tus barbatus)


Family Sturnidae

Common Hill Mynah (Gracula religiosa)

125.1 Archawaranon, 2005

Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)

105.9 Calculated from Pages and Planas, 1983

Superb Starling (Lamprotor-nis superbus)

126.6 Gentz, 2003

Family Turdidae

American Robin (Turdus migratorius)


Blackbird (Turdus merula) 110. 7 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976





Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus)


Swainson’s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus)


Pelecaniformes

Black-headed Ibis (Threski-ouris melanocephalus)

174 Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2004



Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) 160 12.6 7.8 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983


140 Coke et al., 2004

White ibis (Threskiouris melanocephalus)

174 Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2004

Black-faced Cormorant (Leucocarbo fuscescens)

198 Melrose and Nicoll, 1992

Imperial Cormorant (Phala-crocorax actriceps)

133.9 Calculated from Gallo et al., 2013

Great Cormorant (Phalacro-corax carbo)


Northern Gannet (Sula bassanus)


Phoenicopteriformes

Chilean flamingo (Phoe-nicopterus chiliensis)

164.3 15.2 8.0 6.8 2.7 Peinado et al., 1992b or calculated from Peinado et al., 1992b

Greater flamingo (Phoe-nicopterus tuber roseus)


Rosy flamingo (Phoenicop-terus ruber ruber)


Lesser flamingo (Phoeni-conais minor)


Procellariiformes

Wilson’s Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus)


Manx Shearwater (Puffinus puffinus)

167.2 Stoskopf, 2003

Psittaciformes


95.2 Harper and Lowe, 1998

Cuban Amazon parrot (Amazona leucocephala leucocephala)

180.6 Calculated from Tell and Citino, 1992


(Continued)


Golden conures or arara-jubas (Guaruba guarouba)

132 Prioste et al., 2012

Macaw (Ara rubrogenys) 137.5 Calculated from García del Campo et al., 1991


150 Godwin et al., 1982

Red-Capped Parrot (Pionop-sitta pileata)

222.4 Calculated from Schmidt et al., 2009b

Spix’s macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii)

161.4 Calculated from Foldenauer et al., 2007

St Vincent parrot (Amazona guildingii)

210.5 Calculated from Deem et al., 2008


197.8 Schmidt et al., 2009b

Sphenisciformes

Adélie Penguin (PygoscBlis adeliae)

14.9 10.8 Bonatto et al., 2008

Chinstrap Penguin (Pygos-celis antarcticus)

243.7 15.5 11.4 Calculated from Myrcha and Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980 or Bonatto et al., 2008

Galápagos Penguin (Sphe-niscus mendiculus)

195 Travis et al., 2006

Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua)

206 15.3 10.9 Hawkey et al., 1989; Bonatto et al., 2008

Jackass Penguin (Spheniscus demersus)

249.2 Cranfield, 2003

King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus)

241.2 Cranfield, 2003

Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor)

229 18.8 9.2 - - Nicol et al., 1988

Magellanic Penguin (Sphe-niscus magellanicus)

215 Hawkey et al., 1989


195 Hawkey et al., 1989

Strigiformes

African Grass Owl (Tyto capensis)


African Wood Owl (Strix woodfordii)

177.1 Cooper, 1975

Barn Owl (Tyto alba) 186.1 15.0 7.5 Mean: Cooper, 1975; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Barred owl (Strix varia) 139 Elliot et al., 1974


199.9 Aguilar, 2003





Common Barn Owl (Tyto alba)


Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) 232.8 Aguilar, 2003

Eastern Screech Owl (Otus asio)



212.8 Aguilar, 2003

Malay Fishing Owl (Ketupa ketupu)


Nepal Brown Wood Owl (Strix leptogrammica)


Short Eared Owl (Asio flam-meus)


Snowy Owl (Nyctea scan-diaca)



260.4 Aguilar, 2003

Spotted Eagle-Owl (Bubo africanus)


Striped owl (Rhinoptynx clamator)


Verreaux’s Eagle Owl (Bubo lacteus)

285.7 Cooper, 1975

Trogoniformes

Crested Quetzal (Pharoma-chrus antisianus)

284.7 Neiffer, 2003


152.5 Neiffer, 2003


193 Neiffer, 2003


TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species

Hetero-phils %

Lympho-cytes %

Mono-cytes %

Eosino-phils %

Baso- phils % References

Emu (Dromaius novahollandiae) 63.2 32.1 1.2 2.5 0.8 Patodkar et al., 2008

Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) 65.2 18.9 7.1 7.7 0 Uhart et al., 2006

Ostrich (Struthio camelus) 66.76 27 1.65 1.4 3.03 Mean: Mushi et al., 1999; Bonadiman et al., 2009

Red-legged Tinamou (Crypturel-lus erythropus)

57.4 39.4 2.9 <0.4 <0.4 Smith, 2003

Accipitriformes

Family Accipitridae


82.0 7.4 11.5 5.5 0 Naidoo et al., 2008

Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus)

70.4 23.7 2.7 2.8 0.6 Hernández and Margalida, 2010

Black Kite (Milvus migrans) 32.0 40.0 1.0 24.1 2.9 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) 30.1 50.2 2.0 12.2 4.1 Cited in Powers et al., 1994


69.7 27.2 0.5 2.0 0.4 Polo et al., 1992

Eurasian Griffon (Gyps fulvus) 57.8 40.7 0.5 0.9 0 Polo et al., 1992

European Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus)

29.8 55.3 1.25 9.0 4.8 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) 58.8 34.2 4.3 2.3 0 Polo et al., 1992

Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) 57.8 40.7 0.5 0.9 0 Polo et al., 1992

Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) 44 40.3 1.3 11.8 2.3 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

Marsh Harrier (Circus aerugi-nosus)

33 53.7 6.5 4.0 4.0 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

Montagu’s harrier (Circus pygargus) 70.7 16.6 2.5 12.3 0 Lavin et al., 1993


37.15 42.5 3.8 16.6 Hanauska-Brown et al., 2003

Red Kite (Milvus milvus) 19.5 48.8 0.75 28.3 2.8 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiters triatus)

27 63.5 1.6 7.7 0.4 Powers et al., 1994


60.05 33.15 3.15 4.8 0 Mean: Polo et al., 1992; García- Montijano et al., 2002

Swamp Harrier (Circus approxi-mans)

86.5 5.25 3.25 4.25 0.5 Calculated from Youl, 2009

Tawny Eagle (Aquila rapax) 57.3 30 0.8 10 2 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

White-tailed Sea-eagle (Haliaee-tus albicilla)

32.3 55.0 2.0 9.5 3.3 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

(Continued)


Hetero-phils %

Lympho-cytes %

Mono-cytes %

Eosino-phils %


Family Cathartidae

Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) 42.8 42 1.8 11 2.5 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus)

68.1 22.9 3.2 5.1 1.3 Dujowich et al., 2005

Anseriformes

Black Duck (Anas superciliosa) 24.7 66.1 7.4 1.1 0.8 Mulley, 1979

Wood Duck (Chenonetta jubata) 84.5 13.28 1.65 0.51 0.41 Mulley, 1980

Canada Goose (Branta canadensis)

39 46 6 7 2 Cited in Sturkie, 1986

Snow Goose (Anser caerules-cens)

34.9 61.0 0.8 0.6 2.5 Williams and Trainer, 1971

Upland geese (Chloephaga picta)

28.5 66.3 Gladbach et al., 2010


26.6 61.2 2.1 8.9 1.27 Norambuena and Bozinovic, 2009

Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) 39.0 55.3 2.2 1.1 2.4 Dolka et al., 2014

Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinators)

26.6 61.2 2.1 8.9 1.26 Olsen et al., 2002

Tundra Swan (Cygnus colum-bianus)

67.2 28.0 0.4 3.2 1.2 Milani et al., 2012

Caprimulgiformes


41.1 45.5 3.8 7.2 2.47 McCracken, 2003

Charadriiformes

Family Burhinidae


51.4 32.6 7.8 4.5 3.7 Calculated from Ball, 2003


43.8 35.2 5.6 11.8 3.55 Samour et al., 1998

Stone Curlew (Burhinus oedic-nemus)

76.2 6.9 5.9 8.7 2.41 Samour et al., 1998

Family Charadriidae

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) 35.9 48.4 8.2 2.2 3.1 Calculated from Ball, 2003


37.8 39 14.6 4.5 3.4 Calculated from Ball, 2003

Family Haematopodidae

American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliates)

46.1 36.0 1.6 13.9 2.5 Carlson-Bremer et al., 2010

Family Jacanidae

Wattled Jacana (Jacana jacana) 62.1 20.9 1.1 4.1 11.8 Calculated from Ball, 2003

TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d


(Continued)

Hetero-phils %

Lympho-cytes %

Mono-cytes %

Eosino-phils %


Family Laridae


35.5 60.9 1.3 0.9 2.0 Averbeck, 1992


35.2 61.0 1.4 0.7 2.0 Averbeck, 1992


American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana)

65.5 30.4 1.1 1.7 1.3 Calculated from Ball, 2003


41.6 47.8 5 2.9 2.6 Calculated from Ball, 2003

Family Scolopacidae

Red Knot (Calidris canutus rufa)† 40.6 49.8 6.4 0.4 2.5 D’Amico et al., 2010

Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) 38 51 5.6 9.1 0.1 Fiorello et al., 2009

Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata) 24.7 67.3 0.8 5.8 1.3 Work, 1996

Ciconiiformes

Family Ardeidae

Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)

68.9 29.4 0.8 0.8 0.0 Celdrán et al., 1994

Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) 56.2 41.3 1.0 0.9 0.6 Fontenelle, 2001

Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) 65.1 31.8 1.8 0.6 0.5 Celdrán et al., 1994

Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea) 55.5 40.3 2.5 1.2 0.5 Celdrán et al., 1994

Family Ciconiidae

Painted Stork (Mycteria leuco-cephala)

10.6 76.1 0 12 1 Aengwanich et al., 2002

Greater Adjutant (Leptoptilos dubius)

47.5 31.5 1.0 13.5 6.5 Salakij et al., 2004

Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus)

54.8 34.0 0.3 8.3 2.4 Salakij et al., 2004

Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari) 55.1 24.3 3.3 13.6 3.7 Fontenelle, 2001

Family Threskiornithidae

Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia)

57.5 39.3 2.1 0.8 0.3 Celdrán et al., 1994

Black-headed Ibis (Threskiouris melanocephalus)

8.5 89.7 0.5 0.9 0.3 Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2004

Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) 57.2 40.1 1.1 0.8 0.9 Celdrán et al., 1994


63.2 30.9 2.9 0 3.0 Dutton et al., 2002

Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi) 21 62 7 1 12 Coke et al., 2004

Scarlet Ibis (Eudocimus ruber) 62.1 27.6 0 5.5 4.8 Fontenelle, 2001

Coliiformes

Blue-naped Mousebird (Uroco-lius macrourus)

48.7 37.2 3.4 6.5 4.2 Calculated from Pye, 2003



Hetero-phils %

Lympho-cytes %

Mono-cytes %

Eosino-phils %





23.8 58 3.2 10.2 4.8 Calculated from Pye, 2003

Columbiformes

African Collared Dove (Strepto-pelia roseogrisea)

44.5 47.7 1.2 3.5 2.4 Lashev et al., 2009

Collared doves (Streptopelia decaocto)

41.7 53.5 0.5 2.1 1.5 Lashev et al., 2009

Domestic pigeon (Columba livia) 38.8 57.8 0.7 1.5 0.9 Lashev et al., 2009


52.2 37.4 2.1 2.7 0 Peinado et al., 1992a

Pheasant pPigeon (Otidiphaps nobilis)

54.1 42.5 1.6 0.6 1.2 Peinado et al., 1992a

Pink-headed Fruit Pigeon (Ptili-nopus porphyreus)

29.7 57.5 5.5 5.3 2.1 Schultz, 2003


56 37 2 3 2 Peinado et al., 1992a

Victoria Crowned pigeon (Goura victoria)

52.8 44.6 0.7 2.5 0.3 Peinado et al., 1992a


66.0 30.3 1.0 2.4 0.25 Peinado et al., 1992a

White-winged Dove (Zenaida asiatica)

27.2 64.9 2.5 3.2 2.28 Small et al., 2005

Coraciiformes


51.4 28.5 6.6 11.6 1.9 Calculated from Dutton, 2003

Blue-crowned Motmot (Momo-tus momota)

39 36 7.4 14.4 3.17 Calculated from Dutton, 2003


51.5 36 6.7 3.2 2.61 Calculated from Dutton, 2003

Green Wood Hoopoe (Phoe-niculus purpureus)


Hoopoe (Upupa epops) 43.2 41.8 8.2 4 2.72 Calculated from Dutton, 2003



Micronesian Kingfisher (Todir-amphus cinnamominus)






(Continued)

Hetero-phils %

Lympho-cytes %

Mono-cytes %

Eosino-phils %


Cuculiformes

Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus)

45.3 31.7 6.1 14.2 2.7 Calculated from Abou-Madi, 2003

Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira) 41.9 19.6 14.4 14.4 9.8 Calculated from Abou-Madi, 2003

Falconiformes


47.9 46.9 2.1 1.0 2.08 Dressen et al., 1999

Common Falcon (Falco tinnunculus)

22.1 40.7 1.6 34 2.6 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

Peregrine falcon (Falco pereg-rinus)

35.9 43.8 2 18.3 0 Samour et al., 1996

Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) 73.1 22.1 3.5 0 1.32 Samour et al., 1996

Galliformes

Attwater’s Prairie Chickens (Tym-panuchus cupido attwateri)

53.1 40.2 2.4 1.5 2.6 West and Haines, 2002

Black-fronted Piping-guan (Aburria jacutinga)

19.4 73.2 1.7 5.1 0.6 Motta et al., 2013

Common or ringneck Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)

48 34 8 1 10 Cited in Sturkie, 1986

Greater Sage Grouse (Centrocer-cus urophasianus)

36 62 1 0.2 1 Dunbar et al., 2005

Horned Guan (Oreophasis derbianus)

57 37 3.0 3.2 0 Cornejo et al., 2014

Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)

22 72 4 2.6 0.1 Schindler et al., 1987

Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus) 36.4 52.9 5.3 3.9 3.1 Mean: Adnan and Amin Babjee, 1985; Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2007

Rock Partridge (Alectoris graeca) 33 57.5 4.7 2.2 2.7 Dönmez and Sur, 2008

Red grouse (Lagopus lagopus) 31.4 62.4 3.0 2.0 1.3 Wilson and Wilson, 1978

Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) 36.4 51.1 4.4 1.3 6.7 Schmidt et al., 2009a

Gaviiformes

Common Loon (Gavia immer) 32 0 Haefele, et al., 2005

Gruiformes

Family Gruidae

Common Crane (Grus grus) 55.4 35.8 3.4 3.7 1.9 Puerta et al., 1990

Red-crowned Crane (Grus japonensis)

41 48 6 5 0 Carpenter, 2003

Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis) 37 58 2.3 2.0 2.6 Carpenter, 2003


53 39 3 5 0 Carpenter, 2003



Hetero-phils %

Lympho-cytes %

Mono-cytes %

Eosino-phils %



48 39 5 8 0 Carpenter, 2003

Whooping Crane (Grus ameri-cana)

56 41 2 1 0 Carpenter, 2003

Family Rallidae

Common Coot (Fulica atra) 26.7 67.8 2.2 1.95 0.55 Rubeo et al., 2012

Red-knobbed Coot (Fulica cristata)

18.1 78.5 2.2 0.79 0.75 Rubeo et al., 2012

Guam Rail (Gallirallus owstoni) 32.8 50.0 6.1 8.6 2.3 Fontenot et al., 2006

Family Otididae

Great Bustard (Otis tarda) 68.2 18.2 5.5 8.2 0 Jimenez et al., 1991


37.5 46.3 9.9 2.9 3.3 D’Aloia et al., 1996

Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulata)

40.9 52.5 4.1 0.5 2.1 Howlett et al., 2002

Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori) 54.2 30.1 8.2 4.8 2.7 Howlett et al., 1995

Little Black Bustard (Eupodotis afra)

37.3 46.7 8.7 2.2 5.1 D’Aloia et al., 1996

Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio)

61.2 36.2 1.6 1.0 0.2 Celdrán et al., 1994

Red-crested bustard (Lophotis ruficrasta)

25.9 58.5 9.3 5.0 1.2 Howlett et al., 2002

Rufous-crested Bustard (Eupodotis ruficrista)

25.9 58.5 9.3 5.0 1.2 Howlett et al., 2002

White bellied Bustard (Eupodotis senegalensis)

40.0 46.1 7.9 1.1 4.6 Howlett et al., 2002

Passeriformes

African Pied Crow (Corvus albus)

67.9 28.5 1.28 1.59 0.36 Ihedioha et al., 2011


23.7 52.7 5.5 5.6 12.5 Gentz, 2003

Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) 30 55 8.0 3.0 2.5 From Sturkie, 1986

Blue-faced Honeyeater (Entomyzon cyanotis)

41.3 49.8 4.4 1.2 3.3 Gentz, 2003

Captive Hill Mynah (Gracula religiosa)

43.6 48.4 4.45 3.9 0.53 Archawaranon, 2005

Common Crow (Corvus brachy-rhynchos)

27.5 34.4 2.1 24.0 12.0 Gentz, 2003

European Greenfinch (Carduelis chloris)

21 55 Sepp et al., 2010

Floreana Mockingbird (Mimus trifasciatus)

16.9 72.2 2.5 8.8 0.2 Deem et al., 2011



(Continued)

Hetero-phils %

Lympho-cytes %

Mono-cytes %

Eosino-phils %


Gouldean Finch (Chloebia gouldi)

16.5 52.4 3.4 17.8 10 Gentz, 2003

Green Broadbill (Calyptomena viridis)

35.1 49.4 5.1 4.8 5.6 Gentz, 2003

Hooded Pitta (Pitta sordida) 27 44.1 12.2 11.9 4.8 Gentz, 2003


31.7 48.6 8.5 3.9 7.3 Gentz, 2003

Rufous-collared sparrows (Zono-trichia capensis)

23.1 76.1 2.5 1.0 2.4 Ruiz et al., 2002

Siberian Tit (Poecile cinctus) 6.9 81.3 0 8.9 0 Krams et al., 2010


20.5 46.7 4 17.6 11.2 Gentz, 2003


22.3 60.1 7.1 2.5 8 Gentz, 2003

Superb Starling (Lamprotornis superbus)

17.2 59.9 6.1 8.1 8.8 Gentz, 2003


23.3 52.1 5.8 1.2 17.5 Gentz, 2003

Pelecaniformes

Family Pelecanidae

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occi-dentalis)

60.9 23.6 4.2 7.4 4 Calculated from Weber, 2003

Pink-backed Pelican (Pelecanus rufescens)

66.9 19.5 5.3 5.1 3.1 Calculated from Weber, 2003

Family Frigatidae

Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor)

68.0 11.5 0.4 13.6 0.5 Work, 1996

Family Phaethontidaes


49.4 30.6 1.8 17.3 1.0 Work, 1996

Family Phalacrocoracidae

Black-faced Cormorant (Leuco-carbo fuscescens)

33 49 12 4 0.1 Melrose and Nicol, 1992

Flightless Cormorant (Phalacro-corax harrisi)

36.6 40.0 2.2 20.8 0.5 Travis et al., 2006a

Guanay Cormorant (Phalacroco-rax bougainvillii)

64.4 25.2 7.3 3.1 0 Weber, 2003

Imperial Cormorant (Phalacroco-rax actriceps)

48.6 43.6 3.4 8.7 0.04 Gallo et al., 2013

Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacroco-rax pelagicus)

61 27 2 8 2 Newman et al., 1997



Hetero-phils %

Lympho-cytes %

Mono-cytes %

Eosino-phils %


Family Sulidae

Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster) 70.2 11.8 3.7 12.4 2.1 Work, 1999

Red-footed Booby (Sula sula) 57.8 32.8 1.9 5.8 1.6 Work, 1996

Phaethontiformes


49.4 30.6 1.8 17.3 1.0 Work, 1996

Phoenicopteriformes

Chilean flamingo (Phoenicop-terus chiliensis)

31.4 65.3 1.7 1.2 0 Peinado et al., 1992b

Greater flamingo (Phoenicop-terus tuber roseus)

37.6 59.5 0.3 1.9 0.7 Peinado et al., 1992b

Rosy flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber)

36.0 61.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 Peinado et al., 1992b

Lesser flamingo (Phoeniconais minor)

26.7 67.4 0.6 5.8 0.2 Peinado et al., 1992b

Procellariiformes

Cory’s shearwater (Calonectris diomedia)

37.9 17.0 1.8 43.6 0 Bried et al., 2011

Hawaiian Dark rumped petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia)

31.1 39.8 0.9 18.1 10.1 Work, 1996

Laysan Albatross (Diomedea immutabilis)

47.9 21.9 0.1 25.0 5.0 Work, 1996

Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis)

29 56 2 13 0 Newman et al., 1997

Southern Giant Petrel (Macro-nectes giganteus)

52.4 32.5 5.0 10.0 0.15 Uhart et al., 2003

Waved Albatross (Phoebastria irrorata)

66.1 30.5 1.7 1.7 0 Padilla et al., 2003


22.0 71.1 2.5 2.6 1.7 Work, 1996

Psittaciformes

Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrots (Amazona aestiva)

89.8 7.1 0.9 1.7 0.1 Deem et al., 2005


39.7 48.0 9.1 0.6 2.7 Harper and Lowe, 1998

Cuban Amazon Parrot (Amazona leucocephala leucocephala)

16 84 0 1 0 Tell and Citino, 1992

Golden Conure or ararajubas (Guaruba guarouba)

52.8 46.0 0.9 0.1 0.2 Prioste et al., 2012

Hispaniolan Amazon Parrot (Amazona Ventralis)

48.1 37.7 9.4 0.9 1.4 Guzman et al., 2008



(Continued)

Hetero-phils %

Lympho-cytes %

Mono-cytes %

Eosino-phils %


Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhyn-chus hyacinthinus)

75 22.6 0.9 0.6 0.8 Calle and Stewart, 1987

Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) 80.1 16.3 0.8 1.6 0.9 Low et al., 2006

Macaw (Ara rubrogenys) 42.2 49.9 4.5 0.8 2.4 García del Campo et al., 1991

Monk Parakeet or quaker parrot (Myopsitta monachus)

11.5 82 2.5 0.5 1.5 Godwin et al., 1982

Red-Capped Parrot (Pionopsitta pileata)

45.7 44.7 2.5 1.5 1.5 Schmidt et al., 2009b

St Vincent Parrot (Amazona guildingii)

58.9 41.1 1.1 0 0 Deem et al., 2008

Spix’s Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii)

56.4 41.1 3.1 0.6 0 Foldenauer et al., 2007


39.3 56.8 1.0 1.7 1.2 Schmidt et al., 2009b

Sphenisciformes

Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)

65.3 23.9 3.9 4.5 2.5 Paris Zinsmeister and Van der Heyden, 1987

Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)

61.6 37.1 2.3 0 0.3 Paris Zinsmeister and Van der Heyden, 1987

Galápagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus)

57.6 31.5 2.4 8.0 0.4 Travis et al., 2006b


41 54 0.9 4.5 0.0 Hawkey et al., 1989


63.8 32.5 2.9 0.8 0 Stoskopf et al., 1980

Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti)

52.6 34.9 3.4 0 1.7 Wallace et al., 1995


39.5 48.9 4.6 1.6 5.4 Canfield, 2003

Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus)

31 60 1.2 6.4 0.12 Hawkey et al., 1989


29 63 1.8 6.4 0.6 Hawkey et al., 1989

Strigiformes

Barred Owl (Strix varia) 43.7 37.9 4.6 6.8 6.9 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003

Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicu-laria)

42.4 36.3 5.3 10.3 5.6 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003

Common Barn Owl (Tyto alba) 51.3 33.7 3.7 8.5 2.8 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003



Hetero-phils %

Lympho-cytes %

Mono-cytes %

Eosino-phils %


Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) 50 38.1 5.3 10.4 5.6 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003

Eastern Screech Owl (Otis asio) 37.3 35.9 6.6 15.4 4.7 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003

Great Grey Owl (Strix nebulosa) 25.2 63.4 4.1 5.9 1.3 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003



Short-eared Owl (Asio fl ammeus)

53.3 34.9 8.7 1 2.1 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003

Snowy Owl (Nyctea scandiacus) 47.9 39.3 4.9 4.9 3 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003

Spectacled Owl (Pulsatrix per-spicillata)


Trogoniformes

Crested Quetzal (Pharomachrus antisianus)

70 26 4 0 0 Neiffer, 2003

Golden-headed Quetzal (Pharo-machrus auriceps)

33.2 52.2 8.6 5.1 1.1 Neiffer, 2003

Javan Trogon (Apalharpactes reinwardtii)

59.9 21.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 Neiffer, 2003


19.1 35 0.4 0 48.7 Neiffer, 2003



TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Ions in Avian Species (for Glucose Concentrations See Supplementary Materials for Carbohydrate Chapter)

Na+ mM Cl- mM K+ mM Ca++ mM P mM References

Ostrich (Struthio camelus) 144.4 - 3.6 - - Bonadiman et al., 2009


161.7 4.5 3.8 2.0 Uhart et al., 2006


161.7 4.5 3.8 2.0 Uhart et al., 2006

Lesser rRea (Pterocnemia pennata)

3.2 Reissig et al., 2002

Accipitriformes

Family Accipitridae

African Fish eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer)

153 115 1.6 2.4 0.74 Hollamby et al., 2004


153.7 1.4 1.7 Naidoo et al., 2008


2.4 0.9 Hernández and Margalida, 2010

Black Kite (Milvus migrans) 2.32 Ferrer et al., 1987

Cape Vulture (Gyps copro-theres)

157 117 1.2 2.7 0.8 Van Heerden et al., 1987


2.35 Ferrer et al., 1987


2.35 Ferrer et al., 1987


152 100 1.6 2.7 2.35 Polo et al., 1992

Galapagos Hawk (Buteo galapagoensis)

152 121 2.0 1.97 0.8 Deem et al., 2012

Golden Eagle (Aquila chry-saetos)

162 107 2.2 2.7 1.5 Polo et al., 1992

Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) 155 98 2.1 3.5 1.5 Polo et al., 1992


158.6 3.0 1.2 1.19 Hanauska-Brown et al., 2003


154 115 2.8 2.3 1.5 Gee et al., 1981


156.5 104 2.6 2.6 1.5 Mean: Polo et al., 1992; García- Montijano et al., 2002


156.7 124 2.83 2.46 Calculated from Youl, 2009

Family Cathartidae


147 111 2.9 2.2 0.7 Gee et al., 1981

California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus)

146 115 3.0 2.9 0.7 Dujowich et al., 2005

(Continued)



Anseriformes


150 120 2.1 Balasch et al., 1974

Black Duck (Anas superciliosa)

1.4 Mulley, 1979

Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus)

2.7 2.3 Stoskopf et al., 2010

Geese

Aleutian Canada Goose (Branta canadensis leuco-parea)

147 105 3.4 2.6 0.9 Gee et al., 1981

Embden Goose (Anser anser) 140 101 3.1 2.6 1.2 Gee et al., 1981

Emperor Geese (Chen canagica)

1.1 Franson et al., 2009

Nene Goose (Branta sandvi-censis)

166 99 2.5 2.6 0.8 Gee et al., 1981


146 112 3.3 2.5 1.2 Gee et al., 1981

Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) 144.3 6.8 2.7 1.6 Dolka et al., 2014

Caprimulgiformes


155 111 2.8 2.32 1.35 McCracken, 2003

Charadriiformes


155 115 3.2 2.17 0.81 Ball, 2003

American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliates)

150.7 3.2 2.1 0.8 Carlson-Bremer et al., 2010

Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus

160 119 1.6 Balasch et al., 1974

Black-winged Stilt (Himanto-pus himantopus)

147 113 2.22 0.74 Ball, 2003

Common Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus)

160.1 119 1.6 Balasch et al., 1974

Common Murre (Uria aalge) 155.0 114 3.6 Frankfurter et al., 2012


153 121 2.7 2.25 1.94 Ball, 2003


157 121 1.8 Balasch et al., 1974

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) 2.35 0.77 Ball, 2003


2.75 Ball, 2003

Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata) 2.3 1.3 Work, 1996

TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Ions in Avian Species (for Glucose Concentrations See Supplementary Materials for Carbohydrate Chapter)—cont’d


(Continued)


South Polar Skua (Stercorarius maccormicki)

121 Deguirmendjian Rosa et al., 1992


3.3 1.10 Ball, 2003

Ciconiiformes


2.3 Dutton et al., 2002

Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi) 143 115 3.5 2.3 1.0 Coke et al., 2004

Coliiformes

Blue-naped Mousebird (Uro-colius macrourus)



2.2 1.7 Calculated from Pye, 2003



Columbiformes

Pigeon (Columba livia) 160 117 2.1 Balasch et al., 1974


150 107.5 2.4 2.5 4.4 Mean: Peinado et al., 1992a; Schultz, 2003

Pheasant Pigeon (Otidiphaps nobilis)

130 4.0 4.4 Peinado et al., 1992a

Pink-headed Fruit Dove (Ptili-nopus porphyreus)

162 120 2.6 2.5 1.81 Schultz, 2003


101 2.2 2.2 Peinado et al., 1992a


105 2.4 1.8 Peinado et al., 1992a


100 Peinado et al., 1992a

Coraciiformes




158 120 2 2.5 1.71 Calculated from Dutton, 2003





Hoopoe (Upupa epops) 183 125 2.9 2.1 2.65 Calculated from Dutton, 2003




Lilac-breasted Roller (Cora-cias caudatus)


Micronesian Kingfisher (Todir-amphus cinnamominus)




Cuculiformes

Greater Roadrunner (Geococ-cyx californianus)

157 121 2.7 2.5 1.2 Abou-Madi, 2003

Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira) 2.4 2.9 Abou-Madi, 2003

Falconiformes


158 108 2.2 1.8 3.0 Dressen et al., 1999

Artic Peregrine Falcon (Falco perigrinus tundrius)

- - - 1.8 0.9 Gee et al., 1981

Galliformes

Attwater’s Prairie Chicken (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri)

3.4 5.5 West and Haines, 2002


2.7 2.7 Moota et al., 2013

Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus)

161 115 3.9 2.6 1.6 Mean: Gee et al., 1981; Johnson et al., 2007

Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar)

155 117 9.1 2.1 2.1 Ozek and Bahtiyarca, 2004

Greater sage grouse (Centro-cercus urophasianus)

5.3 2.3 Dunbar et al., 2005

Guinea fowl (Numida melea-gris)

160.6 122.5 2.2 Mean: Balasch et al., 1973; Drew, 2003

Peacock (Pavo cristatus) 158.6 114.0 3.6 Balasch et al., 1973

Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)

154.8 120.4 3.3 Balasch et al., 1973

Rock Partridge (Alectoris graeca)

153.9 112.8 3.2 Balasch et al., 1973

Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus bankivas) (Java)

156.7 119.0 3.5 Balasch et al., 1973

Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) 2.0 Drew, 2003

Wattled Curassow (Crax globulosa)

161 4.3 2.9 Drew, 2003



(Continued)


Gruiformes

Family Gruidae

Florida sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pratensis)

149 109 3.4 2.4 1.2 Gee et al., 1981

Greater sandhill crane (Grus canadensis tabid

147 107 3.5 2.4 1.2 Gee et al., 1981

Mississippi sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla)

147 103 3.6 2.4 1.2 Gee et al., 1981

Red-crowned Crane (Grus japonensis)

148 107 2.8 2.7 1.1 Carpenter, 2003

Siberian Crane (Grus leuco-geranus)

149 109 2.9 2.6 1.2 Carpenter, 2003


146 108 3.2 2.7 0.9 Carpenter, 2003


147 107 3.4 2.3 0.9 Gee et al., 1981

Family Rallidae


120 1.8 3.05* 1.13* Fontenot et al., 2006 (* units corrected)

Takahē (Porphyrio hochstet-teri)

145.8 108.4 4.2 2.67 Calculated from Youl, 2009

Family Otididae

Great Bustard (Otis tarda) 162.2 2.7 5.0 0.94 Barrera et al., 1992

Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulate)

149.0 113.5 3.7 2.46 0.77 D’Aloia et al., 1996a

Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori) 154.5 115.3 2.94 1.33 D’Aloia et al., 1996b

White-Bellied Bustard (Eupo-dotis senegalensis)

2.42 Bailey et al., 1998

Passeriformes


152 120 4.4 2.05 1.13 Genz, 2003


158 121 2.3 2.075 1.61 Genz, 2003

Blue-faced Honeyeater (Ento-myzon cyanotis)

2.475 2.48 Genz, 2003

Green Broadbill (Calyptom-ena viridis)

2.3 1.65 Genz, 2003

Hooded Pitta (Pitta sordida) 2.975 2.55 Genz, 2003

Raven (Corvus corax) 162 132 2.4 Balasch et al., 1974


1.925 2.03 Genz, 2003





2.475 2.48 Genz, 2003


122 2.025 0.71 Genz, 2003


163 122 2.8 2.35 3.06 Genz, 2003

Pelecaniformes


151 114.5 4.15 2.2 1.3 Mean: Balasch et al., 1974; Wolf et al., 1985


149 109 3.3 2.3 0.8 Weber, 2003

Black-faced cormorant (Leu-cocarbo fuscescens)

142 112.3 5.9 2.6 2.6 Melrose and Nicol, 1992

Flightless cormorant (Phala-crocorax harrisi)

150.4 109.0 - 2.2 4.4 Travis et al., 2006a

Great Cormorant (Phalacro-corax carbo)

154 119 2.5 Balasch et al., 1974

Great frigatebird (Fregata minor)

3.9 3.4 Work, 1996

Guanay Cormorant (Phalacro-corax bougainvillii)

160 114 3.4 2.3 0.8 Weber, 2003

Imperial Shag (Phalacrocorax actriceps)

2.3 1.37 Gallo et al., 2013

Brown Booby (Sula leuco-gaster)

2.7 1.3 Work, 1999

Northern Gannet (Morus bas-sanus or Sula bassanus)

153 124 3.0 Balasch et al., 1974

Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi) 143 115 3.5 2.3 1.0 Coke et al., 2004

Phaethontiformes

Red-tailed tropicbird (Pha-eton rubricauda)

1.7 1.6 Work, 1996

Phoenicopteriformes

Chilean flamingo (Phoenicop-terus chiliensis)

153.1 116.4 2.2 2.7 Norton, 2003

American flamingo (Phoe-nicopterus ruber)

157.5 117 3.2 2.5 1.4 Norton, 2003

Podicipediformes

Western Grebe (Aechmopho-rus occidentalis)

153.9 117.9 3.9 Frankfurter et al., 2012

Procellariiformes

Hawaiian Dark-rumped Petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia)

1.7 0.3 Work, 1996



(Continued)


Laysan Albatross (Diomedea immutabilis)

2.7 2.0 Work, 1996

Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis)

153.3 4.5 Frankfurter et al., 2012

Southern Giant Petrel (Macro-nectes giganteus)

154.5 121.3 <1.5 2.3 0.8 Uhart et al., 2003


153 118 3.7 2.5 1.1 Padilla et al., 2003


2.2 0.5 Work, 1996

Psittaciformes

Amazon Parrot (Amazona aestiva)

147.1 3.5 0.8 Valéria et al., 2008

Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrots (Amazona aestiva)

152 6.1 1.7 0.6 Deem et al., 2005

Galah (Eolophus roseicapilla) 106.0† 10.3 1.7 6.9 McDonald et al., 2010

Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) 148 4.5 2.4 1.0 Low et al., 2006

Kea (Nestor notabilis) 145.1 112.8 4.4 2.1 Calculated from Youl, 2009

Long-billed Corella (Cacatua tenuirostris)

108.0† 8.0 1.8 7.0 McDonald et al., 2010

Spix’s Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii)

0.8 Foldenauer et al., 2007

St Vincent Parrot (Amazona guildingii)

144 3.1 2.0 1.2 Deem et al., 2008

Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita)

95.4† 8.3 1.7 5.7 McDonald et al., 2010

Order Pteroclidiformes

Pin-tailed Sandgrouse (Pterocles alchata)

147 111 2.5 2.55 0.72 Lierz and Fenske, 2004

Sphenisciformes


158 117 3.8 Aquilera et al., 1974;

Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus)

156 117 3.5 Aquilera et al., 1974; 1992

Galápagos Penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus)

156.3 118.5 3.9 2.5 1.6 Travis et al., 2006

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)

156 117 4.1 Aquilera et al., 1974

Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti)

154 3.5 3.5 1.4 Wallace et al., 1995


150 111 4.5 2.7 1.3 Cranfield, 2003





157 110 3.0 2.7 1.2 Cranfield, 2003

Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocomes)

154.8 118.1 4.3 1.7 2.0 Mean: Karesh et al., 1999; Maxime and Hassani, 2014

Strigiformes

Barn Owl (Tyto alba) 153 118 2.8 2.2 1.2 Aguilar, 2003

Barred owl (Strix varia) 150 110 3.3 2.4 1.42 Aguilar, 2003


150 111 3.2 2.18 1.36 Aguilar, 2003

Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) 166 132 2.8 2.45 2.8 Aguilar, 2003


159 121 2.5 2.45 1.87 Aguilar, 2003

Great Grey Owl (Strix nebu-losa)

152 119 3.5 2.37 1.91 Aguilar, 2003

Short eared Owl (Asio flam-meus)

157 136 2.9 2.3 2.58 Aguilar, 2003

Screech Owl (Otus asio) 152 116 3.0 2.2 1.36 Aguilar, 2003

Snowy owl (Nyctea scan-diaca)

152 117 2.8 2.35 1.29 Aguilar, 2003


156 119 2.6 3.04 1.78 Aguilar, 2003

Trogoniformes

Crested Quetzal (Pharoma-chrus antisianus)

4.3 Neiffer, 2003


158 121 2.4 2.3 1.1 Neiffer, 2003


2.9 1.2


2.2 0.4

†Outside mean +/- 5 S.D.



TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species

Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References

Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)

40.5 17 22 0.3 0.42 Mean: Okotie-Eboh et al., 1992; Smith, 2003

Ostrich (Struthio camelus)

46.5 16.9 29.6 0.4 Mean: Smith, 2003; Bonadiman et al., 2009

Greater rhea (Rhea americana)

48.2 25.8 22.5 0.3 Uhart et al., 2006

Accipitriformes

African Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer)

48 1.0 Hollamby et al., 2004


33.5 11.7 21.8 0.65 3.21 Naidoo et al., 2008




40 0.2 Hernández and Margalida, 2010

Black Kite (Milvus migrans)

37 12 24 1.20 Ferrer et al., 1987

Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pen-natus)

38 8 29 1.47 Ferrer et al., 1987

Cape Vulture (Gyps coprotheres)

37.8 19.2 18.6 Van Heerden et al., 1987


38 10 28 0.83 3.75 Ferrer et al., 1987; Garcia-Rodriguez et al., 1987




33 10 22 1.67 Ferrer et al., 1987

Egyptian Vulture (Neophron perc-nopterus)

39 15.3 20.4 0.2 1.6 Polo et al., 1992

Galapagos Hawk (Buteo galapa-goensis)

33 12.5 21 1.1 Deem et al., 2012

Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)

33.5 9.5 17.1 0.3 1.8 Mean: Elliot et al., 1974; Polo et al., 1992


39 17.7 25.8 0.3 1.3 Polo et al., 1992

(Continued)



Hooded Vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus)


Marsh Harrier ( Circus aeruginosus)

34.7 Lavin et al., 1992


27 11 16 0.75 Hanauska-Brown et al., 2003

Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus)


South American Snail Kite (Rostrha-mus sociabilis)

37 13 23 0.67 2.3 Gee et al., 1981

Spanish Impe-rial Eagle (Aquila adalberti)

38 10.7 19.2 0.19 1.6 Mean; Polo et al., 1992; García-Montijano et al., 2002

Swainson’s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni)

0.39 2.45


33 14 19 0.31 Calculated from Youl, 2009



Family Cathartidae


37 13 23 0.53 1.7 Gee et al., 1981

California Condor (Gymnogyps cali-fornianus)

30 11 22 0.30 Dujowich et al., 2005

King Vulture (Sar-coramphus papa)


Anseriformes


17.9 8.0 7.4 0.6 Balasch et al., 1974

Pekin or domestic Duck (Anas platy-rhynchos)

30 - - 0.17 - Zhang et al., 2005

Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histri-onicus)

34 13 21 - - Stoskopf et al., 2010

Black Duck (Anas superciliosa)

43.2 30.4 5.4 0.09 Mulley, 1979

Aleutian Canada goose (Branta canadensis leuco-parea)

48 20 28 0.49 0.5 Gee et al., 1981

TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d


(Continued)


Embden Goose (Anser anser)

44 17 27 0.45 0.7 Gee et al., 1981

Emperor Geese (Chen canagica)

48 - - 0.42 0.34 Franson et al., 2009

Nene Goose (Branta sandvi-censis)

44 18 26 0.48 0.3 Gee et al., 1981


44 17 27 0.64 0.5 Gee et al., 1981


55.1 21.9 33.2 0.75 0.52 Artachoa et al., 2007

Coscoroba Swan (Coscoroba coscoroba)

0.15 Pérez Calabuig et al., 2010

Mute Swan (Cygnus olor)

45.7 15.2 30.5 0.33 1.7 Dolka et al., 2014

Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccina-tors)

48 14 34 0.26 0.75 Olsen et al., 2002

Tundra Swan (Cyg-nus columbianus)

35 13 22 0.48 0.5 Milani et al., 2012

Caprimulgiformes

Tawny Frogmouth (Podargus strigoi-des)

35 20 15 0.47 McCracken, 2003

Charadriiformes

American Oyster-catcher (Haemato-pus palliates)

40 17.7 21.2 0.4 Carlson-Bremer et al., 2010


30 12 18 0.44 Ball, 2003

Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus or Larus ridibundus)

36.7 19.6 17.1 1.9 Balasch et al., 1974


36 22 13 0.42 Ball, 2003

Double-striped Thick-knee (Burhi-nus bistriatus)

35 14 18 0.44 Ball, 2003

European Herring Gull (Larus argen-tatus)

30.6 16.0 14.6 1.6 Balasch et al., 1974

Killdeer (Char-adrius vociferus)

29 11 16 0.45 Ball, 2003




Piping Plover (Cha-radrius melodus)

45 13 32 0.30 Ball, 2003

Red Knot (Calidris canutus rufa)†

35 20 14.8 D’Amico et al., 2010

Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata)

33 15 18 0.7 Work, 1996

South Polar Skua (Stercorarius mac-cormicki)

28 8.2 19.8 Deguirmendjian Rosa et al., 1992


36.0 14.0 22.0 1.23 Samour et al., 1998

Stone Curlew (Burhinus oedic-nemus)

39.8 10.5 29.8 0.77 Samour et al., 1998


42 21 24 0.4 Ball, 2003

Ciconiiformes

Black Stork (Cico-nia nigra)

35 0.76 2.1 Puerta et al., 1989

Black-crowned Night Heron (Nyc-ticorax nycticorax)

34 14.6 19.4 0.38 1.8 Fontenelle, 2001

Cattle Egret (Bubul-cus ibis)

34 16.3 17.7 0.23 1.6 Fontenelle, 2001

Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)

33 16.5 16.5 0.47 1.6 Fontenelle, 2001


36 10 26 0.7 Dutton et al., 2002

Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi)

38 15 24 0.5 0.35 Coke et al., 2004

White Stork (Cico-nia ciconia)

45 0.85 2.4 Puerta et al., 1989

Coliiformes

Blue-naped Mousebird (Uroco-lius macrourus)

37.5 0.33 Calculated from Pye, 2003


37 12 24 0.45 Calculated from Pye, 2003

Columbiformes

Rock Pigeon (Columba livia)

29.8 9 24 0.3 1.2 Mean: Balasch et al., 1974; Gayathri et al., 2004

Nicobar Pigeon (Caloenas nico-barica)

32.6 14.8 6.9 0.61 1.0 Peinado et al., 1992a



(Continued)


Pheasant pigeon (Otidiphaps nobilis)

32.7 15.4 13.3 0.78 0.9 Peinado et al., 1992a

Pink-headed Fruit Dove (Ptilinopus porphyreus)

36 15 18 0.54 Schultz, 2003.


44.6 21.8 17.4 0.41 1.4 Peinado et al., 1992a


35.8 17.4 11.9 0.41 1.7 Peinado et al., 1992a

Southern Crowned or Scheep Maker’s crowned pigeon (Goura scheep-makeri)

40.5 20.4 13.3 0.31 1.6 Peinado et al., 1992a

Coraciiformes







Green Wood Hoo-poe (Phoeniculus purpureus)


Hoopoe (Upupa epops)




Micronesian Kingfisher (Todir-amphus cinnamo-minus)




Cuculiformes

Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus)

34 15 18 1.2 0.4 Abou-Madi, 2003

Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira)

0.5 0.6 Abou-Madi, 2003




Falconiformes

American Kestrels (Falco sparverius)

32 10 12 0.53 1.0 Dressen et al., 1999

Artic Peregrine falcon (Falco perig-rinus tundrius)

33 9 24 0.68 1.2 Gee et al., 1981

Collared Forest Falcon (Micrastur semitorquatus)


Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni)

0.90 4.0 Rodríguez, 2011

Southern Crested Caracara (Poly-borus plancus)


Galliformes

Attwater’s Prairie Chickens (Tym-panuchus cupido attwateri)

32.6 15.6 17.8 0.52 West and Haines, 2002


0.91 1.38 Motta et al., 2013

Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus)

38 20 18 0.5 0.5 Gee et al., 1981

Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar)

42 0.2 Ozek and Bahtiyarca, 2004

Greater Sage Grouse (Centrocer-cus urophasianus)

52.1 21 31.1 0.31 1.3 Mean: Dunbar et al., 2005; Dyer et al., 2009

Grouse (Lagopus lagopus)

39.4 19.7 17.9 0.36 Wilson and Wilson, 1978; Korhonen, 1987

Guinea fowl (Numida melea-gris)

44.3 0.3 0.7 Balasch et al., 1973

Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus)

44.3 0.15 1.02 Mean: Balasch et al., 1973; Adnan and Amin Babjee, 1985

Peacock (Pavo cristatus)

43.6 0.2 2.8 Balasch et al., 1973

Pheasant (Phasia-nus colchicus)

49.0 0.3 0.9 Balasch et al., 1973

Rock partridge (Alectoris graeca)

35.2 0.4 0.43 Balasch et al., 1973



(Continued)


Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

46.2 16 30.2 0.60 Mean: Drew, 2003; Schmidt et al., 2009a

Wattled Curassow (Crax globulosa)

40 0.59 Drew, 2003

Gruiformes

Family Gruidae

Common Crane (Grus grus)

49 - - 0.17 1.18 Puerta et al., 1981

Florida sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis pra-tensi)

39 14 24 0.74 0.5 Gee et al., 1981

Greater sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis tabid)

39 16 23 0.45 0.3 Gee et al., 1981

Mississippi sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis pulla)

39 14 25 0.41 0.3 Gee et al., 1981

Red-crowned Crane (Grus japo-nensis)

33 12 21 0.46 Calculated from Carpenter, 2003






38 15 23 0.48 0.5 Gee et al., 1981

Family Rallidae

Common Coot (Fulica atra)

0.13 1.45 Rubio et al., 2012

Red-knobbed Coot (Fulica cristata)

0.44 Rubio et al., 2012

Guam Rail (Gal-lirallus owstoni)

47.5 20 21 0.34 Fontenot et al., 2006

Takahē (Porphyrio hochstetteri)


Family Otididae

Great Bustard (Otis tarda)

35 Barrera et al., 1992

Buff-crested bustard (Eupoditis ruficrista)

32.8 12.9 19.6 0.53 Bailey et al., 1998a

Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulate)

33.3 14.8 17.9 0.58 D’Aloia et al., 1996a




Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori)

29.6 15.9 13 0.47 D’Aloia et al., 1996b

White-Bellied Bustard (Eupodotis senegalensis)

30 12 18 0.41 Bailey et al., 1998b

Passeriformes

Abert’s Towhee (Melozone aberti)

1.8 Davis et al.,, 2013

American Crow (Corvus brachy-rhynchos)

37 18 18 0.5 0.7 Gentz, 2003


38 18 17 0.8 0.6 Gentz, 2003

Blackbird (Turdus merula)

39 17 17.9 Llacuna et al., 1996

Blue Jay (Cya-nocitta cristata)

41 Garvin et al., 2003

Great Tit (Parus major)

25 9.3 8.3 Llacuna et al., 1996

Green Broadbill (Calyptomena viridis)

49 0.5 Gentz, 2003

Hooded Pitta (Pitta sordida)

43 1.0 0.7 Gentz, 2003


32 1.2 Puerta et al., 1995

(African) Pied Crow (Corvus albus)

31.3 13.2 18.1 1.3 1.1 Ihedioha et al., 2011

Raven (Corvus corax)

38 18 19.1 1.0 Balasch et al., 1974


44 16 29 0.7 Gentz, 2003

Rock Bunting (Emberiza cia)

22 11 7.2 Llacuna et al., 1996

Silver-eared Mesia (Leiothrix argen-tauris)

27 1.0 0.6 Gentz, 2003


31 1.1 Gentz, 2003


35 12 24 1.0 0.8 Gentz, 2003


38 20 19 0.3 0.6 Gentz, 2003



(Continued)


Pelecaniformes

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occi-dentalis)

34.2 14.1 19.4 0.4 1.4 Mean: Balasch et al., 1974; Wolf et al., 1985


41 14 27 0.37 Weber, 2003

Black-faced cormo-rant (Leucocarbo fuscescens)

39 15 24 1.3 0.7 Melrose and Nicol, 1992

Flightless cormo-rant (Phalacrocorax harrisi)

39.8 16.8 23 1.3 Travis et al., 2006a

Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo)

32.2 11.5 16.7 1.5 Balasch et al., 1974

Imperial Cormo-rant (Phalacrocorax actriceps)

38.4 18.3 20.1 0.27 1.29 Gallo et al., 2013

Great frigatebird (Fregata minor)

36.5 16.5 23.5 0.3 Work, 1996

Brown booby (Sula leucogaster)

40 16 24 1.2 Work, 1999

Red-footed booby (Sula sula)

30 13 17 0.8 Work, 1996

Northern Gannet (Morus bassanus or Sula bassanus)

45 20.1 18.5 1.6 Balasch et al., 1974

Black-faced Cor-morant (Leucocarbo fuscescens)

39 15 24 1.3 0.7 Melrose and Nicol, 1992

Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi)

38 15 24 0.5 0.35 Coke et al., 2004

Phaethontiformes

Red-tailed Trop-icbird (Phaeton rubricauda)

26.5 12.5 14 0.7 Work, 1996

Procellariiformes

Hawaiian dark rumped petrel (Pterodoma phaeo-pygia)

31 15 17 0.4 Work, 1996

Laysan albatross (Diomedea immu-tabilis)

47 18 30 0.2 Work, 1996


45 18 28 0.3 Padilla et al., 2003




Wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffi-nus pacificus)

31 15 18 0.6 Work, 1996

Wilson’s Storm-Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus)

27 Quillfeldt et al., 2004

Psittaciformes

Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrot (Amazona aestiva)

26 9 18 0.2 Deem et al., 2005

Cuban Amazon parrots (Amazona leucocephala leucocephala)

39 16 24 0.17 0.28 Tell and Citino, 1992

Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus)

45.8 0.2 0.9 Low et al., 2006

Kea (Nestor nota-bilis)


Macaw (Ara rubrogenys)

32 0.3 1.0 García del Campo et al., 1991


44 Godwin et al., 1982

Red-Capped Parrot (Pionopsitta pileata)

36 Schmidt et al., 2009

Spix’s macaws (Cyanopsitta spixii)

38.3 21 8.2 0.3 Foldenauer et al., 2007

St Vincent parrots (Amazona guildingii)

33.5 17.4 10.1 Deem et al., 2008


40 Schmidt et al., 2009

Sphenisciformes

Penguins (Sphenis-cus genus)

39 21 18 Cray et al., 2011


41 0.75 1.7 Aquilera et al., 1974; 1993

Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis ant-arcticus)

43 18.5 24.5 0.4 1.0 Mean: Aquilera et al., 1974; 1993; Ferrer et al., 1994; Deguirmendjian Rosa et al., 1992

Galápagos Penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus)

56 12.2 43.8 1.1 Travis et al., 2006



(Continued)



52.5 17.6 35.1 0.7 1.3 Calculated from Aquilera et al., 1974; 1993; Deguirmendjian Rosa et al., 1993; Cranfield, 2003

Humboldt Penguin (Spheniscus hum-boldti)

55.8 14.8 41.2 0.4 1.2 Wallace et al., 1995


55.5 21 34 0.67 0.67 Stoskopf et al., 1980; Cranfield, 2003


52 18 34 0.63 0.67 Calculated from Cranfield, 2003

Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocomes)

35.8 13.6 22.2 0.32 Karesh et al., 1999

Pteroclidiformes

Pin-tailed Sand-grouse (Pterocles alchata)

32.9 10.7 22.2 0.27 0.6 Lierz and Fenske, 2004

Strigiformes

Barred owl (Strix varia)

49 20.3 25 0.65 1.5 Elliot et al., 1974

Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicu-laria)

38 15.2 19 0.56 2.17 Aguilar, 2003

Common Barn Owl

36.5 16.2 16 0.47 0.84 Elliot et al., 1974; Aguilar, 2003

Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo)

38 17.2 21 0.73 1 Aguilar, 2003


39 17.2 24 0.70 1 Aguilar, 2003

Great Grey Owl (Strix nebulosa)

34 15.2 20 0.99 0.84 Aguilar, 2003

Malay fishing owl (Ketupa ketupu)


Nepal brown wood owl (Strix leptogrammica)

38.5 Elliot et al., 1974

Screech Owl (Otus asio)

37 19.2 21 0.48 1.5 Aguilar, 2003

Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus)

35.5 15.2 19 0.34 0.67 Elliot et al., 1974; Aguilar, 2003




Snowy Owl (Nyc-tea scandiaca)

48 14.2 24 0.54 0.35 Elliot et al., 1974; Aguilar, 2003

Spectacled Owl (Pulsatrix perspicil-lata)

43 18.3 28 0.52 1 Aguilar, 2003

Trogoniformes

Crested Quetzal (Pharomachrus antisianus)

52 Neiffer, 2003

Golden-headed Quetzal (Pharoma-chrus auriceps)

29 10 18 0.3 0.7 Neiffer, 2003


39 8 31 0.4 Neiffer, 2003


18 8 10 Neiffer, 2003


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