Blood Sugar Regulation

Pancreas

Pancreas

PancreasTwo cell types to produce:1. digestive enzymes – exocrine acini2. hormones – islets of Langerhans

1 – 2% of pancreas are the islets of Langerhans

Islets of LangerhansTwo hormones are produced:1. insulin – beta cells2. glucagon – alpha cells

blue = cell nucleigreen = insulinred = glucagon

Insulin FunctionWhen is insulin released? after eating

hyperglycemia

beta cells cellular signals for insulin release

decreased blood sugar

increased glucose uptake

glycogen production in liver

Glucagon FunctionWhat does glucagon do? breaks down glycogen

hypoglycemia

alpha cells cellular signals for glucagon release

increased blood sugar

glucose release from liver

glucose production in liver

Diabetes Mellitus – Type Ialso known as juvenile diabetes

Causeimmune system attacking insulin-producing beta cells

Symptomsincreased thirst, hunger and urination

Treatmentdaily dosage of insulin

Diabetes Mellitus – Type IIalso known as adult-onset diabetes

Causeinsulin resistance / deficiency

Symptomsincreased thirst, hunger and urinationfatigue / lethargy

Treatmentmaintain healthy diet and frequent exercisemedication only upon progression of disease state

Diabetes InsipidusCause

deficiency of ADH

Symptomsexcessive thirst and urinationreduction of fluid intake does not affect urination frequencyno increased blood glucose

TreatmentADH replacement / stimulating medication

Canadian ConnectionFrederick Banting & Charles

BestNobel Prize – 1923insulin isolation

tied off ducts to digestive tract

cell producing digestive enzymes shrivelled

only islets of Langerhans remained

Video TestimoniesUniversity of Alberta

developed islet cell transplant method

Islet Transplant Animation

Photo Journal

News Feature

Hormone Structureinsulin

peptide hormone

glucagonpeptide hormone

Stress Regulation

Adrenal Glands

adrenal – “next to” the renal system

Two main sections:1. adrenal cortex long-term stress2. adrenal medulla short-term stress

Adrenal Gland

Adrenal CortexLong-term stress sends ACTH (adrenocorticotropic

hormone)

pituitary adrenal cortex

Produces two types of hormones:1. glucocorticoids2. mineralcorticoids

ACTH

1. Glucocorticoidsclass of steroid hormones for glucose regulationspecific example: cortisol

What happens when you’re stressed out?glucose not taken in by musclesamino acids made into glucosefat tissue broken down for energy

2. Mineralcorticoidsclass of steroid hormones for mineral regulationspecific example: aldosterone

What happens when you’re stressed out?blood pressure rises due to increase sodium & H2O

reabsorption

Adrenal MedullaShort-term stress detected by hypothalamus

Produces two hormones:1. epinephrine (adrenaline)2. norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

both compounds are examples of catecholamines, which are also neurotransmitters

Hormone Structuresepinephrine

hydrophilic

norepinephrinehydrophilic

Flight-or-Fight Response

What’s your response?increased heart rateincreased breathingblood vessel dilation more O2 deliveryiris dilation collect maximum visual information

these responses are induced by catecholamine release