blood moon 2014/2015

Blood%MoonCTB:%A6#Darkening#Sun,#Moon#and#Stars▼%%%%%A6%Darkening%sun,%moon%and%starsThe#stars,#sun#and#moon#will#not#give#their#light#(Isa.#13:10);#God#tells#the#sun#not#to#shine#(Job#9:7);#let#the#stars#of#its#twilight#be#darkened#(Job#3:9);#the#sun#and#moon#grow#dark#and#the#stars#no#longer#shine#(Joel#2:10);#I#will#make#the#sun#go#down#at#noon#(Amos#8:9);#before#sun,#moon#and#stars#are#darkened#(Eccles.#12:2);#the#stars,#sun#and#moon#will#be#darkened#(Ezek.#32:7–8);#the#sun#and#moon#grow#dark#and#the#stars#are#dimmed#(Joel#3:15);#the#sun#and#moon#will#be#darkened#and#the#stars#will#fall#(Matt.#24:29);#the#sun#will#be#darkened#and#the#moon#not#give#its#light#(Mark#13:24);#the#sun#will#be#turned#to#darkness#and#the#moon#to#blood#(Joel#2:31;#Acts#2:20);#the#sun#turned#black#as#sackcloth#and#the#moon#like#blood#(Rev.#6:12);#the#sun#failed#(Luke#23:45);#I#will#cover#the#sun#and#the#moon#will#not#give#its#light#(Ezek.#32:7);#I#will#darken#the#stars#(Ezek.#32:7);#all#the#bright#lights#in#the#heavens#I#will#darken#over#you#(Ezek.#32:8);#there#will#be#signs#in#sun,#moon#and#stars#(Luke#21:25).

Day,%C.%A.%(2009).%Collins'Thesaurus'of'the'Bible.%Bellingham,%WA:%Logos%Bible%Software.Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

CTB:%A4#Darkness#at#the#End▼%%%%%A4%Darkness%at%the%endThe#sun#will#be#darkened#and#the#moon#not#give#light#(Matt.#24:29;#Mark#13:24);#the#sun#will#be#turned#into#darkness#and#the#moon#into#blood#(Acts#2:20);#the#stars#and#their#constellations#will#not#give#their#light#(Isa.#13:10);#the#moon#will#not#shed#its#light#(Isa.#13:10);#the#sun#will#be#dark#when#it#rises#(Isa.#13:10);#I#will#cover#the#heavens#and#darken#the#stars#(Ezek.#32:7);#I#will#cover#the#sun#with#a#cloud#and#the#moon#will#not#give#its#light#(Ezek.#32:7);#all#the#bright#lights#in#the#heavens#I#will#darken#over#you#(Ezek.#32:8);#the#sun#and#moon#grow#dark#and#the#stars#no#longer#shine#(Joel#2:10);#the#sun#and#moon#grow#dark#and#the#stars#are#dimmed#(Joel#3:15);#the#sun#will#be#turned#into#darkness#and#the#moon#to#blood#(Joel#2:31);#in#

1Exported)from)Logos)Bible)Software)5,)21:21)26)de)Março)de)2013.

http://www.logos.com/

that#day#there#will#be#no#light#(Zech.#14:6);#a#third#of#sun,#moon#and#stars#were#darkened#(Rev.#8:12);#a#third#of#the#day#and#a#third#of#the#night#were#darkened#(Rev.#8:12).


CTB:%E3#Turned#to#Blood▼%%%%%E3%Turned%to%bloodNile#water#turned#to#blood#(Exod.#4:9;#Exod.#7:17–20;#Ps.#105:29);#there#was#blood#in#all#the#land#of#Egypt#(Exod.#7:21);#he#turned#their#rivers#to#blood#(Ps.#78:44);#the#waters#of#Dibon#[Dimon]#are#full#of#blood#(Isa.#15:9);#a#third#of#the#sea#turned#into#blood#(Rev.#8:8);#the#sea#turned#into#blood#like#that#of#a#dead#man#(Rev.#16:3);#rivers#and#springs#became#blood#(Rev.#16:4);#the#witnesses#have#power#to#turn#the#waters#into#blood#(Rev.#11:6);#water#as#red#as#blood#(2#Kgs.#3:22);#I#will#show#signs#in#the#sky#and#on#earth,#blood,#fire#and#columns#of#smoke#(Joel#2:30);#blood,#fire#and#vapour#of#smoke#(Acts#2:19);#the#sun#will#be#turned#into#darkness#and#the#moon#to#blood#(Joel#2:31);#the#moon#became#like#blood#(Rev.#6:12).


NASUEECB:%MoonMoonthe$sun$and$the$moon$and$eleven$stars%%%%%Gn$37:9%%%%%3394the#burnt#offering#of#the#new#moon#and#####Nu#29:6#####2320the#sun#and#the#moon#and#the#stars,#####Dt#4:19#####3394the#moon#or#any#of#the#heavenly#host,#####Dt#17:3#####3394O#moon#in#the#valley#of#Aijalon.”#####Jos#10:12#####3394stood#still,#and#the#moon#stopped,#####Jos#10:13#####3394“Behold,#tomorrow#is#the#new#moon,#####1Sa#20:5#####2320“Tomorrow#is#the#new#moon,#####1Sa#20:18#####2320



and#when#the#new#moon#came,#####1Sa#20:24#####2320day,#the#second#day#of#the#new#moon,#####1Sa#20:27#####2320on#the#second#day#of#the#new#moon,#####1Sa#20:34#####2320It#is#neither#new#moon#nor#sabbath.”#####2Ki#4:23#####2320to#the#sun#and#to#the#moon#and#to#the#####2Ki#23:5#####3394offering,#the#sabbaths,#the#new#moon,#####Ne#10:33#####2320“If#even#the#moon#has#no#brightness#####Jb#25:5#####3394obscures#the#face#of#the#full#moon#And#####Jb#26:9#####3677shone#Or#the#moon#going#in#splendor,#####Jb#31:26#####3394Your#fingers,#The#moon#and#the#stars,#####Ps#8:3#####3394sun#endures,#And#as#long#as#the#moon,#####Ps#72:5#####3394of#peace#till#the#moon#is#no#more.#####Ps#72:7#####3394Blow#the#trumpet#at#the#new#moon,#####Ps#81:3#####2320at#the#new#moon,#At#the#full#moon,#####Ps#81:3#####3677be#established#forever#like#the#moon,#####Ps#89:37#####3394He#made#the#moon#for#the#seasons;#####Ps#104:19#####3394you#by#day,#Nor#the#moon#by#night.#####Ps#121:6#####3394The#moon#and#stars#to#rule#by#night,#####Ps#136:9#####3394Praise#Him,#sun#and#moon;#####Ps#148:3#####3394At#the#full#moon#he#will#come#home.”#####Pr#7:20#####3677before#the#sun#and#the#light,#the#moon#####Ec#12:2#####3394dawn,#As#beautiful#as#the#full#moon,#####SS#6:10#####3842New#moon#and#sabbath,#the#calling#of#####Is#1:13#####2320“I#hate#your#new#moon#festivals#and#####Is#1:14#####2320And#the#moon#will#not#shed#its#light.#####Is#13:10#####3394Then#the#moon#will#be#abashed#and#the#####Is#24:23#####3842The#light#of#the#moon#will#be#as#####Is#30:26#####3842will#the#moon#give#you#light;#####Is#60:19#####3394no#longer#set,#Nor#will#your#moon#wane;#####Is#60:20#####3394shall#be#from#new#moon#to#new#moon#####Is#66:23#####2320new#moon#And#from#sabbath#to#sabbath,#####Is#66:23#####2320spread#them#out#to#the#sun,#the#moon#and#####Jer#8:2#####3394And#the#fixed#order#of#the#moon#and#####Jer#31:35#####3394the#moon#will#not#give#its#light.#####Ezk#32:7#####3394opened#on#the#day#of#the#new#moon.#####Ezk#46:1#####2320“On#the#day#of#the#new#moon#he#####Ezk#46:6#####2320



Now#the#new#moon#will#devour#them#####Hos#5:7#####2320The#sun#and#the#moon#grow#dark#And#####Jl#2:10#####3394darkness#And#the#moon#into#blood#####Jl#2:31#####3394The#sun#and#moon#grow#dark#And#the#####Jl#3:15#####3394“When#will#the#new#moon#be#over,#####Am#8:5#####2320Sun#and#moon#stood#in#their#places;#####Hab#3:11#####3394345$678$&''($9:;;$4<6$=:>8$:6?$;:=76,#####Mt#24:29#####4582345$678$&''($9:;;$4<6$=:>8$:6?$;:=76,#####Mk#13:24#####4582be#signs#in#sun#and#moon#and#stars,#####Lk#21:25#####458253@A48??$A45$678$&''($:46<$C;<<5,#####Ac#2:20#####4582sun,#and#another#glory#of#the#moon,#####1Co#15:41#####4582or#a#new#moon#or#a#Sabbath#day#####Col#2:16#####3501aand#the#whole#moon#became#like#blood;#####Rv#6:12#####4582third#of#the#sun#and#a#third#of#the#moon#####Rv#8:12#####4582the#sun,#and#the#moon#under#her#feet,#####Rv#12:1#####4582has#no#need#of#the#sun#or#of#the#moon#####Rv#21:23#####4582Moonsthe$new$moons$and$the$fixed$festivals%%%%%1Ch$23:31%%%%%2320on#sabbaths#and#on#new#moons#and#on#####2Ch#2:4#####2320for#the#sabbaths,#the#new#moons#and#####2Ch#8:13#####2320new#moons#and#for#the#fixed#festivals,#####2Ch#31:3#####2320also#for#the#new#moons#and#for#all#the#####Ezr#3:5#####2320Those#who#predict#by#the#new#moons,#####Is#47:13#####2320at#the#feasts,#on#the#new#moons#and#####Ezk#45:17#####2320on#the#sabbaths#and#on#the#new#moons.#####Ezk#46:3#####2320her#gaiety,#Her#feasts,#her#new#moons,#####Hos#2:11#####2320

Thomas,%R.%L.,%&%The%Lockman%Foundation.%(1998).%New'American'Standard'exhaustive'concordance'of'the'Bible:'Updated'edition.%Anaheim:%Foundation%Publications,%Inc.Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

TNSB:NKJV:%Chapter#22:30,%31#The#heavenly#wonders#described#here#will#take#place#before#the#great%and%awesome%day%of%the%L'*+,%an#apparent#reference#to#the#end#times.#Blood%and%fire%correspond#with#Rev.#8:7,#8.#Smoke%corresponds#with#Rev.#9:18.#Darkness%corresponds#



with#Rev.#8:12.#Moon%into%blood%corresponds#with#Rev.#6:12.

Radmacher,%E.%D.,%Allen,%R.%B.,%&%House,%H.%W.%(1997).%The'Nelson'Study'Bible:'New'King'James'Version%(Jl%2.30–31).%Nashville:%T.%Nelson%Publishers.Tags:%Jl%2.30–31Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

IVPBBCOT:%2:28g32:#The#Day#of#the#Lord

The%Day%of%the%Lord2:28.%pouring%out%of%the%Spirit%resulting%in%prophecy,%dreams%and%visions.#In#Israelite#practice#anointing#was#a#sign#of#election#and#often#closely#related#to#endowment#by#the#Spirit.#Therefore#one#could#speak#of#being#anointed#with#the#Spirit,#or#the#Spirit#being#poured#out.#In#Mesopotamia#the#king#was#seen#as#being#endowed#with#the#melammu#of#the#gods#(the#visible#representation#of#the#glory#of#deity).#In#Hebrew#the#word#for#spirit#can#also#mean#wind.#In#the#ancient#Near#East#the#word#for#wind/spirit#was#used#in#connection#with#dreams#and#visions#as#early#as#Sumerian#times.#The#god#of#dreams#was#named#“the#winds.”#In#Akkadian#the#name#of#the#god#who#brought#dreams#was#Zaqiqu,#which#is#derived#from#the#word#for#wind/spirit.#Thus#there#is#a#long#tradition#of#association#between#spirit#and#revelation#through#dreams#and#visions#that#often#leads#to#prophecy.2:30.%blood,%fire,%billows%of%smoke.#These#are#the#normal#accompaniment#of#the#horrors#of#war.#Blood#flows#in#the#streets,#houses#burn,#and#smoke#rises#from#the#city#that#can#be#seen#for#miles.#These#are#the#signs#of#crisis#and#judgment#on#earth#just#as#the#next#verse#speaks#of#the#signs#of#crisis#and#judgment#in#the#heavens.2:31.%sun%dark,%moon%to%blood.#This#is#the#description#of#solar#and#lunar#eclipses.#In#a#solar#eclipse#the#sun#is#darkened#as#the#moon#passes#between#it#and#the#earth.#This#can#only#occur#at#the#phase#of#the#new#moon.#In#a#lunar#eclipse#the#moon#is#obscured#by#the#earth#passing#between#the#sun#and#the#moon.#In#a#total#lunar#eclipse#the#moment#of#the#most#complete#interference#results#in#all#



but#the#red#spectrum#of#light#being#blocked#so#that#the#moon#glows#with#an#eerie#redgorange#color#rather#than#being#blackened.#This#can#occur#only#in#the#full#moon#phase.2:31.%eclipses%in%the%ancient%Near%East.#In#NeogAssyrian#times,#eclipses#represented#the#most#powerful#and#deadly#omens,#being#considered#the#“prime#revealer.”#They#were#the#most#frequent#cause#for#the#substitute#king#ritual#being#invoked#(see#comment#on#Is#53:4–10).#The#nature#of#the#threat#they#signified#was#judged#by#the#precise#time#of#their#occurrence,#the#position#in#the#sky#at#the#time#of#the#eclipse#and#the#direction#from#which#the#eclipse#took#place.#The#combination#of#signs#in#heaven#and#on#earth#would#bring#further#confirmation#of#the#sign#and#would#suggest#a#more#drastic#consequence.

Matthews,%V.%H.,%Chavalas,%M.%W.,%&%Walton,%J.%H.%(2000).%The'IVP'Bible'background'commentary:'Old'Testament%(electronic%ed.)%(Jl%2.23–31).%Downers%Grove,%IL:%InterVarsity%Press.Tags:%Jl%2.23–31Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

HIBD:%MoonMOON#Light#in#the#night#sky#created#by#God#and#controlling#the#calendar#(Gen.#1:14–19).#Hebrew#uses#several#words#for#moon,#new#moon,#full#moon,#or#bright,#white#moon.#Two#of#Israel’s#greatest#festivals#were#celebrated#at#the#beginning#of#the#full#moon:#the#Passover#in#the#spring#and#the#Feast#of#Booths#in#the#fall.#Each#month#they#celebrated#the#“new#moon”#with#a#little#more#festivity#than#a#regular#Sabbath#(Num.#28:11–15#NIV).Still#the#OT#strongly#teaches#against#worshiping#the#moon#(Deut.#4:19;#Job#31:26–28;#Isa.#47:13–15)#as#did#Israel’s#neighbors.#The#people#of#Israel#were#to#remember#that#the#moon#was#nothing#more#than#an#object#created#by#Yahweh#and#had#no#power#over#people.#Joel#said#in#the#last#days#the#moon#would#become#dark#(Joel#2:10;#3:15)#or#turn#to#blood#(Joel#2:31).#The#moon#will#not#give#its#light#on#the#“day#of#the#L<@5,”#the#light#of#the#sun#and#the#moon#being#replaced#by#the#everlasting#light#of#the#Lord#(Isa.#13:10;#60:19–20).



James9Newell

Newell,%J.%(2003).%Moon.%In%C.%Brand,%C.%Draper,%A.%England,%S.%Bond,%E.%

R.%Clendenen%&%T.%C.%Butler%(Eds.),%Holman'Illustrated'Bible'Dictionary%(C.%Brand,%C.%Draper,%A.%England,%S.%Bond,%E.%R.%Clendenen%&%T.%C.%

Butler,%Ed.)%(1149).%Nashville,%TN:%Holman%Bible%Publishers.

Tags:%Bibliographic%citation.%Title%=%Moon

Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

TPC:J:%Chapter#IIVer.#31.—The%sun%shall%be%turned%into%darkness,%and%the%moon%into%blood,%before%the%great%and%terrible%day%of%the%Lord%come.#These#wonders#in#the#heavens#follow#the#wonders#on#earth,#and#these#obscurations#of#the#heavenly#bodies—the#darkening#of#the#sun#and#the#dull#bloodglike#appearance#of#the#moon—were#portents#of#coming#judgment.#These#miraculous#phenomena,#if#literally#employed,#may#refer#to#those#portentous#sights#which,#as#the#Jewish#historian#Josephus#and#the#Roman#historian#Tacitus#testify,#were#witnessed,#both#by#besiegers#and#besieged,#during#the#siege#and#before#the#destruction#of#Jerusalem.#But#taken#symbolically,#as#is#preferable,#blood#symbolizes#bloodshed;#fire,#the#firing#of#a#town#in#time#of#war;#and#pillars#of#smoke,#the#clouds#of#smoke#rolling#up#to#heaven#from#the#burning#or#smouldering#ruins#of#a#town#or#city#set#on#fire#by#the#enemy;#while#the#darkening#of#the#sun#and#the#turning,#of#the#moon#into#a#dull#bloodgred#would#portend#approaching#judgment,#and#a#change,#political#and#ecclesiastical,#in#the#existing#constitution#of#things.#More#particularly,#by#reading#Joel’s#prophecy#in#the#light#of#the#New#Testament,#we#shall#understand#with#tolerable#clearness#the#meaning#of#the#symbols#of#the#sun#and#moon.#The#symbolic#language#of#Joel’s#prediction#found#its#fulfilment,#at#least#in#part,#within#less#than#half#a#century#from#the#time#when#Peter#spoke.#Scarce#forty#years#from#that#Pentecostal#outpouring#and#the#ruling#powers,#civil9and9ecclesiastical,#of#the#Jewish#nation#came#to#an#end.#The#Jewish#Church#and#Hebrew#commonwealth#went#out#in#darkness.#The#moon#of#the#latter#began#to#wane#from#the#first#day#the#Roman#power#was#set#up#in#Palestine,#but#at#the#destruction#of#



the#capital#the#light#of#that#moon#was#extinguished#for#ever:#the#sun#of#the#former#was#long#getting#obscured#by#clouds,#but#at#last#it#underwent#a#total#and#final#eclipse.#But#why,#it#may#be#asked,#are#sun#and#moon#thus#symbolic#of#rulers#superior#and#inferior#or#of#rulers#of#greater#and#less#importance,#or#of#rulers#in#Church#and#state?#By#the#original#constitution#of#these#luminaries,#as#specified#in#the#record#of#Creation,#they#were#actually#appointed#to#this,#and#so#naturally#enough#the#physical#here,#as#elsewhere,#underlies#the#symbolic,#as#we#read,#“God#made#two#great#lights:#the#greater#light#to#rule#the#day,#and#the#lesser#light#to#rule#the#night.”#Thus#what#was#commenced#when#Judæa#became#a#Roman#province#was#completed#when#Jerusalem#was#destroyed#and#the#temple#burnt#by#the#Roman#army#under#Titus.#“The#day#of#the#Lord”#is#an#expression#very#common#with#the#prophets,#and#always#expressive#of#some#severe#visitation#or#special#judgment.#Thus#we#read#in#this#same#Book#of#the#Prophet#Joel,#“The#day#of#the#Lord#is#at#hand,#and#as#a#destruction#from#the#Almighty#shall#it#come.”#Again#in#Amos#5:18,#“The#day#of#the#Lord#is#darkness,#and#not#light.”#But#other#days#of#judicial#visitation#were#not#to#be#compared#with#this.#The#day#of#Babylon’s#destruction#is#called#by#Isaiah#simply#“the#day#of#the#Lord;”#so#Jeremiah#speaks#of#the#day#of#the#destruction#of#Pharaoh’s#army#at#the#Euphrates#as#“the#day#of#the#Lord;”#and#Joel#himself#designates#the#day#of#Jerusalem’s#destruction#of#Nebuchadnezzar#as#“the#day#of#the#Lord.”#But#the#day#mentioned#in#the#text#before#us#is#“that#great#and#notable#day#of#the#Lord,”#and#so#it#was#the#day#of#the#final#destruction#and#desolation#of#Jerusalem.

Joel.%1909%(H.%D.%M.%Spence`Jones,%Ed.).%The%Pulpit%Commentary%(28–29).%London;%New%York:%Funk%&%Wagnalls%Company.Tags:%Jl%2.31Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

TBKC:%A.#Spiritual#Renewal#and#Deliverance#(2:28–32)A.99999Spiritual9renewal9and9deliverance9(2:28–32)2:28–29.#The#Lord#announced#that#His#“day”#(v.#31)#would#be#accompanied#by#an#outpouring#of#His#Spirit%on%all%people#(lit.,#“all#



flesh”).#The#following#context#indicates#that#“all#people”#refers#more#specifically#to#all#inhabitants#of#Judah#(cf.#the#threefold#use#of#your#in#v.#28,#as#well#as#the#parallel#passages#in#Ezek.#39:29;#Zech.#12:10).#This#will#be#true#regardless#of#age,#gender,#or#social#class#(Joel#2:29#is#better#trans.#“and#even#on#the#male#and#female#servants”;#cf.#43?C).At#that#time#recipients#of#the#divine#Spirit#will#exercise#prophetic#gifts#(will%prophesy%…%will%dream%dreams,#and#will%see%visions)#which#in#the#past#had#been#limited#to#a#select#few#(cf.#1#Sam.#10:10–11;#19:20–24).#This#is#probably#an#allusion#to#Numbers#11:29,#where#Moses,#responding#to#Joshua’s#misguided#zeal#after#an#outpouring#of#the#divine#Spirit#on#the#72#elders#(cf.#Num.#11:24–28),#declared,#“I#wish#that#all#the#L<@5‘s#people#were#prophets#and#that#the#L<@5#would#put#His#Spirit#on#them!”#This#extensive#outpouring#of#the#Spirit#will#signal#the#advent#of#divine#blessing#(contrast#1#Sam.#3:1,#where#the#absence#of#prophetic#visions#characterized#a#period#of#sin#and#judgment).2:30–31.#The%great%and%dreadful%day%of%the%L'*+#will#be#preceded#by#ominous#signs#(wonders)#of#impending#judgment#(cf.#v.#10;#see#also#Ezek.#32:6–8#for#literary#parallels).#Blood%and%fire%and%billows%of%smoke#suggest#the#effects#of#warfare.#The#turning#of#the%moon%to%blood#refers#in#a#poetic#way#to#its#being#darkened#(cf.#the#parallel#line,#The%sun%will%be%turned%to%darkness,#and#Joel#2:10;#3:15).#Though#such#phenomena#will#signal#doom#for#God’s#enemies,#His#people#should#interpret#them#as#the#precursors#of#their#deliverance#(cf.#Matt.#24:29–31;#Mark#13:24–27;#Luke#21:25–28).2:32.#At#this#time#of#universal#judgment,#everyone%who%calls%on#(i.e.,#invokes)#the%name%of%the%L'*+%will%be%saved#(i.e.,#delivered#from#physical#danger;#cf.#comments#on#Rom.#11:26).#“Everyone”#does#not#refer#to#all#people,#but#the#Spiritgempowered#people#of#God#mentioned#in#Joel#2:28–29.#In#Romans#10:13#Paul#related#this#passage#to#Gentile#(as#well#as#Jewish)#salvation,#but#he#was#suggesting#a#mere#analogy,#not#a#strict#fulfillment#of#Joel#2:32,#which#pertains#to#Israel.In#the#day#of#the#Lord#Jerusalem#will#be#a#place#of#refuge#for#the%



survivors%whom%the%L'*+%calls.#This#remnant#with#whom#the#Lord#initiates#a#special#relationship#(for#the#sense#of#“call”#here,#see#Isa.#51:2)#should#probably#be#equated#with#the#group#described#in#Joel#2:28–29,#32a#(cf.#Wolff,#Joel9and9Amos,#pp.#68g9),#though#some#(e.g.,#Driver,#The9Books9of9Joel9and9Amos,#pp.#68g9)#see#this#as#referring#to#returning#exiles.On#the#day#of#Pentecost#the#Apostle#Peter#quoted#Joel#2:28–32#in#conjunction#with#the#outpouring#of#the#Holy#Spirit#(cf.#Acts#2:17–21).#His#introductory#words#(cf.#Acts#2:16,#“this#is#what#was#spoken#by#the#Prophet#Joel”)#may#seem#to#indicate#that#he#considered#Joel’s#prophecy#as#being#completely#fulfilled#on#that#occasion.#However,#it#is#apparent#that#the#events#of#that#day,#though#extraordinary,#did#not#fully#correspond#to#those#predicted#by#Joel.In#attempting#to#solve#this#problem#one#must#recognize#that#in#the#early#chapters#of#Acts#the#kingdom#was#being#offered#to#Israel#once#more.#Peter#admonished#the#people#to#repent#so#that#they#might#receive#the#promised#Spirit#(cf.#Acts#2:38–39#where#he#alludes#to#Joel#2:32).#Shortly#thereafter#Peter#anticipated#“times#of#refreshing”#and#the#return#of#Christ#in#response#to#national#repentance#(cf.#Acts#10:19–21).#Not#until#later#did#Peter#come#to#understand#more#fully#God’s#program#for#the#Gentiles#in#the#present#age#(cf.#Acts#10:44–48).#When#he#observed#the#outpouring#of#the#Spirit#on#the#day#of#Pentecost#he#rightly#viewed#it#as#the#first#stage#in#the#fulfillment#of#Joel’s#prophecy.#Apparently#he#believed#that#the#kingdom#was#then#being#offered#to#Israel#and#that#the#outpouring#of#the#Holy#Spirit#signaled#the#coming#of#the#Millennium.#However,#the#complete#fulfillment#of#the#prophecy#(with#respect#to#both#the#extent#of#the#Spirit’s#work#and#the#other#details)#was#delayed#because#of#Jewish#unbelief#(for#further#discussion#see#comments#on#Acts#2:16–21;#3:19–21).

Chisholm,%R.%B.,%&%Jr.%(1985).%Joel.%In%J.%F.%Walvoord%&%R.%B.%Zuck%(Eds.),%.%Vol.'1:%The'Bible'Knowledge'Commentary:'An'Exposition'of'the'Scriptures%(J.%F.%Walvoord%&%R.%B.%Zuck,%Ed.)%(1420–1421).%Wheaton,%IL:%Victor%Books.Tags:%Jl%2.28–32Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013



NBD:%c.#The#gifts#of#the#Spirit,#2:28g32c.9The9gifts9of9the9Spirit,92:28–32The#outpouring#of#the#Spirit#described#in#this#passage#is#the#apex#of#prophetic#utterance.#Vv.#28–29,#and#32#were#clearly#fulfilled#atgPentecost;#aspects#of#vv.#30#and#31#were#fulfilled#in#the#passion#of#our#Lord.#Ecstatic#prophesying#might#include#the#gift#of#tongues.#The#pillars#of#smoke#might#be#sand#columns#raised#by#desert#whirlwinds,#or#the#conflagration#of#doomed#cities.#A#solar#eclipse#can#make#a#bloodgred#moon.#What#more#saving#name#could#be#foreshadowed#in#v.#32#than#that#of#Jesus?#Everything#here#has#a#meaning—yet#there#is#a#deeper#meaning#belonging#to#the#days#when#the#last#sands#of#human#time#will#sink#for#evermore.

Norman,%J.%G.%G.%(1996).%Jochebed.%In%D.%R.%W.%Wood,%I.%H.%Marshall,%A.%R.%Millard,%J.%I.%Packer%&%D.%J.%Wiseman%(Eds.),%New'Bible'dictionary%(D.%R.%W.%Wood,%I.%H.%Marshall,%A.%R.%Millard,%J.%I.%Packer%&%D.%J.%Wiseman,%Ed.)%(3rd%ed.)%(591).%Leicester,%England;%Downers%Grove,%IL:%InterVarsity%Press.Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

BDE:%Lindsey,#Hal

Lindsey,%Hal%(1929–),#author#of#bestgselling#prophecy#books,#was#born#in#Houston,#Texas,#on#23#November#1929#to#parents#who#were#not#especially#religious.#His#mother#occasionally#went#to#church#and#took#her#son#with#her.#At#the#age#of#twelve,#Lindsey#made#his#first#religious#commitment#by#responding#to#a#church#altar#call.#Although#he#joined#the#church#and#was#baptized,#Lindsey#afterwards#felt#that#he#still#did#not#know#God.#At#the#age#of#fifteen,#while#experiencing#adolescent#conflicts#in#his#home#and#personal#life,#Lindsey#again#responded#to#an#altar#call,#at#a#different#church.#He#joined#this#church#and#was#baptized#a#second#time,#but#later#said#he#felt#‘no#new#reality#of#Jesus’.#Moreover,#his#church’s#restrictions#on#sex,#drinking,#smoking#and#films#began#to#make#him#feel#that#he#had#‘all#the#liabilities#and#none#of#the#assets#of#this#business#of#being#a#Christian’.#At#seventeen,#he#responded#for#a#third#time#to#an#altar#call#at#a#new#church#and#was#baptized,#but#



still#he#did#not#attain#the#religious#experience#he#was#seeking,#so#he#decided#to#live#his#life#his#own#way#and#‘started#in#big#with#booze#and#sex’.He#entered#the#University#of#Houston#to#study#business#but#instead#lived#hedonistically.#His#poor#academic#standing#made#him#eligible#for#enlistment#for#the#Korean#War,#so#he#left#the#university#after#two#years#to#enrol#in#the#US#Coast#Guard.#After#a#year#of#training#in#Connecticut,#Lindsey#was#stationed#for#two#years#in#New#Orleans.#After#his#discharge,#he#worked#as#a#tugboat#captain#on#the#Mississippi#River#for#almost#four#years.#He#married,#but#his#wife#soon#left#him#for#someone#else.#A#narrow#escape#from#a#tugboat#accident#sent#Lindsey#back#to#the#Bible#to#search#for#meaning#in#life.#While#reading#a#Gideon#New#Testament,#Lindsey#became#convinced#of#his#need#to#be#born#again.#He#followed#the#directions#at#the#back#of#the#Bible,#and#for#the#first#time#felt#himself#truly#converted.He#returned#to#Houston,#where#he#was#introduced#to#the#study#of#prophecy#by#a#young#minister#named#Jack#Blackwell.#Blackwell’s#premillennial#dispensationalist#approach#to#prophecy#revolutionized#Lindsey’s#understanding#of#the#Bible,#which#was#transformed#into#a#key#to#understanding#and#predicting#current#events.#Lindsey#began#to#study#the#Bible#for#six#to#eight#hours#each#day#and#soon#convinced#his#parents#to#make#religious#commitments.#After#a#year#and#a#half#of#Bible#study,#Lindsey#decided#that#he#wanted#to#become#a#Bible#teacher,#but#as#his#grammar#was#poor,#he#spent#two#nights#each#week#for#a#year#studying#with#a#local#schoolteacher.#Although#Lindsey#had#not#completed#college,#he#was#admitted#to#the#strongly#dispensationalist#Dallas#Theological#Seminary#in#1958#by#passing#an#IQ#test#and#through#the#intervention#of#his#pastor.During#his#second#year#in#seminary,#Lindsey#met#Jan#Houghton,#a#staff#member#with#Campus#Crusade#for#Christ,#who#was#visiting#the#seminary#for#five#days.#Within#two#weeks#Lindsey#proposed#to#her,#and#they#were#married#two#months#later.In#1962#Lindsey#received#his#master’s#degree#in#theology,#having#majored#in#New#Testament#and#early#Greek#literature#with#a#minor#



in#Hebrew.#Lindsey#joined#his#wife#as#a#staff#member#for#Campus#Crusade#for#Christ#and#became#director#of#the#Crusade#chapter#at#the#University#of#California#(Los#Angeles).#Lindsey#spent#the#next#ten#years#speaking#to#college#students#throughout#the#United#States,#Canada#and#Mexico.#In#order#better#to#communicate#his#message#in#the#midst#of#the#fomenting#student#unrest#of#the#late#1960s,#Lindsey#learned#to#sprinkle#his#theology#with#contemporary#slang#and#countercultural#references.#He#also#stressed#the#significance#of#current#events#in#light#of#biblical#prophecy.#During#this#period,#Lindsey#became#the#father#of#three#daughters,#Heidi#and#twins#Jenny#and#Robin.#Lindsey#eventually#broke#from#Campus#Crusade#to#form#his#own#student#ministry,#the#Jesus#Christ#Light#and#Power#Company.In#1969#Lindsey#compiled#his#notes#from#his#student#lectures#into#a#book#with#the#help#of#Carole#C.#Carlson,#an#evangelical#freelance#writer.#Published#in#1970,#The9Late9Great9Planet9Earth#became#an#instant#bestseller,#and#within#months#Lindsey#went#from#being#an#obscure#campus#minister#to#the#most#wellgknown#interpreter#of#biblical#prophecy.#The#book#sold#more#than#15#million#copies#during#the#1970s,#causing#The9New9York9Times#to#name#it#the#highestgselling#nongfiction#book#of#the#decade.#It#was#made#into#a#film#featuring#Orson#Welles#in#1978.There#was#little#that#was#original#in#the#book’s#prophetic#interpretations,#for#as#one#scholar#has#observed,#‘Premillennialists#have#been#writing#books#like#it#since#the#nineteenth#century.’#Yet#Lindsey#was#adept#at#translating#the#intricacies#of#premillennial#speculations#into#the#contemporary#vernacular.#(In#his#hands,#the#rapture#became#‘the#ultimate#trip’#and#the#Whore#of#Babylon#‘Scarlet#O’Harlot’.)#Moreover,#Lindsey’s#timing#was#impeccable#as#two#of#the#three#major#preconditions#for#the#second#coming#predicted#by#premillennialists#had#recently#been#fulfilled:#the#regestablishment#of#the#nation#of#Israel#in#1948#and#the#retaking#of#Jerusalem#by#Israel#in#June#1967.#Lindsey#argued#that#these#two#events#made#possible#the#final#precondition:#the#rebuilding#of#the#ancient#Jewish#temple.#Even#more#tantalizing#to#readers#was#Lindsey’s#assertion#(based#on#Matthew#24:34)#that#Jesus#would#



return#within#‘a#generation’#of#the#founding#of#Israel,#a#period#that#he#estimated#as#‘something#like#forty#years’.#As#the#world#was#destined#for#imminent#apocalyptic#destruction,#the#only#hope#for#escape#was#the#rapture,#which#would#take#all#true#believers#in#Christ#to#heaven#before#life#on#earth#became#really#difficult.In#1972#Lindsey#again#collaborated#with#Carlson#to#produce#another#bestseller,#Satan9is9Alive9and9Well9on9Planet9Earth,#which#warned#of#the#dangers#of#the#occult.#During#the#next#four#years,#Lindsey#(sometimes#with#Carlson)#authored#six#more#prophecy#books,#which#proved#so#popular#that#at#one#point#he#had#three#books#on#the#New9York9Times#bestgseller#list.Lindsey#lost#some#credibility#among#conservative#evangelicals#at#the#end#of#the#1970s#when#he#divorced#his#second#wife,#but#this#did#not#prevent#his#1980#book,#The91980s:9Countdown9to9Armageddon,#from#becoming#a#bestseller#with#an#initial#printing#of#500,000#copies.#Although#this#book#was#largely#an#update#of#The9Late9Great9Planet9Earth,#it#included#a#new#emphasis#on#political#activism#that#reflected#the#concerns#of#the#emerging#New#Christian#Right.During#the#1980s#and#1990s,#Lindsey#authored#more#than#a#dozen#books#on#prophetic#themes,#including#a#1996#apocalyptic#novel#Blood9Moon.#He#served#as#pastor#of#the#Palos#Verdes#Community#Church#in#California#and#married#his#third#wife,#Kim.#In#addition,#he#hosted#a#weekly#radio#show,#Saturdays9with9Hal9Lindsey,#that#was#broadcast#on#more#than#100#radio#stations#in#the#late#1980s.#In#the#1990s,#he#coghosted#with#Cliff#Ford#the#live#radio#programme#Weekend9Review#as#well#as#producing#the#weekly#television#programme#Hal9Lindsey#on#the#Trinity#Broadcasting#Network.#These#programmes#both#highlighted#the#prophetic#significance#of#current#events#and#promoted#a#conservative#political#agenda.

BibliographyS.#R.#Graham,#‘Hal#Lindsey’,#in#C.#H.#Lippy#(ed.),#TwentiethUCentury9

Shapers9of9American9Popular9Religion#(New#York,#Westport,#Connecticut,#London:#Greenwood#Press,#1989),#pp.#247–255;#M.#Jeschke,#‘Pop#Eschatology:#Hal#Lindsey#and#Evangelical#Theology’,#in#C.#N.#Kraus#(ed.),#Evangelicalism9and9Anabaptism#



(Scottsdale:#Herald#Press,#1979),#pp.#125–147;#T.#P.#Weber,#Living9in9the9Shadow9of9the9Second9Coming:9American9Premillennialism,91875–1982#(Grand#Rapids:#Zondervan,#1983;#repr.#Chicago#and#London:#The#University#of#Chicago#Press,#1987).

D.$K.$L3@?84

Larsen,%T.,%Bebbington,%D.%W.,%&%Noll,%M.%A.%(2003).%Biographical'dictionary'of'evangelicals%(364–366).%Leicester,%England;%Downers%Grove,%IL:%InterVarsity%Press.Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

NBC:%6:12–27#The#Sixth#Seal

6:12–27'The'sixth'sealThe#description#of#the#cosmic#signs#at#the#end#of#the#age#is#drawn#from#a#number#of#OT#passages#that#speak#of#the#day#of#the#Lord#(for#a9great9earthquake9as#a#sign#of#the#end,#cf.9Ezk.#38:19–20;#for#the9sun9turning#black9like9sackcloth9andthe9moon9blood9red9see#Is.#13:10;#Ezk.#32:7–8;#Joel#2:10;#3:15;#for#the#falling#stars9and#the#rolling#up#of#the9sky9like#a#scroll#see#Is.#34:4;#for#the#hiding#in#the#rocks#see#Is.#2:10;#and#for#prayer#to#the#mountains#see#Ho.#10:8).#These#‘signs’#are#indications#not#that#the#end#is#drawing#near#but#that#it#has#arrived#(so#v#17,#the9great9day9of9their9wrath9has9come).#They#originally#were#pictorial#expressions#of#the#terror#of#the#universe#before#the#majesty#of#the#Creator#as#he#steps#forth#in#judgment#and#deliverance#(see#especially#Hab.#3:6–11),#and#so#served#to#magnify#the#awesomeness#of#the#Lord#in#his#theophany.15–17%These#verses#give#a#sevenfold#classification#of#humankind,#ranging#from#the9kings9of9the9earth9to#every9slave9and9every9free9man.9Their#cry#in#vs#16–17#is#a#counterpart#to#that#of#the#martyrs#beneath#the#altar.#The#last#day#reveals#the#identity#of#him#who#has#ultimate#authority#over#the#universe#and#the#irresistible#judgment#of#the#Lamb;#but#the#end#of#their#exercise#of#authority#and#judgment#is#the#triumph#of#the#kingdom#of#grace#and#glory#(see#21:1–22:5).

New'Bible'commentary:'21st'century'edition.%1994%(D.%A.%Carson,%R.%T.%France,%J.%A.%Motyer%&%G.%J.%Wenham,%Ed.)%(4th%ed.)%(Ap%6.9–7.17).%Leicester,%England;%Downers%Grove,%IL:%Inter`Varsity%Press.



Tags:%Ap%6.9–11Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

Word%in%Life%Study%Bible:%You’LL#Find#It#in#Joel

Saying You’ll%Find%It%at…

“For#the#day#of#the#L<@5#is#coming#…#a#day#of#darkness#and#gloominess,#a#day#of#clouds#and#thick#darkness.#”

Joel%2:1–2

“I#will#pour#out#My#Spirit#on#all#flesh;#your#old#men#shall#dream#dreams,#your#young#men#shall#see#visions.#”

Joel%2:28

“The#sun#shall#be#turned#into#darkness,#and#the#moon#into#blood,#before#the#coming#of#the#great#and#awesome#day#of#the#L<@5.#”

Joel%2:31

“Whoever#calls#on#the#name#of#the#L<@5#shall#be#saved.#”

Joel%2:32

“Beat#your#plowshares#into#swords#and#your#pruning#hooks#into#spears;#let#the#weak#say,#‘I#am#strong.#’#”

Joel%3:10

“Multitudes,#multitudes#in#the#valley#of#decision!#For#the#day#of#the#L<@5#is#near#in#the#valley#of#decision.#“

Joel%3:14

Word'in'life'study'Bible.%1996%(electronic%ed.)%(Jl%1.1).%Nashville,%TN:%

Thomas%Nelson.




TBKC:%6:12–146:12–14.#As#the%sixth%seal#opened,#John#recorded#that#a%great%earthquake#occurred.#More#dramatic#than#the#earthquake#was#the#transformation#of#the#heavens#with#the%sun#turning#black,#the#moon#turning#blood%red,#and#stars#falling#like#late%figs%from%a%fig%tree.#The#heavens#appeared#like%a%scroll#being#rolled#up.#At#the#same#time,#due#to#the#earthquake,#all#the#mountains#and#islands#were#moved#from#their#places.#Here#again#in#the#sequence#of#events,#the#end#had#not#been#reached#as#there#was#still#another#seal.#But#this#was#the#most#dramatic#judgment#thus#far#in#this#time#of#great#distress#before#the#Second#Coming.Many#expositors#have#attempted#to#see#a#figurative#fulfillment#to#this#prophecy.#It#is#preferable,#however,#to#take#this#prediction#literally.#The#trumpet#and#bowl#judgments,#to#be#revealed#later#in#Revelation,#also#include#great#disturbances#in#the#heavens#and#on#the#earth#before#Christ’s#second#coming.

Walvoord,%J.%F.%(1985).%Revelation.%In%J.%F.%Walvoord%&%R.%B.%Zuck%(Eds.),%.%Vol.'2:%The'Bible'Knowledge'Commentary:'An'Exposition'of'the'Scriptures%(J.%F.%Walvoord%&%R.%B.%Zuck,%Ed.)%(948).%Wheaton,%IL:%Victor%Books.Tags:%Ap%6.12–14Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

CTB:%A2c#Signs#of#Christ’s#Return♦%%%%%A2c%Signs%of%Christ’s%return

What#will#be#the#sign#of#your#coming?#(Matt.#24:3);#what#will#be#the#sign#that#these#things#are#about#to#happen?#(Mark#13:4;#Luke#21:7);#signs#on#the#earth,#blood,#fire#and#smoke#(Acts#2:19);#there#will#be#signs#in#sun,#moon#and#stars#(Luke#21:25);#the#sign#of#the#Son#of#man#in#the#sky#(Matt.#24:30);#you#cannot#discern#the#signs#of#the#times#(Matt.#16:3).




Acts%(NAC):%(1)#Scriptural#Proof#concerning#the#Pentecost#Experience#(2:14–21)

(1)'Scriptural'Proof'Concerning'the'Pentecost'Experience'(2:14–21)¹⁴Then%Peter%stood%up%with%the%Eleven,%raised%his%voice%and%addressed%the%crowd:%“Fellow%Jews%and%all%of%you%who%live%in%Jerusalem,%let%me%explain%this%to%you;%listen%carefully%to%what%I%say.%¹⁵These%men%are%not%drunk,%as%you%suppose.%It’s%only%nine%in%the%morning!%¹⁶No,%this%is%what%was%spoken%by%the%prophet%Joel:¹⁷“%‘In%the%last%days,’%God%says,‘I%will%pour%out%my%Spirit%on%all%people.Your%sons%and%daughters%will%prophesy,your%young%men%will%see%visions,your%old%men%will%dream%dreams.¹⁸Even%on%my%servants,%both%men%and%women,I%will%pour%out%my%Spirit%in%those%days,and%they%will%prophesy.¹⁹I%will%show%wonders%in%the%heaven%aboveand%signs%on%the%earth%below,blood%and%fire%and%billows%of%smoke.²⁰The%sun%will%be%turned%to%darknessand%the%moon%to%bloodbefore%the%coming%of%the%great%and%glorious%day%of%the%Lord.²¹And%everyone%who%callson%the%name%of%the%Lord%will%be%saved.’%”2:14–16#Verses#14–16#form#the#introduction#to#Peter’s#sermon,#

marking#the#transition#from#the#Spiritgfilled#utterance#of#the#

Christians#to#Peter’s#explanation#of#the#event.#Peter#stood#up#

along#with#the#eleven#other#apostles.#The#eleven#are#not#incidental#

to#the#narrative.#As#the#Twelve,#the#apostles#were#the#witnesses#to#

the#resurrection,#which#would#be#the#central#subject#of#Peter’s#

sermon.#As#always#in#the#early#chapters#of#Acts,#Peter#was#their#

representative,#the#spokesman#for#the#testimony#of#all#Twelve.#

Peter#“raised#his#voice,”#a#common#Semitic#expression#for#

beginning#to#speak.#He#“addressed”#the#crowd.#The#verb#means#to9speak9seriously,9with9gravity,#a#word#often#used#for#prophetic,#

inspired#utterance.¹⁰⁰#He#most#likely#spoke#in#the#Aramaic#dialect#



used#in#Jerusalem,#which#all#these#residents#of#Jerusalem#would#have#understood#(cf.#2:5,#katoikountes,#“residents”#[author’s#translation]).#“Fellow#Jews”#and#“all#of#you#who#live#in#Jerusalem”#refer#to#the#same#group.#Such#parallel#expression#typifies#Semitic#style,#as#also#the#expression#“give#ear#to#my#words”#(NIV:#“listen#carefully#to#what#I#say”).#Luke’s#writing#skill#is#apparent#by#his#preservation#of#the#Semitic#flavor#of#Peter’s#language.Nine#a.m.#(v.#15)#was#a#customary#prayer#hour#(literally,#“the#third#hour”),#and#Jews#would#only#eat#after#that—at#the#fourth#hour.¹⁰¹#Probably#this#is#an#example#of#the#sort#of#humor#that#runs#throughout#Acts:#“Folks#don’t#get#drunk#first#thing#in#the#morning#…#that#comes#later#in#the#day”#(author’s#paraphrase).#That#would#be#especially#true#of#a#solemn#feast#day#like#Pentecost#when#the#celebrating#would#only#begin#in#earnest#in#the#evening.#Often#the#speeches#in#Acts#begin#with#a#correction#of#a#misunderstanding#(cf.#3:12;#14:15),#a#natural#attentionggetting#device.#Here,#after#having#obtained#the#crowd’s#attention,#Peter#explained#the#real#basis#behind#all#the#ecstatic#behavior#at#Pentecost:#the#outpouring#of#the#Spirit#predicted#by#the#prophet#Joel#(v.#16).¹⁰²2:17–21#Peter#gave#the#relevant#passage#in#Joel#in#full.#Luke#reproduced#this#for#his#readers#in#the#Greek#translation#of#the#Old#Testament,#the#Septuagint.#The#Septuagint#of#Joel#2:28–32#(LXX,#3:1–5)#is#followed#faithfully#with#only#a#few#minor,#though#perhaps#significant,#differences.#Joel’s#prophecy#was#originally#given#after#a#locust#plague#had#ravaged#the#land,#creating#a#severe#famine.#Joel#called#the#people#to#repentance,#promising#the#restoration#of#their#prosperity#and#going#on#to#foresee#the#coming#of#the#Day#of#the#Lord,#the#dawn#of#the#messianic#age,#when#the#Spirit#would#be#poured#out#on#all#of#Israel.Peter#could#not#miss#its#applicability#to#Pentecost.#Joel#began#his#prophecy#by#saying#“and#afterward.”#Peter’s#version#refers#more#specifically#to#“in#the#last#days,”#reflecting#his#conviction#that#the#messianic#age#had#already#dawned#in#the#resurrection#of#Christ,#that#we#are#indeed#already#living#in#the#final#days#of#God’s#saving#history.#Peter’s#conviction#was#very#much#in#keeping#with#the#rabbinic#consensus#that#the#Spirit#no#longer#rested#on#all#Israel#but#



would#return#as#a#universal#gift#at#the#end#time.#For#Peter#the#universal#pouring#out#of#the#Spirit#on#the#whole#Christian#group#was#demonstration#that#the#end#time#had#come.#Perhaps#the#clearest#indication#that#the#entire#120#received#the#Spirit#at#Pentecost#is#Joel’s#inclusion#of#daughters#as#well#as#sons—all#were#prophesying.#Joel#undoubtedly#had#seen#the#Spirit’s#outpouring#only#as#a#gift#to#Israel,#and#perhaps#many#of#those#JewishgChristians#at#Pentecost#saw#it#the#same#way.#The#remainder#of#Acts#clarifies#that#the#promise#applies#to#the#Gentiles#as#well:#it#is#indeed#poured#out#on#“all#people.”Verse#18#is#probably#best#understood#as#being#parallel#to#v.#17.#“My#servants,#both#men#and#women”#are#the#same#as#the#sons#and#daughters,#young#and#old#of#v.#17,#with#the#added#refinement#that#those#who#received#God’s#gift#of#the#Spirit#are#indeed#his#servants.¹⁰³#The#final#phrase#in#v.#18#expands#the#text#of#Joel,#reiterating#the#point#made#in#v.#17,#“They#will#prophesy.”#Whatever#the#actual#phenomenon#at#Pentecost,#Peter#emphasized#here#that#it#was#prophecy,#inspired#utterance#from#the#Lord.The#signs#referred#to#in#vv.#19–20#have#often#perplexed#interpreters.#Did#Peter#see#them#as#having#transpired#at#Pentecost,#or#did#he#relegate#them#to#the#final#times,#to#the#period#of#the#second#coming?#Did#he#perhaps#include#them#only#in#order#to#get#to#the#crucial#v.#21#with#its#reference#to#salvation,#which#would#become#the#final#appeal#of#his#sermon?#A#key#may#perhaps#be#found#in#the#little#words#“above”#and#“below,”#which#have#been#added#to#the#Septuagint#of#Joel.#D.#Arichea#has#suggested#that#we#may#have#a#chiastic#aUbUbUa#pattern#here#with#a#comprising#the#signs#above:#the#darkened#sun,#the#bloodgcolored#moon.#The#signs#below#are#the#blood,#fire,#and#thick#smoke,#which#could#more#easily#be#related#to#the#events#in#Jesus’#passion#and#at#Pentecost.¹⁰⁴#In#any#event#the#signs#in#v.#19#are#standard#apocalyptic#language#and#almost#certainly#refer#to#the#final#cosmic#events#preceding#the#Parousia.Verse#21#was#the#most#important#verse#for#Peter:#“Everyone#who#calls#upon#the#name#of#the#Lord#will#be#saved.”#For#Peter#the#“Lord”#in#the#context#of#this#sermon#was#Jesus#Christ.#Everything#that#followed#in#the#sermon—Christ’s#death,#his#resurrection,#his#



exaltation—pointed#in#the#same#direction.#Whoever#calls#on#his#name,#whoever#confesses#him#as#Lord,#will#be#saved.#Appropriately,#Peter#concluded#his#appeal#with#this#same#theme#of#calling#(v.#39).¹⁰⁵

Polhill,%J.%B.%(1995).%Vol.'26:%Acts.%The%New%American%Commentary%(107–110).%Nashville:%Broadman%&%Holman%Publishers.Tags:%At%2.14–21Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

Calvin%Is:%Chapter#1310.#For9the9stars9of9heaven.#In#order#to#strike#our#minds#with#a#stronger#and#more#distressing#fear#of#the#judgment#of#God,#the#prophets#are#accustomed#to#add#to#their#threatenings#extravagant#modes#of#speaking,#which#place#the#anger#of#God,#as#it#were,#before#their#eyes,#and#affect#all#our#senses,#as#if#all#the#elements#were#now#arising#to#execute#his#vengeance.#And#yet#the#expressions,#though#unusually#strong,#do#not#go#beyond#the#dreadful#nature#of#what#took#place;#for#it#is#impossible#to#exhibit#an#image#of#the#judgment#of#God#so#alarming#that#the#reality#shall#not#be#felt#to#be#more#revolting#and#terrible.The9sun,#and#the9moon,#and#the9stars#are#mentioned,#because#they#are#striking#proofs#of#God’s#fatherly#kindness#towards#us.#Hence#also#Christ#shows#that#it#is#an#eminent#proof#of#the#goodness#of#God#that#he9maketh9his9sun9to9rise9on9the9evil9and9on9the9good.#(Matt.#5:45.)#Accordingly,#when#the#sun#and#moon#and#stars#shine#in#heaven,#God#may#be#said#to#cheer#us#by#his#bright#and#gracious#countenance.#Since#therefore#in#the#brightness#of#heaven#God#shows#a#cheerful#and#friendly#countenance,#as#if#he#might#be#said#to#smile#upon#us,#the#darkness#which#the#Prophet#describes#conveys#the#thought,#that#God,#by#hiding#his#face,#cast#the#men#with#whom#he#was#angry#into#the#darkness#of#sorrow.A#similar#description#is#given#by#the#Prophet#Joel.#The9sun9shall9be9turned9into9darkness,9the9moon9into9blood,9before9it9comes—the9day9of9Jehovah,9great9and9terrible.#(Joel#2:31.)#We#have#already#said#that#this#mode#of#expression#is#frequently#employed#by#the#prophets,#in#order#to#inform#us#that#everything#will#tend#to#our#destruction,#



when#God#is#against#us.#Sometimes#indeed#God#gives#tokens#of#his#anger#by#means#of#the9stars;#but#that#is#out#of#the#usual#course#of#events,#and#the#darkness#which#the#Prophet#now#describes#will#not#take#place#till#the#second#coming#of#Christ.#But#we#ought#to#be#satisfied#with#knowing#that#all#the#creatures,#which#by#discharging#their#duties#to#us#are#proofs#and#instruments#of#God’s#fatherly#kindness,#not#only#cease#to#be#useful#to#us,#when#God#arises#to#judgment,#but#in#some#measure#are#armed#for#vengeance.

Calvin,%J.,%&%Pringle,%W.%(2010).%Vol.'1:%Commentary'on'the'Book'of'the'Prophet'Isaiah%(418–419).%Bellingham,%WA:%Logos%Bible%Software.Tags:%Is%13.10Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

CTB:%A5#Signs#in#the#Universe▼%%%%%A5%Signs%in%the%universeI#will#show#signs#in#the#sky#and#on#earth,#blood,#fire#and#columns#of#smoke#(Joel#2:30);#I#will#shown#wonders#in#heaven#above#and#signs#on#the#earth#beneath#(Acts#2:19);#the#sign#of#the#Son#of#man#will#appear#in#the#sky#(Matt.#24:30);#the#sun#will#be#darkened#and#the#moon#not#give#its#light#(Mark#13:24);#the#stars#will#fall#from#the#sky#and#the#powers#in#the#heavens#will#be#shaken#(Mark#13:25).


WPNT:%Revelation#6:12Revelation96:12There%was%a%great%earthquake#(σεισμος#μεγας#ἐγενετο#[seismos9megas9egeneto]).#“There#came#a#great#earthquake.”#Jesus#spoke#of#earthquakes#in#his#great#eschatological#discourse#(Mark#13:8).#In#Matt.#24:29#the#powers#of#the#heavens#will#be#shaken.#Σεισμος#[Seismos]#is#from#σειω#[seiō],#to#shake,#and#occurs#also#in#Rev.#8:5;#11:13,#19;#16:18.#The#reference#is#not#a#local#earthquake#like#those#so#common#in#Asia#Minor.#As%sackcloth%of%hair#(ὡς#σακκος#τριχινος#[hōs9sakkos9trichinos]).#Σακκος#[Sakkos]#(Attic#σακος#



[sakos]),#Latin#saccus,#English#sack,#originally#a#bag#for#holding#things#(Gen.#42:25,#35),#then#coarse#garment#of#hair#(τριχινος#[trichinos],#old#word#from#θριξ#[thrix],#here#only#in#N.T.)#clinging#to#one#like#a#sack,#of#mourners,#suppliants,#prophets#leading#austere#lives#(Matt.#3:4;#11:21;#Luke#10:13).#Here#the#hair#is#that#of#the#black#goat#(Is.#50:3).#Cf.#Joel#2:10;#Ezek.#32:7f.;#Is.#13:10;#Mark#13:24f.#See#Eccl.#12:2#for#eclipses#treated#as#symbols#of#old#age.#Apocalyptic#pictures#all#have#celestial#phenomena#following#earthquakes.#As%blood#(ὡς#αἱμα#[hōs9haima]).#In#Acts#2:20#we#find#Peter#interpreting#the#apocalyptic#eschatological#language#of#Joel#2:31#about#the#sun#being#turned#into#darkness#and#the#moon#into#blood#as#pointing#to#the#events#of#the#day#of#Pentecost#as#also#“the#great#day#of#the#Lord.”#Peter’s#interpretation#of#Joel#should#make#us#cautious#about#too#literal#an#exegesis#of#these#grand#symbols.

Robertson,%A.%(1933).%Word'Pictures'in'the'New'Testament%(Ap%6.12).%Nashville,%TN:%Broadman%Press.Tags:%Ap%6.12Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

THBDRU:%Moonmoon.#Hebrew#has#two#terms#for#moon,#yareakh#and#lebonah.#The#first#is#a#common#Semitic#term#and#is#the#usual#word#for#“month.”#Lebonah#is#a#derivative#of#“white.”#In#most#biblical#references,#lebonah#is#used#in#parallelism#to#shemesh,#“sun,”#to#describe#the#brilliant#luminosity#of#the#moon#(Song#of#Sol.#6:10;#Isa.#30:26).#But#in#Isa.#24:23,#lebonah#is#used#in#parallelism#to#bosh,#“shame,”#to#evoke#an#image#of#colorlessness#accompanying#embarrassment.#The#Greek#term#for#moon#is#selēnē.#In#GrecogRoman#literature,#it#can#refer,#not#only#to#the#celestial#light#visible#from#earth,#but#also#to#the#god#or#heavenly#being#from#which#this#light#supposedly#emanated.#A#vestige#of#this#is#seen#in#Matt.#17:15,#where#a#child#brought#to#Jesus#has#been#literally#struck#or#cursed#by#the#moon#(Gk.#selēniazomai;#4@?>:#“an#epileptic”).Gen.#1:16#records#that#the#moon,#called#the#lesser#light,#was#created#by#God#to#shine#at#night#as#a#counterpart#to#the#greater#light,#the#sun,#which#shines#during#the#day.#Pss.#8:3#and#136:9#



describe#the#moon#as#part#of#God’s#handiwork.#The#moon#is#also#mentioned#in#Jer.#31:35#as#a#marker#of#the#night#sky,#and#the#moon’s#changes#as#signals#of#changing#seasons#is#noted#in#Sir.#43:6–8.#Along#with#the#sun#and#the#stars,#the#moon#bows#down#to#Joseph#in#his#dream#in#Gen.#37:9#(symbolizing,#in#this#instance,#his#mother#Rachel).#Joshua#commands#the#sun#and#moon#to#stop#in#their#courses#during#his#encounter#with#the#Amorites#(Josh.#10:12–13).Poetic#and#metaphoric#references#to#the#moon#abound.#It#is#viewed#as#a#symbol#of#permanence#in#Pss.#72:5;#89:38;#121:6;#and#Heb.#3:11,#but#Sir.#27:11#takes#the#constant#changes#of#the#moon’s#phases#as#emblematic#of#the#conversation#of#a#fool.#Wise#persons#who#have#much#on#their#mind#to#express#can#be#called#“full,#like#the#full#moon”#(Sir.#39:12;#cf.#50:6).#In#1#Cor.#15:40–41,#Paul#uses#the#different#types#of#heavenly#bodies#as#an#illustration#for#how#the#spiritual#bodies#of#those#who#are#raised#from#the#dead#will#differ#from#their#current#physical#bodies:#“There#are#both#heavenly#bodies#and#earthly#bodies,#but#the#glory#of#the#heavenly#is#one#thing,#and#that#of#the#earthly#is#another.#There#is#one#glory#of#the#sun,#and#another#glory#of#the#moon#and#another#glory#of#the#stars.”Apocalyptic#references#to#the#moon#are#also#numerous#and#speak#of#it#as#an#object#that#will#darken,#because#God’s#light#will#be#everlasting#(Isa.#60:19,#20;#Job#25:5;#Eccles.#12:2;#Ezek.#32:7).#Joel#3:4#prophesies#that#the#moon#will#turn#to#blood#before#the#coming#of#the#messiah.#Similarly,#in#the#Mesopotamian#conception,#an#eclipse#of#the#moon#was#taken#as#a#portent#of#evil#(cf.#Acts#2:16–21).#Picking#up#on#this,#Jesus#cites#the#darkening#of#the#moon#as#a#portent#for#the#coming#of#the#Son#of#Man#(Mark#13:24;#Luke#21:25).#In#Rev.#21:23,#the#moon#is#seen#as#superfluous,#since#the#Lamb#will#light#Jerusalem.Worship:#The#importance#of#the#moon#in#worship#in#the#ancient#world#varied#in#degree#and#by#location.#In#Mesopotamia,#lunar#worship#was#already#firmly#established#by#the#beginning#of#recorded#history.#Records#from#lunar#cult#observances#taking#place#in#the#chapel#of#the#ursakar,#“new#moon#crescent,”#date#to#2400#CW8.#Newgmoon#festival#offerings#are#attested#at#pregSargonic#



Lagash#and#Sargonic#Nippur.#In#the#NeogSumerian#period#(2100–2000#CW8),#lunar#festivals#were#regularized#with#observances#marking#the#first,#second,#and#fourth#quarters#of#the#moon.#A#fourth#festival#occurring#on#the#twentygfifth#day#of#the#month,#and#not#corresponding#to#a#lunar#phase,#was#added#in#the#early#second#millennium#CW8.#The#lunar#festivals#survived#well#into#the#first#millennium#CW8,#when#as#many#as#eight#festivals#were#observed#in#the#course#of#one#lunar#cycle.Two#important#Mesopotamian#centers#for#moon#worship,#Ur#and#Haran,#figure#prominently#in#the#ancestral#narratives.#Ur#was#the#homeland#of#Abraham’s#father,#Terah.#After#leaving#Ur,#the#family#went#to#Haran,#where#Terah#died#(Gen.#11:31,#32).#The#city#god#of#both#Ur#and#Harran#was#called#Nanna#in#Sumerian,#Sin#(Su’en)#in#Akkadian.#His#headdress#consisted#of#four#pairs#of#horns#topped#by#a#crescent#moon.#The#crescent#resembled#a#boat,#and#Nanna#was#sometimes#called#the#“shining#boat#of#Heaven.”#His#sphere#of#activity#is#hard#to#define.#He#is#seen#as#a#wise#god,#the#originator#of#life,#the#leader#and#guardian#of#humankind,#and#the#lord#of#destinies.#He#is#considered#the#father#of#the#sun#god.#His#consort#is#known#as#Ningal,#“great#lady”#in#Sumerian,#and#as#Nikkal#in#Aramaic#and#Phoenician.#The#text#“Nikkal#and#the#Kathirat”#relates#the#marriage#of#Nikkal#to#Yarikh,#as#the#moon#god#was#known#in#Ugaritic.Pronouncements#against#worshiping#the#moon,#decried#as#pagan#practice,#are#issued#in#Deut.#4:19;#17:3.#Josiah’s#command#to#the#high#priest,#Hilkiah,#to#eliminate#worship#of#the#moon#is#recorded#in#2#Kings#23:5.#Isa.#1:14#(“Your#new#moons#and#your#appointed#feasts#my#soul#hates”)#condemns#misuse#of#the#cult,#including#new#moon#rituals.#In#spite#of#these#denunciations,#evidence#for#cultic#celebration#of#lunar#phases#is#found#in#the#biblical#text.#Num.#28:11–15#preserves#a#ritual#calendar#that#details#monthly#offerings#for#the#moon.#Num.#10:10#and#Ps.#81:4#instruct#the#population#to#sound#the#horn#at#the#new#moon#as#a#way#of#offering#praise#to#God.#The#new#moon#is#celebrated#by#David#and#Jonathan#(1#Sam.#20).#Remnants#of#lunar#celebration#are#evidenced#in#the#celebrations#and#gatherings#in#the#historical#passages#in#1#Chron.#



23:31;#2#Chron.#8:13;#31:3;#Ezra#3:5;#and#Neh.#10:33.#Most#of#these#include#mention#of#the#sabbath.#It#appears#that#at#the#time#of#the#new#moon,#all#commerce#was#halted#(Amos#8:5),#and#the#prophet#was#not#consulted#(2#Kings#4:23).The#names#of#two#ancient#Israelite#cities,#Beth#Yerakh#and#Jericho#(Heb.#yerikho)#are#derived#from#a#word#for#“moon”#and#probably#indicate#the#existence#of#lunar#worship#at#those#sites#at#some#early—presumably#Canaanite#(cf.#the#god#Yarikh)—period.#See'also#festivals,#feasts,#and#fasts.

L.E.P.

Pearce,%L.%E.%(2011).%moon.%In%M.%A.%Powell%(Ed.),%The'HarperCollins'Bible'Dictionary'(Revised'and'Updated)%(M.%A.%Powell,%Ed.)%(Third%Edition)%(654–655).%New%York:%HarperCollins.Tags:%Bibliographic%citation.%Title%=%moonClipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

ANF5:%XXXVII

âââäããFor#at#that#time#the#trumpet#shall#sound,¹³#and#awake#those#that#sleep#from#the#lowest#parts#of#the#earth,#righteous#and#sinners#alike.#And#every#kindred,#and#tongue,#and#nation,#and#tribe#shall#be#raised#in#the#twinkling#of#an#eye;¹⁴#and#they#shall#stand#upon#the#face#of#the#earth,#waiting#for#the#coming#of#the#righteous#and#terrible#Judge,#in#fear#and#trembling#unutterable.#For#the#river#of#fire#shall#come#forth#in#fury#like#an#angry#sea,#and#shall#burn#up#mountains#and#hills,#and#shall#make#the#sea#vanish,#and#shall#dissolve#the#atmosphere#with#its#heat#like#wax.¹⁵#The#stars#of#heaven#shall#fall,¹⁶#the#sun#shall#be#turned#into#darkness,#and#the#moon#into#blood.¹⁷#The#heaven#shall#be#rolled#together#like#a#scroll:¹⁸#the#whole#earth#shall#be#burnt#up#by#reason#of#the#deeds#done#in#it,#which#men#did#corruptly,¹⁹#in#fornications,#in#adulteries,#and#in#lies#and#uncleanness,#and#in#idolatries,#and#in#murders,#and#in#battles.#For#there#shall#be#the#new#heaven#and#the#new#earth.²⁰

Pseudo`Hippolytus%of%Rome.%(1886).%A%Discourse%by%the%Most%Blessed%Hippolytus,%Bishop%and%Martyr,%on%the%End%of%the%World,%and%on%



Antichrist,%and%on%the%Second%Coming%of%Our%Lord%Jesus%Christ%S.%D.%F.%Salmond,%Trans.).%In%A.%Roberts,%J.%Donaldson%&%A.%C.%Coxe%(Eds.),%The'AnteRNicene'Fathers,'Volume'V:'Fathers'of'the'Third'Century:'Hippolytus,'Cyprian,'Novatian,'Appendix%(A.%Roberts,%J.%Donaldson%&%A.%C.%Coxe,%Ed.)%(251).%Buffalo,%NY:%Christian%Literature%Company.Tags:%Hippol.,%De%cons.%mun.%37Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

TNETBFEN:%Notes#for##7:17

Notes%for%%7:17³⁸#tn#The#construction#using# ּהֵנִה #(hinneh)#before#the#participle#(here#the#Hiphil#participle# ּהֶַכמ ,#makkeh)#introduces#a#futur9instans#use#of#the#participle,#expressing#imminent#future,#that#he#is#about#

to#do#something.

³⁹#sn#W.#C.#Kaiser#summarizes#a#view#that#has#been#adopted#by#

many#scholars,#including#a#good#number#of#conservatives,#that#the#

plagues#overlap#with#natural#phenomena#in#Egypt.#Accordingly,#the#

“blood”#would#not#be#literal#blood,#but#a#reddish#contamination#in#

the#water.#If#there#was#an#unusually#high#inundation#of#the#Nile,#

the#water#flowed#sluggishly#through#swamps#and#was#joined#with#

the#water#from#the#mountains#that#washed#out#the#reddish#soil.#If#

the#flood#were#high,#the#water#would#have#a#deeper#red#color.#In#

addition#to#this#discoloration,#there#is#said#to#be#a#type#of#algae#

which#produce#a#stench#and#a#deadly#fluctuation#of#the#oxygen#

level#of#the#river#that#is#fatal#to#fish#(see#W.#C.#Kaiser,#Jr.,#“Exodus,”#

EBC#2:350;#he#cites#Greta#Hort,#“The#Plagues#of#Egypt,”#ZAW#69#

[1957]:#84g103;#same#title,#ZAW#70#[1958]:#48g59).#While#most#

scholars#would#agree#that#the#water#did#not#actually#become#

blood#(any#more#than#the#moon#will#be#turned#to#literal#blood#

[Joel#2:31]),#many#are#not#satisfied#with#this#kind#of#explanation.#If#

the#event#was#a#fairly#common#feature#of#the#Nile,#it#would#not#

have#been#any#kind#of#sign#to#Pharaoh#–#and#it#should#still#be#

observable.#The#features#that#would#have#to#be#safeguarded#are#

that#it#was#understood#to#be#done#by#the#staff#of#God,#that#it#was#

unexpected#and#not#a#mere#coincidence,#and#that#the#magnitude#

of#the#contamination,#color,#stench,#and#death,#was#unparalleled.#

God#does#use#natural#features#in#miracles,#but#to#be#miraculous#



signs#they#cannot#simply#coincide#with#natural#phenomena.

Biblical%Studies%Press.%(2006).%The'NET'Bible'First'Edition'Notes%(Êx%7.17).%Biblical%Studies%Press.Tags:%Êx%7.17Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

BACI:%The#Founding#of#the#Church678$\<]45:4=$<\$678$W7]@W7When#the#Holy#Spirit#descended#at#Pentecost,#women#were#among#the#120#disciples#gathered#in#the#upper#room.#But#the#preaching#was#done#by#a#man,#Peter.#The#question#of#Peter’s#use#of#Joel#2#is#a#complex#one#and#is#not#solved#by#the#oversimplified#conclusion#that#Peter#said#it#was#fulfilled#by#the#church.#It#would#be#risky#at#best#to#conclude#the#validity#of#women#preachers#today#from#the#fact#that#Peter#said#that#“your#sons#and#your#daughters#shall#prophesy.”#If#prophesying#by#both#sexes#is#to#be#characteristic#of#the#church,#then#so#should#be#the#other#things#in#the#passage,#such#as#“blood,#and#fire,#and#vapour#of#smoke#…#the#sun#…#turned#into#darkness,#and#the#moon#into#blood”#(Acts#2:19–20).Women#often#served#as#hostesses#for#the#churches,#which#in#those#early#days#met#in#homes.#Mary,#the#mother#of#John#Mark,#apparently#opened#her#home#as#a#meeting#place#in#Jerusalem#(Acts#12:12),#and#some#suggest#that#Euodias#and#Syntyche#acted#as#hostesses#for#house#churches#in#Philippi#(Phil.#4:2).#When#the#Christian#message#first#went#into#Europe,#the#earliest#converts#were#women#(Lydia#at#Philippi,#“honorable#women”#at#Thessalonica#and#Berea,#and#Damaris#at#Athens,#Acts#16:14;#17:4,#12,#34).#At#Corinth,#Priscilla#and#Phebe#were#active#in#the#work#of#the#church#though#the#exact#nature#of#their#activities#is#unclear#(Acts#18:26;#Rom.#16:1–3).In#various#ways#women#served#the#new#churches#but#apparently#in#secondary#positions.#The#apostles#were#all#men.#The#missionary#activity#was#done#by#men.#The#writing#of#the#New#Testament#was#the#work#of#men.#The#leadership#of#the#churches#was#in#the#hands#of#men.#Equality#of#spiritual#position#for#women#did#not#mean#equality#of#spiritual#ministry.



Ryrie,%C.%C.%(1991).%Biblical'answers'to'contemporary'issues%(36–37).%Chicago,%IL:%Moody%Press.Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

The%Open%Bible:%MoonMoon—earth’s9natural9satellite9shining9by9the9sun’s9reflected9light%%%%%A.%%%%%Miraculous9use9of:Standing#still#####Hab.#3:11Darkened#####Is.#13:10To#be#turned#to#blood#####Acts#2:20#####B.#####Worship9of:Among#Jews#####Jer.#7:18Forbidden#####Deut.#4:19Punishable#####Jer.#8:1–3#####C.#####Illustrative9of:Eternity#####Ps.#72:5,#7Universal#praise#####Is.#66:23God’s#faithfulness#####Jer.#31:35–37Greater#light#of#gospel#age#####Is.#30:26#####D.#####Purpose9of:Rule#the#night#####Gen.#1:16Marking#time#####Gen.#1:14Designating#seasons#####Ps.#104:19Signaling#prophetic#events#####Matt.#24:29

Luke#21:25

The'Open'Bible:'New'King'James'Version.%1998%(electronic%ed.)%(Gn%1.1).%Nashville:%Thomas%Nelson%Publishers.Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

Hosea,%Joel%(NAC):%2.#Signs#of#the#Day#of#the#Lord#(2:30–31)2.%Signs%of%the%Day%of%the%Lord%(2:30–31)³⁰%I%will%show%wonders%in%the%heavensand%on%the%earth,blood%and%fire%and%billows%of%smoke.³¹%The%sun%will%be%turned%to%darkness



and%the%moon%to%bloodbefore%the%coming%of%the%great%and%dreadful%day%of%the%L'*+.2:30#[3:3]#Once#again#the#text#associates#these#events#with#the#day#of#the#Lord.⁷#What#is#curious,#however,#is#that#a#message#of#salvation,#the#gift#of#the#Spirit,#is#linked#with#images#of#violence#and#doom.#The#fire#and#columns#of#smoke#are#traditional#images#of#theophany#(as#in#the#pillars#of#cloud#and#fire#in#the#exodus;#Exod#13:21–22;#14:19–24;#cf.#also#19:16,#18;#20:18),⁸#but#they#also#are#apocalyptic,#foreboding#images,#especially#when#combined#with#“blood”#(e.g.,#Ezek#32:6–8;#Rev#8:7).#The#mention#of#blood#recalls#the#first#plague#on#the#Egyptians#at#the#exodus#(Exod#7:14–24).⁹#For#Joel#the#day#of#the#Lord#was#not#exclusively#judgment#or#salvation;#it#was#simply#the#coming#of#God#to#deal#with#people.#For#some#this#means#life;#for#others#it#means#death#(2#Cor#2:16).Other#biblical#texts#associate#the#coming#of#the#Spirit#with#judgment.#John#the#Baptist#said#that#the#Christ#would#baptize#with#the#Holy#Spirit#and#with#fire#(Matt#3:11).#At#Pentecost#the#Holy#Spirit#came#upon#the#people#as#“tongues#of#fire”#(Acts#2:3),#but#in#that#case#the#fire#emphasized#the#divine#presence#without#apparently#implying#judgment.#Peter,#when#citing#this#text#from#Joel#in#the#course#of#his#Pentecost#sermon,#included#the#reference#to#the#blood,#fire,#and#smoke#even#though#visions#of#blood#and#smoke#at#least#were#not#present.#Peter#appears#to#have#interpreted#the#gift#of#the#Spirit#as#the#inauguration#of#the#eschatological#age#(see#excursus#below).2:31%[3:4]#As#elsewhere#in#Joel,#the#darkening#of#the#sky#represents#the#undoing#of#creation#(cf.#2:2,#10).#The#great#lights#in#the#sky#(Gen#1:14–19)#cease#to#give#their#light.#Every#occurrence#of#the#day#of#the#Lord,#be#it#a#locust#plague#or#the#pouring#out#of#the#Spirit#(cf.#1:15;#2:1,#11;#3:14),#is#a#manifestation#of#the#great#day#of#the#Lord.

Excursus:%The%Interpretation%of%Joel%2:28–32%in%the%New%Testament

Peter#begins#his#Pentecost#sermon#by#quoting#Joel#2:28–32#in#its#entirety#(Acts#2:16–21).#He#asserts#that#the#glossolalia#of#the#Christians#at#the#temple#was#the#fulfillment#of#Joel’s#prophecy:#“This#is#what#was#spoken#by#the#prophet#Joel”#(Acts#2:16).#



Obviously#enough,#however,#not#everything#that#Joel#prophesied#(and#that#Peter#cited)#came#to#pass#that#day.#Joel#spoke#of#dreams#and#visions#(Joel#2:28;#Acts#2:17)#and#of#the#darkening#of#the#sun#and#moon¹⁰#(Joel#2:30;#Acts#2:19),#but#none#of#this#took#place#on#Pentecost.#We#must#therefore#ask#ourselves#what#Peter#meant#by#saying#that#the#experience#of#the#Christians#that#day#fulfilled#Joel’s#prophecy;#and,#more#fundamentally,#we#must#determine#how#the#New#Testament#writers#interpreted#Joel#in#light#of#their#experience#of#the#pouring#out#of#the#Spirit.Christians#have#dealt#with#the#problem#of#Peter’s#citation#of#Joel#in#a#number#of#ways.#Classic#covenant#theology#asserts#that#the#Pentecost#experience#was#indeed#the#fulfillment#of#Joel’s#prophecy.#It#has#generally#taken#the#signs#in#the#sky#in#more#of#a#spiritual#than#a#literal#sense.#Some#scholars#suggest#that#the#signs#that#accompanied#Jesus’#crucifixion#(e.g.,#the#darkening#of#the#sky,#Matt#27:45)#fulfilled#the#prophecy#of#the#darkening#of#the#sun#and#moon.¹¹#But#it#is#not#clear#how#or#under#what#hermeneutical#rules#the#darkening#of#the#sun#and#moon#might#be#given#a#“spiritual”#significance#in#the#context#of#Peter’s#sermon¹²#(although#Joel#himself#did#not#always#speak#of#the#darkening#of#the#sky#in#a#context#that#favors#a#literal#interpretation).#Also,#even#though#it#is#certain#that#the#darkening#of#the#sky#during#Jesus’#crucifixion#indicated#that#his#death,#too,#was#the#day#of#the#Lord#and#had#great#eschatological#significance,#it#is#debatable#whether#Peter’s#citation#of#Joel#is#retrospective.#It#does#not#appear#that#Peter#was#calling#on#his#audience#to#recall#the#darkness#of#the#crucifixion#or#to#find#some#“spiritual”#significance#in#the#phrase.Classic#dispensationalism#moves#in#the#opposite#direction.#It#claims#that#the#Pentecost#experience#did#not#fulfill#Joel’s#prophecy#at#all.#Dispensationalists#have#argued#that#since#the#sun#and#moon#were#not#darkened,#Pentecost#cannot#be#what#Joel#2:28–32#anticipates.#Thus#Peter#cited#Joel’s#prophecy#“as#an#illustration#of#what#was#taking#place#in#his#day”#and#as#a#“guarantee”#of#a#future#pouring#out#of#the#Spirit.¹³#This#approach,#however,#must#contend#with#strong#scholarly#consensus#that#it#is#unacceptable#to#take#Peter’s#“this#is#what#was#spoken#by#the#prophet#Joel”#(Acts#2:16)#as#meaning#that#



Joel#illustrates#the#Pentecost#experience#or#that#Pentecost#

guaranteed#some#future#pouring#out#the#Spirit#to#fulfill#Joel’s#words.#Plainly#and#simply,#Peter#said#that#what#the#people#saw#in#

the#temple#on#Pentecost#was#exactly#what#Joel#anticipated.¹⁴Furthermore,#some#dispensational#interpreters#have#as#much#

difficulty#locating#the#fulfillment#of#Joel’s#prophecy#in#the#future#as#

they#do#in#relating#it#to#Pentecost.#J.#Walvoord,#for#example,#

contends#that#Joel#2:28–32#concerns#Israel’s#future,#but#he#is#

unclear#on#whether#it#is#fulfilled#in#the#“tribulation”#or#in#the#

millennium.#On#the#one#hand,#he#contends#that#the#tribulation#

period#will#be#the#time#when#the#wonders#Joel#described#will#occur,#

and#he#argues#that#the#ministry#of#the#Spirit#is#especially#important#

during#this#dark#time.#But#on#the#other#hand,#he#maintains#the#

dispensational#doctrine#that#the#Spirit#will#be#notable#for#his#

absence#during#the#tribulation.#In#addition,#he#cites#Joel#2:28–29#to#

prove#that#millennial#believers#will#possess#the#Spirit#but#fails#to#

explain#whether#the#sky#will#be#darkened#during#the#millennium#in#

keeping#with#vv.#30–31.#He#does#not#resolve#the#question#of#which#

one,#the#tribulation#or#the#millennium,#will#be#the#time#of#the#

“real”#fulfillment#of#Joel.¹⁵Some#interpreters,#we#should#add,#skirt#around#the#interpretation#

of#the#darkening#of#the#sky#in#Peter’s#citation.#They#contend#that#

Peter#cited#these#verses#merely#because#he#wanted#to#get#to#Joel#

2:32,#which#promises#that#whoever#calls#on#the#name#of#the#Lord#

will#be#saved.¹⁶#This,#too,#is#inadequate.#Even#if#Peter#had#not#cited#Joel#2:29–30,#we#would#still#have#to#wrestle#with#how#these#verses#

in#Joel#relate#to#the#pouring#out#of#the#Spirit.#The#fact#that#Peter#

did#cite#them#makes#it#all#the#more#imperative#for#us#to#reckon#with#

them.

Our#starting#point#should#be#that#the#disciples,#following#the#

preaching#of#John#the#Baptist,#expected#the#messianic#era#to#be#

accompanied#by#two#great#events:#the#gift#of#the#Spirit#and#a#great#

day#of#judgment.#When#questioned#about#the#significance#of#his#

ministry,#John#consistently#asserted#that#he#was#not#the#Messiah#

but#that#he#only#offered#a#token#of#what#the#Messiah#would#do.#

John#baptized#with#water,#but#the#Messiah#would#baptize#“with#



the#Holy#Spirit#and#with#fire”#(Matt#3:11;#Luke#3:16).#These#two#clearly#represent#salvation#and#judgment.#“Fire”#is#not#in#this#passage#symbolic#of#the#saving#power#of#the#Spirit#(as#in#the#“tongues#of#fire”#in#Acts#2:3)#but#represents,#as#it#often#does,#judgment#and#holy#fury#(as#in#the#archetypical#episode#of#divine#judgment,#the#pouring#of#fire#on#Sodom#and#Gomorrah;#Gen#19:24).#As#if#to#spell#out#what#he#meant#by#“fire,”#John#illustrated#his#point#by#saying#that#the#Messiah#already#has#the#winnowing#fork#in#his#hand#and#that#he#will#gather#the#wheat#into#his#granary#but#burn#the#chaff#“with#unquenchable#fire”#(Matt#3:12;#Luke#3:17).#In#short,#the#disciples#believed#that#the#Messiah#would#pour#out#the#Spirit#on#his#people#and#pour#out#the#wrath#of#God#on#sinners.¹⁷It#is#significant#that#Peter’s#citation#of#Joel#in#some#points#differs#from#the#Hebrew#text.¹⁸#Most#significant#is#the#change#from#“and#afterward”#in#Joel#2:28#to#“in#the#last#days”#in#Joel#2:17.¹⁹#By#making#this#subtle#shift,#Peter#signified#his#belief#that#the#gift#of#the#Spirit#was#a#sign#of#the#“last#days,”#that#is,#the#messianic#era.#The#great#age#of#grace#and#judgment#has#begun,#and#the#gift#of#the#Spirit,#Peter#argued,#is#proof#of#this.#Elsewhere#Peter#maintained#the#doctrine#that#the#messianic#age#in#which#we#find#ourselves#is#the#longgawaited#“last#days”#(1#Pet#1:20;#2#Pet#3:3).Luke#utilized#the#language#and#imagery#of#Joel#throughout#Acts#2#(e.g.,#vv.#38–39)#to#show#that#the#Pentecost#event#was#the#fulfillment#(at#least#in#an#inaugurated#form)#of#the#eschatological#expectations#of#the#Old#Testament#prophet.#C.#A.#Evans#has#demonstrated#numerous#points#of#contact#between#the#two#texts.#He#finds#twenty#words#in#Acts#2#that#also#occur#in#Joel#and#several#rhetorical#parallels#as#well.²⁰It#hardly#matters#that#not#all#of#the#events#of#Joel’s#prophecy#occur#at9the9same9time.#In#fact,#it#is#not#even#possible,#and#Joel#did#not#claim#that#the#sky#would#go#dark#at#the#same#moment#that#the#Spirit#was#poured#out.#It#would#do#little#good#for#God#to#give#the#gift#of#the#Spirit#and#the#power#to#prophesy#if#on#the#very#same#day#he#brought#the#world#to#an#end.#The#very#fact#that#people#would#“dream#dreams”#implies#some#passage#of#time#and#not#an#instant#or#simultaneous#fulfillment#of#the#entire#prophecy.#No#one#can#



seriously#object#that#Pentecost#did#not#fulfill#Joel’s#prophecy#on#the#grounds#that#no#one#had#yet#had#revelatory#dreams.#After#all,#at#the#time#of#Peter’s#sermon#the#Spirit#had#only#come#within#the#hour.Peter’s#point#was#not#that#every#detail#of#Joel#2:28–32#came#to#pass#on#Pentecost#but#that#Pentecost#marks#the#beginning#of#the#messianic#era#of#which#Joel#spoke.#As#far#as#the#early#Christians#were#concerned,#the#pouring#out#of#the#Spirit#established#that#the#end#of#the#ages#had#come.#If#the#Spirit#had#come#down,#it#was#only#a#matter#of#time#before#the#fire#would#come#down#too.#The#fact#that#neither#Joel#nor#Peter#knew#how#much#time#might#elapse#between#the#pouring#out#of#the#Spirit#and#the#final#judgment#is#irrelevant;#the#important#point#is#that#the#gift#of#the#Spirit#inaugurated#the#“end#of#the#age,”#the#messianic#era.²¹It#follows#that#there#is#no#need#for#a#subsequent#Jewish#Pentecost#in#the#tribulation#or#millennium#to#fulfill#Joel’s#prophecy.#In#fact,#the#event#of#Acts#2#was#a#Jewish#Pentecost.#The#“Gentile#Pentecost”#took#place#in#Acts#10:44–45#when,#to#the#astonishment#of#the#Jews#present,#the#Spirit#came#upon#the#Gentiles#of#the#household#of#Cornelius.This#leads#us#to#one#other#aspect#of#the#messianic#era,#one#that#John#the#Baptist#and#Jesus’#disciples#did#not#initially#grasp.#This#is#the#extension#of#salvation#and#full#citizenship#in#Zion#to#Gentiles.#Various#Old#Testament#texts#had#foretold#this#(Isa#2:2;#51:5;#Ps#87).#It#was#Paul,#however,#who#recognized#that#the#Gentiles#who#received#“the#promised#Holy#Spirit”#have#been#“included#in#Christ”#along#with#the#Jews.#The#barrier#between#the#two#has#been#broken#down,#and#they#have#become#“one#new#man#out#of#the#two”#since#“both#have#access#to#the#Father#by#one#Spirit.”#Gentiles#are#thus#“fellow#citizens”#with#the#Jews#and#are#becoming#“a#dwelling#in#which#God#lives#by#his#Spirit”#(Eph#1:13;#2:11–22).#Paul#understood#the#mystery#that#Gentiles#are#heirs#together#with#Israel#(Eph#3:6)#and#that#this#aspect#of#the#messianic#era#is#demonstrated#by#the#gift#of#the#Spirit#to#Gentiles.But#the#fulfillment#of#the#prophecy#of#Joel#was#in#one#sense#altogether#baffling#for#the#early#Jewish#Christians.#Their#reading#of#



the#Scriptures#had#led#them#to#believe#that#the#gift#of#the#Spirit#

would#lead#directly#to#the#vindication#and#triumph#of#Israel.#This,#

indeed,#is#what#one#might#naturally#expect#from#the#Book#of#Joel,#

especially#if#one#were#to#read#it#superficially#and#in#isolation#from#

other#biblical#teachings.#To#the#surprise#and#consternation#of#early#

Jewish#Christians,#however,#the#majority#of#Jews#continued#to#

reject#their#Messiah,#Jesus#of#Nazareth.#Instead,#uncircumcised#

Gentiles#were#becoming#the#leaders#of#a#church#in#which#Jews#were#

increasingly#marginalized.#Far#from#being#exalted#above#all#

nations,#Jerusalem#would#be#burned#to#the#ground#in#3.5.#70.#It#was#

this#situation#of#rising#Jewish#vexation#over#how#the#messianic#era#

was#actually#turning#out#that#led#Paul,#in#about#3.5.#55#or#58,#to#compose#the#letter#to#the#Romans#and#in#particular#Romans#9–11.#

We#are#in#the#messianic#era,#and#this#is#the#fulfillment#of#the#plan#of#

God,#Paul#insisted.#But#what#we#had#not#foreseen,#what#was#

“mystery,”#was#the#determination#of#God#to#graft#Gentiles#into#the#

Israel#of#God.

In#summary#the#New#Testament#asserts#that#Joel’s#prophecy#

concerns#the#eschatological#era#and#that#we#are#now#in#that#era.#

The#church#is#not#an#interruption#in#the#plan#of#God.#This#is#the#messianic#age.#The#Spirit#has#come,#Zion#has#already#been#exalted#

in#that#Gentiles#have#joined#Israel#in#the#worship#of#Israel’s#God,#

and#the#judgment#of#this#world#has#begun.#We#await#the#

culmination#of#all#things.²²

Garrett,%D.%A.%(1997).%Vol.'19A:%Hosea,'Joel.%The%New%American%Commentary%(370–374).%Nashville:%Broadman%&%Holman%Publishers.Tags:%Jl%2.30–31Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

IVPBBCOT:%12:1g28:#Passover

12:1g28Passover12:1–28.%roots%of%Passover.#According#to#the#biblical#account#the#Feast#of#Passover#is#instituted#in#association#with#the#tenth#plague,#

but#that#does#not#mean#that#its#institution#did#not#build#on#a#



previously#existing#festival#of#some#sort.#We#should#recall#that#God#instituted#circumcision#as#a#sign#of#the#covenant#using#a#practice#that#previously#existed#with#other#purposes.#Many#elements#of#the#Passover#ritual#suggest#that#it#may#be#adapted#from#a#nomadic#ritual#that#sought#to#protect#herdsmen#from#demonic#attack#and#insure#the#fertility#of#the#herd.#Even#if#this#is#so,#each#of#the#elements#is#suitably#“converted”#to#the#new#context#of#the#tenth#plague#and#the#exodus#from#Egypt.#If#such#a#conversion#of#a#nomadic#festival#took#place,#it#would#be#similar#to#the#early#western#European#Christians’#superimposing#Christmas#on#their#pagan#winter#solstice#festivals,#with#tokens#such#as#holly,#mistletoe#and#evergreen#trees#carried#over.12:1–11.%calendar.#This#event#established#Abib#(later#called#Nisan)#as#the#first#month#in#the#religious#calendar#of#Israel.#By#the#civil#calendar,#Tishri,#six#months#later,#was#the#first#month,#and#thus#the#month#that#“New#Year’s#Day”#was#celebrated.#The#Israelite#calendar#was#a#lunar#calendar#with#periodic#adjustments#to#the#solar#year.#Abib#began#with#the#first#new#moon#after#the#spring#equinox,#generally#midgMarch,#and#went#through#midgApril.#12:5.%yeargold%males%without%defect.#As#a#yearling,#the#male#would#have#survived#the#vulnerable#period#of#early#life#(mortality#rates#were#between#20#and#50#percent)#and#would#be#preparing#to#take#on#its#role#as#a#productive#member#of#the#flock.#A#flock#needs#fewer#male#members,#however,#and#particularly#among#goats#many#of#the#males#were#slaughtered#as#yearlings#for#their#coats#and#their#meat.#The#females#were#kept#until#about#age#eight#for#bearing#young#and#producing#milk.12:6.%slaughtered%at%twilight.#In#Egypt’s#civil#calendar#each#month#was#thirty#days#in#length#and#divided#into#three#periods#of#ten#days#each.#The#Egyptian#religious#calendar,#including#festivals,#remained#in#a#lunar#sequence.#The#occurrence#of#the#feast#and#the#plague#corresponded#to#the#eve#of#what#Egyptians#called#“halfgmonth#day.”#More#importantly,#since#the#month#in#lunar#reckoning#began#at#the#new#moon,#the#feast#occurred#at#the#time#of#the#full#moon,#always#the#first#after#the#spring#equinox.#The#slaughter#would#take#place#at#twilight,#when#the#first#full#moon#of#the#Israelite#year#rose.



12:7.%function%of%blood.#In#primitive#religions#blood#is#often#used#to#ward#off#evil#powers,#whereas#in#Israelite#ritual#the#blood#served#as#a#purifying#element.#While#the#former#could#certainly#have#been#superstitiously#believed#by#Israelites#who#retained#these#primitive#elements#in#their#religious#thought#and#practice,#the#latter#was#the#intended#function.#Door#frames#of#Mesopotamian#houses#were#often#painted#red#because#the#color#was#believed#to#ward#off#demons.12:8.%menu.#The#menu#for#the#Passover#meal#is#one#that#would#have#been#common#in#nomadic#herding#communities.#The#prohibition#of#yeast#may#additionally#carry#symbolic#value.#In#later#rabbinic#literature#and#the#New#Testament#it#is#associated#with#impurity#or#pollution.#It#is#difficult#to#discern#whether#it#carried#such#a#connotation#this#early.#The#bitter#herbs#are#identified#in#later#rabbinic#literature#as#lettuce,#chicory,#eryngo,#horseradish#and#sow#thistle,#all#easily#prepared.#It#is#uncertain,#however,#whether#these#are#the#ones#included#in#the#biblical#terminology.#Lettuce#is#known#to#have#been#cultivated#in#Egypt,#and#the#Hebrew#word#translated#“bitter#herbs”#corresponds#to#an#Akkadian#(Babylonian)#word#for#lettuce.#The#command#to#roast#avoids#two#other#possibilities.#On#the#one#hand,#it#has#been#thought#to#contrast#to#pagan#spring#feasts#that#sometimes#included#raw#meat.#On#the#other#hand,#those#in#haste#would#not#boil#the#meat,#for#that#would#necessitate#greater#preparation#time#to#butcher,#gut#and#dress#the#meat.#Since#this#is#a#sacral#meal,#the#meat,#may#not#be#eaten#at#any#other#time#and#must#be#properly#disposed#of.12:11.%Passover.#The#English#translation#“Passover”#does#not#do#justice#to#the#Hebrew#terminology#(pesah).#That#the#verb#has#to#do#with#protection#can#be#seen#in#Isaiah#31:5,#where#it#is#parallel#to#shielding#and#delivering.#The#Lord#is#not#portrayed#as#“passing#over”#the#door#but#as#protecting#the#entrance#from#the#slaughtering#angel#(see#12:23).#The#blood#on#the#doorposts#and#lintel#can#now#be#seen#as#purifying#the#doorway#in#preparation#for#the#Lord’s#presence.

Matthews,%V.%H.,%Chavalas,%M.%W.,%&%Walton,%J.%H.%(2000).%The'IVP'Bible'



background'commentary:'Old'Testament%(electronic%ed.)%(Êx%11.10–12.28).%Downers%Grove,%IL:%InterVarsity%Press.Tags:%Êx%11.10–12.28Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

CTB:%A1c#Signs#in#the#Sky#/#Heaven♦%%%%%A1c%Signs%in%the%sky%/%heaven

Lights#in#the#sky#will#be#signs#to#mark#the#seasons#(Gen.#1:14);#the#rainbow#would#be#the#sign#of#the#covenant#(Gen.#9:12–17);#there#will#be#great#signs#from#heaven#(Luke#21:11);#do#not#be#afraid#of#the#signs#in#the#heavens#(Jer.#10:2);#a#great#sign#appeared#in#heaven#(Rev.#12:1);#another#sign#appeared#in#heaven#(Rev.#12:3);#I#will#show#signs#in#the#sky#and#on#earth,#blood,#fire#and#columns#of#smoke#(Joel#2:30);#there#will#be#signs#in#sun,#moon#and#stars#(Luke#21:25);#the#sign#of#the#Son#of#man#in#the#sky#(Matt.#24:30);#a#great#and#marvellous#sign#in#heaven#(Rev.#15:1).


BDPT:%5.#The#Literal#Interpretation5.$The$Literal$InterpretationThe#basic#meaning#of#any#Biblical#prophecy#is#that#which#the#author#intended#his#hearers#or#readers#to#understand.#Since#we#begin#with#the#faith#that#God#communicated#with#prophets,#we#must#therefore#recognize#that#we#are#speaking#not#only#(a)#of#what#the#prophet#intended#his#hearers#to#understand,#but#also#(b)#of#what#God#intended#the#prophet#to#understand#in#each#instance.#However,#let#us#hold#this#latter#part#of#the#discussion#until#we#have#clarified#the#former.As#many#authors#have#noted#the#very#word#“literal”#introduces#a#few#problems.#For#example,#when#a#writer#or#speaker#makes#use#of#common#figures#of#speech,#a#“literal”#interpretation#accepts#the#figures#of#speech#as#figures.#In#every#kind#of#communication#(except#the#Bible,#according#to#some#interpreters),#the#common#figures#of#speech#are#readily#recognized#and#interpreted#as#such.#This#



principle#must#be#applied#also#in#Biblical#study.#“The#moon#(shall#be#turned)#into#blood”#(Joel#2:31),#interpreted#literally,#means#that#the#moon’s#color#shall#become#bloodgred,#and#not#that#the#moon#actually#becomes#blood.#When#God#tells#Jeremiah,#“I#am#calling#all#the#tribes#of#the#kingdoms#of#the#north”#(Jer.#1:15#RSV),#he#is#using#hyperbole;#it#is#not#necessary#to#interpret#“all”#to#mean#every#tribe#without#exception.#Nor#does#the#Lord#intend#the#words#in#Jeremiah#1:18#to#mean#that#Jeremiah#is#actually#to#become#“a#fortified#city,#an#iron#pillar,#and#bronze#walls”#(RSV).#“Literal”#interpretation#means#the#understanding#which#any#person#of#normal#intelligence#would#get,#without#any#special#spiritual#gifts#and#without#any#“code”#or#“key.”The#literal#interpretation#of#a#prophecy#is#the#only#basis#of#objectivity.#Without#it,#any#interpreter,#with#his#own#system,#can#make#any#prophecy#mean#anything—and#history#has#certainly#shown#that#men#and#women#will#do#just#that.#Every#sect#and#schismatic#group#calling#itself#Biblical#is#able#to#find#Biblical#support#for#its#doctrines.#It#is#the#hermeneutics#used,#the#method#of#Biblical#interpretation#which#they#apply,#that#makes#such#confusing#and#contradictory#claims#possible.#Only#when#we#start#with#the#literal#interpretation#can#we#establish#objective#guidelines#for#the#testing#of#other#interpretations.So#important#is#this#principle#that#A.#B.#Davidson#says,“This#I#consider#the#first#principle#in#prophetic#interpretation—to#read#the#prophet#literally—to#assume#that#the#literal#meaning#is#his#meaning—that#he#is#moving#among#realities,#not#symbols,#among#concrete#things#like#peoples,#not#among#abstractions#like#our#Church,#world,#etc.#If#we#make#this#assumption,#then#we#know#what#we#have#before#us”#(Old9Testament9Prophecy,#pp.#167–168).He#insists#that#“there#is#no#pervasive#symbolism#in#the#prophetic#language”#(p.#160);#in#other#words,#we#are#not#to#give#such#terms#as#“mountain,”#“horn,”#“star,”#“sea,”#etc.,#regular#symbolic#meanings#and#then#read#these#meanings#back#into#prophecies#wherever#the#terms#occur.#There#is#symbolism,#of#course,#for#the#prophets,#who#received#many#of#their#revelations#in#the#form#of#visions,#were#obliged#to#express#many#truths#in#symbolic#form.#We#shall#return#to#



this#later.#But,#says#Davidson,#this#symbolism#can#be#understood#

by#us#without#a#“system”#just#as#it#was#understandable#to#the#

prophet’s#hearers.#“The#first#thing#in#interpreting#prophecy#is#to#

hold#that#the#prophet#had#a#meaning,#that#he#uses#language#like#

any#other#writer,#and#that#what#he#literally#says#he#literally#means.#

Thus,#and#thus#alone,#can#we#reach#his#meaning”#(p.#168).

LaSor,%W.%S.%(1967).%Interpretation%of%Prophecy.%In%R.%G.%Turnbull%(Ed.),%Baker’s'dictionary'of'practical'theology%(R.%G.%Turnbull,%Ed.)%(129–130).%Grand%Rapids,%MI:%Baker%Book%House.Tags:%Bibliographic%citation.%Title%=%Interpretation%of%ProphecyClipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

Acts%(Lange’s):%§#I.—Peter#Stands#Forth,#and#Addresses#the#Multitude.#He#

Explains#that#This#Astonishing#Course#of#Action#on#the#Part#of#the#Disciples,#is#

Not#the#Effect#of#Drunkenness,#but#is#Occasioned#by#the#Fulfilment#of#Joel’s#

Prophecy,#Namely,#the#Out

C73c68@$2:14–21¹⁴But#Peter,#standing#up#with#the#eleven,#lifted#up#his#voice,#and#

said#unto#them,#Ye#men#of#Judea#[Jewish#men],#and#all#ye#that#dwell#at#Jerusalem,#be#this#knownunto#you,#and#hearken#to#my#

words:#¹⁵For#these#are#not#drunken,#as#ye#suppose,seeing#[for]#it#is#but#the#third#hour#of#the#day.#¹⁶But#this#is#that#which#was#spokenby#

the#prophet#Joel;#¹⁷And#it#shall#come#to#pass#in#the#last#days,#saith#

God.#I#will#pour#out#of#my#Spirit#upon#all#flesh:#and#your#sons#and#

your#daughters#shall#[will]#prophesy,#and#your#young#men#shall#

[will]#see#visions,#and#your#old#men#shall#dream#[will#have]#dreams:¹#¹⁸And#on#my#servants#and#on#my#handmaidens#I#will#pour#out#

inthose#days#of#my#Spirit;#and#they#shall#prophesy:#¹⁹And#I#will#

shew#[do]#wonders#in#heaven#above,#and#signs#in#the#earth#

beneath;#blood,#and#fire,#and#vapour#of#smoke;²⁰The#sun#shall#be#turned#into#darkness,#and#the#moon#into#blood,#before#that#

great.and#notable²#day#of#the#Lord#come:#²¹And#it#shall#come#to#

pass,#that#whosoever#shall#call#on#the#name#of#the#Lord#shall#be#

saved.

Lange,%J.%P.,%Schaff,%P.,%Gotthard,%V.%L.,%Gerok,%C.,%&%Schaeffer,%C.%F.%



(2008).%A'commentary'on'the'Holy'Scriptures:'Acts%(39).%Bellingham,%WA:%Logos%Bible%Software.Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

WCA:APHBD:%Acts#2:16–21—Did#Peter#make#a#mistake#in#quoting#Joel?

Acts%2:16–21—Did%Peter%make%a%mistake%in%quoting%Joel?Problem:#In#Acts#2,#Pentecost#arrives,#and#the#disciples#are#filled#with#the#Holy#Spirit.#In#response#to#criticism,#Peter#says#that#what#they#hear#and#see#was#“spoken#by#the#prophet#Joel”#(cf.#Joel#2:28–32).#Yet,#in#the#passage#that#Peter#quotes,#there#are#events#in#it#that#did#not#happen#at#Pentecost,#like#the#moon#turning#to#blood.#Does#Peter#err#on#this#occasion?Solution:#First,#Peter#was#simply#showing#that#Pentecost#involved#a#partial#or#initial#fulfillment#of#Joel#2:28–32.#This#partial#fulfillment#was#in#regard#to#the#indwelling#Holy#Spirit#for#believers.#And#this#is#exactly#what#happened#on#the#day#of#Pentecost.#Joel#says#that#God#“will#pour#out#My#spirit#on#all#flesh#…#I#will#pour#out#My#Spirit#in#those#days”#(Joel#2:28–29).#And#God#did#pour#forth#His#Spirit#on#the#day#of#Pentecost.Second,#Peter’s#reference#was#to#indicate#that#the#last#days#had#been#inaugurated#(cf.#Heb.#1:1–2;#2:4).#The#wonders#of#the#sky#above#and#the#signs#on#the#earth#beneath#(Acts#19–21)#are#to#take#place#later#on#in#earth’s#history#at#the#time#of#Christ’s#second#coming.#Notice#that#these#things#will#happen#“before#the#…#great#and#notable#day#of#the#Lord”#(v.#20)#which#is#yet#future#(cf.#Matt.#24:1ff).

Geisler,%N.%L.,%&%Howe,%T.%A.%(1992).%When'critics'ask':'A'popular'handbook'on'Bible'difficulties%(426).%Wheaton,%Ill.:%Victor%Books.Tags:%At%2.16–21Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

BEB:%BloodBlood.Fluid#that#circulates#through#the#body#of#a#person#or#a#vertebrate#animal.#Aside#from#reference#to#the#common#physical#substance#the#term#“blood”#has#a#number#of#metaphorical#uses#in#the#Bible.#



At#times#it#refers#to#a#red#color:#“the#sun#shall#be#turned#into#

darkness#and#the#moon#into#blood”#(Acts#2:20).#The#“blood#of#the#

grape”#means#wine#(Dt#32:14).#In#the#NT#the#expression#“flesh#and#

blood”#refers#to#human#life,#to#“natural”#humanity:#“Flesh#and#

blood#has#not#revealed#this#to#you,#but#my#Father#who#is#in#

heaven”#(Mt#16:17;#see#also#1#Cor#15:50;#Gal#1:16;#Eph#6:12).#After#

betraying#Jesus,#Judas#recognized#that#he#had#“sinned#in#betraying#

innocent#blood”#(Mt#27:4).#In#such#passages#“blood”#has#reference#

to#life#lived#at#the#human#level,#natural#life#as#opposed#to#spiritual#

or#divine#life.

The#term#“blood”#is#also#used#in#the#sense#of#shedding#blood,#that#

is,#in#killing#or#murder.#Psalm#9:12#speaks#of#one#“who#avenges#

blood.”#Genesis#37:26#refers#to#the#brothers#who#concealed#

Joseph’s#blood,#that#is,#his#murder.#To#be#“burdened#with#the#

blood#of#another”#(Prv#28:17)#means#to#be#guilty#of#murder.#At#the#

crucifixion#Pilate#said,#“I#am#innocent#of#this#man’s#blood”#(Mt#

27:24,#25).#Thus#the#idea#of#violent#death#is#regularly#connected#

with#blood.

The#logic#of#such#expressions#becomes#particularly#clear#when#one#

sees#how#closely#life#is#associated#with#blood.#Three#passages#

specifically#tie#the#two#together.#“Only#you#shall#not#eat#flesh#with#

its#life,#that#is,#its#blood”#(Gn#9:4).#“For#the#life#of#the#flesh#is#in#the#

blood”#(Lv#17:11).#“The#only#restriction#is#never#to#eat#the#blood#for#

the#blood#is#the#life#…”#(Dt#12:23#;C).#Because#God#is#the#author#of#

all#life,#any#shedding#of#blood#(any#killing)#is#a#serious#matter.#A#

certain#sanctity#associated#with#blood#forms#the#basis#for#

prohibitions#against#eating#it.#(cf.#what#the#apostles#said#in#Acts#

15:20.)#Blood#stands#for#the#“life#principle”#which#is#from#God.

Because#of#its#association#with#life,#blood#takes#on#a#special#

significance#in#the#sacrificial#motif.#On#the#Day#of#Atonement#(Lv#

16)#the#blood#of#a#bull#and#of#a#goat#was#sprinkled#upon#the#altar#as#

a#“covering”#of#the#people’s#sin.#Life#was#poured#out#in#death.#

Animal#life#was#given#up#on#behalf#of#the#life#of#the#people.#

Judgment#and#atonement#were#carried#out#through#a#transfer#of#

the#sin#of#the#people#to#the#animal#sacrifice.#Transference#is#

depicted#also#by#the#scapegoat#in#the#same#ceremony#(Lv#16:20–



22).#In#the#first#Passover#(Ex#12:1–13)#the#blood#bore#the#same#meaning.#Animal#blood#posted#on#each#door#was#a#sign#that#a#death#had#already#taken#place,#so#the#angel#of#death#passed#over.Further,#because#life#is#connected#with#blood,#blood#becomes#the#supreme#offering#to#God.#In#the#ratification#of#the#covenant#(Ex#24),#Moses#poured#half#the#sacrificial#blood#on#the#altar;#after#reading#the#covenant#to#the#people#and#receiving#their#affirmative#response,#he#sprinkled#the#rest#of#the#blood#on#them#and#said,#“This#is#the#blood#of#the#covenant#that#the#Lord#has#made#with#you#in#accordance#with#all#these#words”#(24:8).#Sprinkling#blood#on#both#the#altar#and#the#people#bound#God#and#the#Israelites#together#in#covenant#relationship.#In#the#cultic#sacrifices#of#Israel,#blood#stood#for#death#and#depending#on#the#context,#might#also#stand#for#judgment,#sacrifice,#substitution,#or#redemption.#Life#with#God#was#made#possible#by#blood.In#the#NT,#apart#from#medical#references#(e.g.,#Mt#9:20)#and#references#to#murder#(e.g.,#Acts#22:20),#the#primary#reference#is#to#the#blood#of#Christ,#an#allusion#to#the#OT#motifs.#The#synoptic#Gospels#show#that#at#the#Last#Supper#Jesus#spoke#of#his#blood#with#reference#to#a#new#covenant#(Mt#26:28;#Mk#14:24;#Lk#22:20).#The#language#surrounding#those#sayings#reveals#the#sacrificial#motif;#Jesus#was#speaking#of#his#death#and#its#redemptive#significance.#The#Fourth#Gospel#expresses#the#same#theology#in#different#terms#and#in#a#different#context:#“Unless#you#eat#the#flesh#of#the#Son#of#man#and#drink#his#blood,#you#have#no#life#in#you;#he#who#eats#my#flesh#and#drinks#my#blood#has#eternal#life,#and#I#will#raise#him#up#at#the#last#day#…#.#He#who#eats#my#flesh#and#drinks#my#blood#abides#in#me,#and#I#in#him”#(Jn#6:53,#54,#56).#The#believer#is#said#to#participate#by#faith#in#the#death#and#resurrection#of#the#Lord#(see#also#1#Cor#10:16).The#apostle#Paul’s#letters#likewise#associate#blood#with#Christ’s#death,#so#much#so#that#the#word#becomes—like#the#term#“cross”—synonymous#with#the#death#of#Christ#in#its#saving#significance:#“making#peace#by#the#blood#of#his#cross”#(Col#1:20);#and#in#a#passage#on#reconciliation:#“now#in#Christ#Jesus#you#who#once#were#far#off#have#been#brought#near#in#the#blood#of#Christ#…#thereby#



bringing#the#hostility#to#an#end”#(Eph#2:13,#16).#“Blood”#and#“cross”#both#stand#for#the#death#of#Jesus#in#reconciling#Jew#and#Gentile#to#God#and#in#the#creation#of#a#new#humanity.#Paul#evidently#had#in#mind#the#sacrifice#of#the#Day#of#Atonement#when#he#said#that#God#purposed#that#Christ#be#an#atoning#sacrifice#by#his#blood#(Rom#3:25).#His#vocabulary#(from#Lv#16)#focused#on#the#most#important#sacrifice#of#Jewish#tradition.Peter#made#reference#to#the#blood#of#the#covenant#(Ex#24)#when#he#described#Christian#exiles#as#having#been#sprinkled#with#the#blood#of#Christ#(1#Pt#1:2).#He#reminded#his#readers#that#they#had#been#redeemed#by#that#blood#(v#19).#In#linking#Christ#to#“a#lamb#without#blemish#or#spot,”#he#may#have#had#in#mind#either#the#servant#of#Isaiah#53#or#the#Passover#Lamb,#both#of#which#had#redemptive#significance#in#his#readers’#minds.Finally,#to#the#writer#of#Hebrews#the#whole#OT#system#of#sacrifices#found#its#ultimate#fulfillment#in#the#blood#of#Christ,#that#is,#in#his#sacrificial#death#(Heb#9:7–28;#13:11,#12).Thus,#NT#references#to#the#blood#of#Christ#point#to#the#culminating#and#comprehensive#redemption#achieved#by#God#in#the#death#of#his#Son#(Heb#10:20).#Both#justice#and#justification#were#thus#achieved#(Rom#3:26).#The#blood#of#Christ#is#therefore#called#the#“once#for#all”#means#of#redemption#(Heb#9:26).

R<C8@6$W.$Lg<4See#A6<48h846;$O\\8@:4=?$345$S3W@:\:W8?.Bibliography.#L.#Morris,#“The#Biblical#Use#of#the#Term#‘Blood,’#”#Journal9of9Theological9Studies,#vol#3#(1952)#pp#216–27;#A.M.#Stibbs,#The9Meaning9of9the9Word9“Blood”9in9Scripture;#V.#Taylor,#Jesus9and9His9Sacrifice;#H.C.#Trumbull,#The9Blood9Covenant.

Elwell,%W.%A.,%&%Beitzel,%B.%J.%(1988).%Baker'encyclopedia'of'the'Bible%(366–367).%Grand%Rapids,%MI:%Baker%Book%House.Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

MHCWB:CUOV:%Judges#8:18–21Gideon#dispatched#them#quickly,#and#seized#the#ornaments9that9were9on9their9camels’9necks,9ornaments9like9the9moon,#so#it#is#in#the#margin,#either#badges#of#their#royalty#or#perhaps#of#their#idolatry,#



for#Ashteroth#was#represented#by#the#moon,#as#Baal#by#the#sun.

Henry,%M.%(1994).%Matthew'Henry’s'commentary'on'the'whole'Bible:'Complete'and'unabridged'in'one'volume%(Jz%8.18–21).%Peabody:%Hendrickson.Tags:%Jz%8.18–21Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

WPNT:%Acts#2:20Acts92:20Shall%be%turned#(μεταστραφησεται#[metastraphēsetai]).#Second#future#passive#of#μεταστρεφω#[metastrephō],#common#verb,#but#only#three#times#in#the#N.T.#(Acts#2:20#from#Joel;#James#4:9;#Gal.#1:7).#These#are#the#“wonders”#or#portents#of#verse#19.#It#is#worth#noting#that#Peter#interprets#these#“portents”#as#fulfilled#on#the#Day#of#Pentecost,#though#no#such#change#of#the#sun#into#darkness#or#of#the#moon#into#blood#is#recorded.#Clearly#Peter#does#not#interpret#the#symbolism#of#Joel#in#literal#terms.#This#method#of#Peter#may#be#of#some#service#in#the#Book#of#Revelation#where#so#many#apocalyptic#symbols#occur#as#well#as#in#the#great#Eschatological#Discourse#of#Jesus#in#Matt.#24#and#25.#In#Matt.#24:6,#29#Jesus#had#spoken#of#wars#on#earth#and#wonders#in#heaven.#Before%the%day%of%the%Lord%come,%that%great%and%notable%day#(πριν#ἐλθειν#ἡμεραν#κυριου#την#μεγαλην#και#ἐπιφανη#[prin9elthein9hēmeran9kuriou9tēn9megalēn9kai9epiphanē]).#The#use#of#πριν#[prin]#with#the#infinitive#and#the#accusative#of#general#reference#is#a#regular#Greek#idiom.#The#use#of#the#adjectives#with#the#article#is#also#good#Greek,#though#the#article#is#not#here#repeated#as#in#1:25.#The#Day#of#the#Lord#is#a#definite#conception#without#the#article.#Notable#(ἐπιφανη#[epiphanē])#is#the#same#root#as#epiphany#(ἐπιφανεια#[epiphaneia])#used#of#the#Second#Coming#of#Christ#(II#Thess.#2:8;#I#Tim.#6:14;#II#Tim.#4:1;#Tit.#2:13).#It#translates#here#the#Hebrew#word#for#“terrible.”#In#the#Epistles#the#Day#of#the#Lord#is#applied#(Knowling)#to#the#Coming#of#Christ#for#judgment#(I#Thess.#5:2;#I#Cor.#1:8;#II#Cor.#1:14;#Phil.#1:10).

Robertson,%A.%(1933).%Word'Pictures'in'the'New'Testament%(At%2.20).%



Nashville,%TN:%Broadman%Press.

Tags:%At%2.20Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

WPNT:%Revelation#6:12

Revelation96:12There%was%a%great%earthquake#(σεισμος#μεγας#ἐγενετο#[seismos9megas9egeneto]).#“There#came#a#great#earthquake.”#Jesus#spoke#of#

earthquakes#in#his#great#eschatological#discourse#(Mark#13:8).#In#

Matt.#24:29#the#powers#of#the#heavens#will#be#shaken.#Σεισμος#

[Seismos]#is#from#σειω#[seiō],#to#shake,#and#occurs#also#in#Rev.#8:5;#11:13,#19;#16:18.#The#reference#is#not#a#local#earthquake#like#those#

so#common#in#Asia#Minor.#As%sackcloth%of%hair#(ὡς#σακκος#

τριχινος#[hōs9sakkos9trichinos]).#Σακκος#[Sakkos]#(Attic#σακος#[sakos]),#Latin#saccus,#English#sack,#originally#a#bag#for#holding#things#(Gen.#42:25,#35),#then#coarse#garment#of#hair#(τριχινος#

[trichinos],#old#word#from#θριξ#[thrix],#here#only#in#N.T.)#clinging#to#

one#like#a#sack,#of#mourners,#suppliants,#prophets#leading#austere#

lives#(Matt.#3:4;#11:21;#Luke#10:13).#Here#the#hair#is#that#of#the#black#

goat#(Is.#50:3).#Cf.#Joel#2:10;#Ezek.#32:7f.;#Is.#13:10;#Mark#13:24f.#See#

Eccl.#12:2#for#eclipses#treated#as#symbols#of#old#age.#Apocalyptic#

pictures#all#have#celestial#phenomena#following#earthquakes.#As%blood#(ὡς#αἱμα#[hōs9haima]).#In#Acts#2:20#we#find#Peter#

interpreting#the#apocalyptic#eschatological#language#of#Joel#2:31#

about#the#sun#being#turned#into#darkness#and#the#moon#into#blood#

as#pointing#to#the#events#of#the#day#of#Pentecost#as#also#“the#great#

day#of#the#Lord.”#Peter’s#interpretation#of#Joel#should#make#us#

cautious#about#too#literal#an#exegesis#of#these#grand#symbols.

Robertson,%A.%(1933).%Word'Pictures'in'the'New'Testament%(Ap%6.12).%Nashville,%TN:%Broadman%Press.

Tags:%Ap%6.12Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

Joel%(Lange’s):%Exegetical

Ver.#30.#I%will%show%wonders.#What#shall#be#the#form#of#these#

phenomena#of#nature?#It#is#idle#to#try#to#answer#the#question.#They#



are#evidently#such#as#had#never#before#been#seen,#though#they#may#somewhat#resemble#the#plagues#of#Egypt.#There#will#be#“blood”#and#“fire,”#and#“pillars#of#smoke.”#The#color#of#blood#appears#in#the#moon;#both#sun#and#moon#are#obscured;#and#there#are#signs#of#a#hiding#of#the#face#of#God#who#rules#in#heaven,#and#consequently#of#his#anger.#These#signs#will#be#of#a#nature#to#awaken#terror,#and#all#the#more,#as#the#day#approaches,#for#it#would#seem#from#vers.#28,#29,#30,#that#there#will#be#hardly#an#interval#between#the#sign#and#the#day.#Its#menacing#aspect#becomes#so#much#the#more#prominent#inasmuch#as#God#will#then#manifest%Himself,%not#merely#in#a#general#way,#but#as#bringing#on#a#special#crisis.#The#obscuration#of#the#stars#is#often#mentioned#in#connection#with#the#day#of#judgment#(Ezek.#32:7;#Am.#8:9;#Matt.#24:29;#Mark#13:24;#Luke#21:25).#Before%the%day%of%the%Lord%come.#Hence#these#appearances#are#signs#of#the#coming#of#this#day.#Its#actual#coming#and#its#importance#are#set#forth#in#ch.#3;#here#it#is#described#only#in#a#general#way.#Ver.#32#goes#on#to#state#that#for#Zion#it#will#bring#neither#judgment#nor#destruction.#Here#its#tempest#will#cease.#But#there#is,#at#the#same#time,#an#implied#exhortation#to#comply#with#the#condition#of#safety.

Lange,%J.%P.,%Schaff,%P.,%Schmoller,%O.,%&%Forsyth,%J.%(2008).%A'commentary'on'the'Holy'Scriptures:'Joel%(28).%Bellingham,%WA:%Logos%Bible%Software.Tags:%Jl%2.30Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

YLT:%Chapter#2¹⁹and#I#will#give#wonders#in#the#heaven#above,#and#signs#upon#the#earth#beneath—blood,#and#fire,#and#vapour#of#smoke,#²⁰the#sun#shall#be#turned#to#darkness,#and#the#moon#to#blood,#before#the#coming#of#the#day#of#the#Lord—the#great#and#illustrious;#²¹and#it#shall#be,#every#one—whoever#shall#call#upon#the#name#of#the#Lord,#he#shall#be#saved.

Young,%R.%(1997).%Young’s'Literal'Translation%(At%2.19–21).%Bellingham,%WA:%Logos%Bible%Software.



Tags:%At%2.19–21Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

DBI:%BloodBloodThe$appearance$of$blood$is$never$a$good$sign.$While$blood$is$natural,$the$sight$of$it$is$not.$To$the$ancients$its$red$color,$along$with$its$mystical$connection$with$life$and$death,$made$it$a$powerful$and$ominous$symbol$of$violence$and$wrong,$guilt$and$coming$punishment.$Only$in$the$framework$of$sacrifice$could$blood$portend$good$news.Blood%as%Human%Life.#Blood,#often#in#the#pair#“flesh#and#blood,”#stands#for#humanity#(Jn#1:13;#Gal#1:16;#1#Cor#15:50).#Without#blood#humans#return#to#dust.#The#dust#of#a#decaying#corpse#and#the#absence#of#blood#are#signs#of#our#perishable,#corruptible#nature#(1#Cor#15:49).#The#pair#“blood#and#water”#carries#similar#symbolism#(Jn#19:34;#1#Jn#5:6).#Blood#is#so#much#a#sign#of#human#mortality#that#the#disciples#(and#we#with#them)#struggle#to#fathom#that#the#resurrected#Christ#still#has#flesh#and#bones#(Lk#24:39).Blood%as%Death.#Because#the#life#is#in#the#blood#(Lev#17:11,#see#below),#the#mention#of#blood#connotes#life#imperiled#(2#Sam#23:17;#1#Chron#11:19),#life#passing#out#of#the#body.#Since#the#blood#contains#the#lifegbreath#(neeš)#of#God,#the#spirit#returns#to#God#who#gave#it#(Eccles#12:7)#and#reports#to#the#Creator#each#case#of#bloodshed#(Gen#4:10).#Job#pleads,#“O#earth,#cover#not#my#blood#and#let#my#cry#find#no#resting#place”#(Job#16:18#RSV).#The#mere#mention#of#blood#points#to#the#stark#fact#of#death#without#drawing#attention#to#the#manner.#Blood#marks#death#by#unnamed#violence#(Ezek#5:17;#Hab#2:17),#child#sacrifice#(Ezek#23:37,#45),#envy#and#jealousy#(Ezek#16:38),#covetous#murder#(1#Kings#21:19;#2#Kings#9:26),#even#suicide#(Mt#27:8;#Acts#1:18–19).#As#if#it#were#the#firstfruits#of#death,#the#blood#ebbs#away#into#the#ground#before#the#body#decays#into#dust#(Is#63:6).Blood%as%Guilt.#Blood#as#guilt#stems#from#blood#as#a#sign#of#death#due#to#violence.#In#many#passages#the#mere#mention#of#blood#assigns#guilt.#Biblical#authors#use#phrases#such#as#“the#blood#of#



Jezreel”#(Hos#1:4),#“city#tracked#with#blood”#(Hos#6:8#RSV),#“hands#full#of#blood”#(Is#1:15).#The#psalmist#fears#“men#of#blood”#(Ps#139:19#RSV).#Furthermore,#the#blood#of#the#slain#not#only#cries#out#to#God#but#pursues#the#murderer#(Ezek#35:6).#Shed#blood#weighed#like#a#burden#to#be#carried#until#death#(Prov#28:17).#Cain#objects#that#his#punishment#(or#guilt)#is#too#great#to#bear#(Gen#4:13).#The#blood#and#the#attendant#guilt#are#pictured#as#resting#on#the#hands#and#head#(Mt#27:24–25,#see#Hands,#Washing#of).#Deeds#of#blood#awaited#repayment#(2#Sam#16:8).Blood%as%Impurity.#While#blood#inside#the#body#could#be#ignored,#outside#the#body#it#could#not.#Just#as#blood#flowed#from#torn#bodies,#it#likewise#symbolized#a#rupture#in#the#fabric#of#life.#Blood,#whether#due#to#violence#or#other#ills,#destroyed#the#cleanness#of#creation.#Animal#blood#was#handled#according#to#strict#ritual.#It#was#not#to#be#left#on#the#ground#uncovered#by#dust#(Lev#17:13).#Human#blood#had#even#more#power#to#defile#(Ps#106:38;#Is#59:3;#Lam#4:14).#Even#the#predictable#bleeding#of#women#required#strict#purity#laws#(Lev#12).#Chronic#conditions#left#sufferers#virtually#ostracized#(Lk#8:43).#Wanting#to#contrast#God’s#righteousness#with#human#attempts#at#purity,#Isaiah#can#find#no#image#more#abhorrent#than#comparing#all#our#righteous#deeds#to#menstrual#rags#(Is#64:6).Blood%as%Omen.#The#vivid#red#color#of#fresh#blood#still#strikes#the#viewer#with#almost#unnatural#force.#Other#elements#whose#color#change#unnaturally#to#red#were#said#to#have#become#blood.#Just#as#human#blood#is#proof#of#torn#flesh,#so#the#appearance#of#cosmic#blood#points#to#a#hemorrhaging#universe#and#causes#wide#spread#fear.#As#an#omen#for#Egypt#the#Nile#river#changed#to#blood#(Ex#4:9;#7:17).#A#sunrise#turns#the#water#bloodgred#against#Moab#(2#Kings#3:22).#The#Apocalypse#borrows#the#image#of#water#turning#to#blood#(Rev#9:8;#16:4).#Joel#warns#of#portentsgblood#in#the#sky#and#the#moon#turned#to#blood#(Joel#2:30–31).#Peter#cites#these#signs#of#the#Day#of#the#Lord#(Acts#2:19),#and#they#figure#again#in#John’s#vision#(Rev#6:12).Blood%as%Sacrifice%and%Propitiation.%The#shedding#of#human#blood#in#the#OT#is#treated#as#a#capital#offense:#“Whoever#sheds#the#



blood#of#a#human,#by#a#human#shall#that#person’s#blood#be#shed”#(Gen#9:6#NRSV).#The#shedding#of#animal#blood#is#allowed#in#OT#law,#but#only#through#ritual#slaughter.#This#blood#is#treated#with#great#respect.#It#may#not#be#consumed#(Lev#17:10),#and#it#plays#an#essential#element#in#the#sacrificial#cult.#The#blood#of#the#animal#is#not#only#shed,#but#it#is#also#brought#into#contact#with#the#holy#that#is#symbolized,#for#example,#by#the#altar#or#the#mercy#seat#in#the#Holy#of#Holies#(see#Temple).The#ritual#release#of#blood#is#seen#as#the#release#of#the#individual’s#life,#his#nep̄eš#(Ex#12:23;#Heb#11:28).#Leviticus#summarizes#the#crucial#idea:#“For#the#life#[nep̄eš]#of#the#flesh#is#in#the#blood;#and#I#[God]#have#given#it#to#you#for#making#atonement#for#your#lives#[plural#of#nep̄eš]#on#the#altar;#for#the#blood#atones#through#the#life#[nep̄eš]”#(Lev#17:11#NRSV).#The#nep̄eš#of#the#one#making#the#offering#is#identified#with#the#nep̄eš#of#the#sacrificial#animal.#The#shedding#of#blood#symbolizes#the#surrender#of#life.#Furthermore,#it#is#a#surrender#of#life#to#the#holy#as#seen,#for#example,#in#the#sprinkling#of#blood#on#the#mercy#seat#on#the#Day#of#Atonement#(Lev#16:15).This#OT#backdrop#is#the#proper#setting#for#understanding#certain#verses#in#the#NT#about#the#blood#of#Christ.#In#Romans#3:25#the#blood#of#Christ#is#not#the#blood#of#a#martyr#but#blood#of#his#sacrifice#for#sins.#God#publicly#set#forth#Christ#as#a#mercy#seat.#The#presence#of#God#and#the#place#of#the#atonement#are#to#be#found#in#Golgotha,#not#behind#the#veil#in#the#Holy#of#Holies.#Christ’s#blood#atones#for#our#sins#and#achieves#our#justification#(Rom#5:9;#see#Legal#Images).#The#letter#to#the#Hebrews#further#develops#the#significance#of#sacrificial#blood.#The#blood#of#bulls#and#goats#effects#a#purification#of#the#flesh,#but#the#blood#of#Jesus#does#much#more:#it#purifies#our#consciences#from#dead#works#to#worship#the#living#God#(Heb#9:13–14;#10:4;#cf.#4#Macc#6:29).At#the#Last#Supper,#Jesus#equated#his#blood#with#the#new#covenant.#Taking#a#cup#of#wine,#Jesus#said:#“This#is#my#blood#of#the#covenant,#which#is#poured#out#for#many”#(Mk#14:24#NRSV).#This#may#be#compared#to#Exodus#24:3–8,#where#Moses,#taking#the#blood#of#oxen,#threw#half#of#it#against#the#altar#and#half#over#the#



people#of#Israel.#In#both#cases,#blood#seals#a#covenant#(Heb#9:18;#cf.#Zech#9:11#and#Gen#15:9–18,#where#animals#were#killed#to#seal#Abraham’s#covenant#with#God).John#expresses#Christ’s#divinity#in#blood#imagery.#Christ’s#blood#contained#life#from#God#in#a#way#that#normal#human#blood#did#not.#To#experience#eternal#life,#the#believer#must#drink#his#blood#(Jn#6:53–54).#When#his#disciples#struggled#to#understand,#he#explained#that#“the#spirit#gives#life,#the#flesh#is#of#no#avail”#(Jn#6:63#RSV).As#the#early#Christians#came#to#grasp#that#atonement#is#reached#through#the#blood#of#Christ#and#not#through#the#blood#of#bulls#and#goats#(Heb#10:4),#some#saw,#probably#on#the#basis#of#Leviticus#17:10–11,#that#the#law#forbidding#the#consumption#of#animal#blood#was#no#longer#binding.Blood%as%Wine.#In#the#OT#wine#is#the#“blood#of#grapes”#treaded#out#(Gen#49:11).#The#prophet#envisions#God’s#triumphant#army#treading#down#their#foes#and#drinking#their#blood#like#wine#(Zech#9:15).#Violent#oppressors#will#be#drunk#with#their#own#blood#as#with#wine.#By#using#this#familiar#imagery#equating#blood#with#wine,#Christ#empowers#the#symbolism#of#the#old#covenant#to#serve#also#the#new#covenant.#The#history#of#redemption#comes#full#circle#in#the#Eucharist.#When#the#NT#replaces#the#blood#of#sacrifice#with#wine,#the#offering#of#the#fruit#of#the#ground,#which#had#been#ineffective#and#unacceptable#(Gen#4:3–4),#now#becomes#a#remembrance#(Lk#22:19)#that#the#sacrifice#has#been#made#once#for#all#(Heb#10:10).See9also#D8367;#G]:;6;#P]@:6g;#S3W@:\:W8;#W:48.

Ryken,%L.,%Wilhoit,%J.,%Longman,%T.,%Duriez,%C.,%Penney,%D.,%&%Reid,%D.%G.%(2000).%Dictionary'of'biblical'imagery%(electronic%ed.)%(99–101).%Downers%Grove,%IL:%InterVarsity%Press.Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

NPNF2.9:%Chapter#VII

Chapter#VIIConcerning9light,9fire,9the9luminaries,9sun,9moon9and9stars.



Fire#is#one#of#the#four#elements,#light#and#with#a#greater#tendency#to#ascend#than#the#others.#It#has#the#power#of#burning#and#also#of#giving#light,#and#it#was#made#by#the#Creator#on#the#first#day.#For#the#divine#Scripture#says,9And9God9said,9Let9there9be9light,9and9there9was9light²².#Fire#is#not#a#different#thing#from#what#light#is,#as#some#maintain.#Others#again#hold#that#this#fire#of#the#universe#is#above#the#air²³#and#call#it#ether.#In#the#beginning,#then,#that#is#to#say#on#the#first#day,#God#created#light,#the#ornament#and#glory#of#the#whole#visible#creation.#For#take#away#light#and#all#things#remain#in#undistinguishable#darkness,#incapable#of#displaying#their#native#beauty.9And9God9called9the9light9day,9but9the9darkness9He9called9night¹.#Further,#darkness#is#not#any#essence,#but#an#accident:#for#it#is#simply#absence#of#light.#The#air,#indeed,#has#not#light#in#its#essence².#It#was,#then,#this#very#absence#of#light#from#the#air#that#God#called#darkness:#and#it#is#not#the#essence#of#air#that#is#darkness,#but#the#absence#of#light#which#clearly#is#rather#an#accident#than#an#essence.#And,#indeed,#it#was#not#night,#but#day,#that#was#first#named,#so#that#day#is#first#and#after#that#comes9night.#Night,#therefore,#follows#day.#And#from#the#beginning#of#day#till#the#next#day#is#one#complete#period#of#day#and#night.#For#the#Scripture#says,9And9the9evening9and9the9morning9were9one9day³.When,#therefore,#in#the#first#three#days#the#light#was#poured#forth#and#reduced#at#the#divine#command,#both#day#and#night#came#to#pass⁴.#But#on#the#fourth#day#God#created#the#great#luminary,#that#is,#the#sun,#to#have#rule#and#authority⁵#over#the#day:#for#it#is#by#it#that#day#is#made:#for#it#is#day#when#the#sun#is#above#the#earth,#and#the#duration#of#a#day#is#the#course#of#the#sun#over#the#earth#from#its#rising#till#its#setting.#And#He#also#created#the#lesser#luminaries,#that#is,#the#moon#and#the#stars,#to#have#rule#and#authority⁶#over#the#night,#and#to#give#light#by#night.#For#it#is#night#when#the#sun#is#under#the#earth,#and#the#duration#of#night#is#the#course#of#the#sun#under#the#earth#from#its#rising#till#its#setting.#The#moon,#then,#and#the#stars#were#set#to#lighten#the#night:#not#that#they#are#in#the#daytime#under#the#earth,#for#even#by#day#stars#are#in#the#heaven#over#the#earth:#but#the#sun#conceals#both#the#stars#and#the#moon#by#the#greater#brilliance#of#its#light#and#prevents#them#from#being#



seen.On#these#luminaries#the#Creator#bestowed#the#firstgcreated#light:#not#because#He#was#in#need#of#other#light,#but#that#that#light#might#not#remain#idle.#For#a#luminary#is#not#merely#light,#but#a#vessel#for#containing#light⁷.There#are,#we#are#told,#seven#planets#amongst#these#luminaries,#and#these#move#in#a#direction#opposite#to#that#of#the#heaven:#hence#the#name#planets.#For,#while#they#say#that#the#heaven#moves#from#east#to#west,#the#planets#move#from#west#to#east;#but#the#heaven#bears#the#seven#planets#along#with#it#by#its#swifter#motion.#Now#these#are#the#names#of#the#seven#planets:#Luna,#Mercury,#Venus,#Sol,#Mars,#Jupiter,#Saturn,#and#in#each#zone#of#heaven#is,#we#are#told,#one#of#these#seven#planets:

In#the#first#and#highest

Saturn

In#the#second Jupiter ♃

In#the#third Mars ♂

In#the#fourth Sol ☌

In#the#fifth Venus ♀

In#the#sixth Mercury ☿

In#the#seventh#and#lowest

Luna ☾

The#course#which#the#Creator⁸#appointed#for#them#to#run#is#unceasing#and#remaineth#fixed#as#He#established#them.#For#the#divine#David#says,#The9moon9and9the9stars9which9Thou9establishedst⁹,#and#by#the#word#‘establishedst,’#he#referred#to#the#fixity#and#unchangeableness#of#the#order#and#series#granted#to#them#by#God.#For#He#appointed#them#for#seasons,#and#signs,#and#days#and#years.#It#is#through#the#Sun#that#the#four#seasons#are#brought#about.#And#the#first#of#these#is#spring:#for#in#it#God#created#all#things¹⁰,#and#even#down#to#the#present#time#its#presence#is#evidenced#by#the#bursting#of#the#flowers#into#bud,#and#this#is#the#equinoctial#period,#since#day#and#night#each#consist#of#twelve#hours.#It#is#caused#by#the#



sun#rising#in#the#middle,#and#is#mild#and#increases#the#blood,#and#is#warm#and#moist,#and#holds#a#position#midway#between#winter#and#summer,#being#warmer#and#drier#than#winter,#but#colder#and#moister#than#summer.#This#season#lasts#from#March#21st#till#June#24th.#Next,#when#the#rising#of#the#sun#moves#towards#more#northerly#parts,#the#season#of#summer#succeeds,#which#has#a#place#midway#between#spring#and#autumn,#combining#the#warmth#of#spring#with#the#dryness#of#autumn:#for#it#is#dry#and#warm,#and#increases#the#yellow#bile.#In#it#falls#the#longest#day,#which#has#fifteen#hours,#and#the#shortest#night#of#all,#having#only#nine#hours.#This#season#lasts#from#June#24th#till#September#25th.#Then#when#the#sun#again#returns#to#the#middle,#autumn#takes#the#place#of#summer.#It#has#a#medium#amount#of#cold#and#heat,#dryness#and#moisture,#and#holds#a#place#midway#between#summer#and#winter,#combining#the#dryness#of#summer#with#the#cold#of#winter.#For#it#is#cold#and#dry,#and#increases#the#black#bile.#This#season,#again,#is#equinoctial,#both#day#and#night#consisting#of#twelve#hours,#and#it#lasts#from#September#25th#till#December#25th.#And#when#the#rising#of#the#sun#sinks#to#its#smallest#and#lowest#point,#i.e.#the#south,#winter#is#reached,#with#its#cold#and#moisture.#It#occupies#a#place#midway#between#autumn#and#spring,#combining#the#cold#of#autumn#and#the#moisture#of#spring.#In#it#falls#the#shortest#day,#which#has#only#nine#hours,#and#the#longest#night,#which#has#fifteen:#and#it#lasts#from#December#25th#till#March#21st.#For#the#Creator#made#this#wise#provision#that#we#should#not#pass#from#the#extreme#of#cold,#or#heat,#or#dryness,#or#moisture,#to#the#opposite#extreme,#and#thus#incur#grievous#maladies.#For#reason#itself#teaches#us#the#danger#of#sudden#changes.So,#then,#it#is#the#sun#that#makes#the#seasons,#and#through#them#the#year:#it#likewise#makes#the#days#and#nights,#the#days#when#it#rises#and#is#above#the#earth,#and#the#nights#when#it#sets#below#the#earth:#and#it#bestows#on#the#other#luminaries,#both#moon#and#stars,#their#power#of#giving#forth#light.Further,#they#say#that#there#are#in#the#heaven#twelve#signs#made#by#the#stars,#and#that#these#move#in#an#opposite#direction#to#the#sun#and#moon,#and#the#other#five#planets,#and#that#the#seven#



planets#pass#across#these#twelve#signs.#Further,#the#sun#makes#a#complete#month#in#each#sign#and#traverses#the#twelve#signs#in#the#same#number#of#months.#These,#then,#are#the#names#of#the#twelve#signs#and#their#respective#months:—The%Ram,%which%receives%the%sun%on%the%21st%of%March.

The%Bull, on%the%23rd%of%April.

The%Twins, on%the%24th%of%May.

The%Crab, on%the%24th%of%June.

The%Virgin, on%the%25th%of%July.

The%Scales, on%the%25th%of%September.

The%Scorpion, on%the%25th%of%October.

The%Archer, on%the%25th%of%November.

Capricorn, on%the%25th%of%December.

Aquarius, on%the%25th%of%January.

The%Fish, on%the%24th%of%February.

But#the#moon#traverses#the#twelve#signs#each#month,#since#it#occupies#a#lower#position#and#travels#through#the#signs#at#a#quicker#rate.#For#if#you#draw#one#circle#within#another,#the#inner#one#will#be#found#to#be#the#lesser:#and#so#it#is#that#owing#to#the#moon#occupying#a#lower#position#its#course#is#shorter#and#is#sooner#completedNow#the#Greeks#declare#that#all#our#affairs#are#controlled#by#the#rising#and#setting#and#collision¹#of#these#stars,#viz.,#the#sun#and#moon:#for#it#is#with#these#matters#that#astrology#has#to#do.#But#we#hold#that#we#get#from#them#signs#of#rain#and#drought,#cold#and#heat,#moisture#and#dryness,#and#of#the#various#winds,#and#so#forth²,#but#no#sign#whatever#as#to#our#actions.#For#we#have#been#created#with#free#wills#by#our#Creator#and#are#masters#over#our#own#actions.#Indeed,#if#all#our#actions#depend#on#the#courses#of#the#stars,#all#we#do#is#done#of#necessity³:#and#necessity#precludes#either#virtue#or#vice.#But#if#we#possess#neither#virtue#nor#vice,#we#do#not#deserve#praise#or#punishment,#and#God,#too,#will#turn#out#to#be#unjust,#since#



He#gives#good#things#to#some#and#afflicts#others.#Nay,#He#will#no#longer#continue#to#guide#or#provide#for#His#own#creatures,#if#all#things#are#carried#and#swept#along#in#the#grip#of#necessity.#And#the#faculty#of#reason#will#be#superfluous#to#us:#for#if#we#are#not#masters#of#any#of#our#actions,#deliberation#is#quite#superfluous.#Reason,#indeed,#is#granted#to#us#solely#that#we#might#take#counsel,#and#hence#all#reason#implies#freedom#of#will.And,#therefore,#we#hold#that#the#stars#are#not#the#causes#of#the#things#that#occur,#nor#of#the#origin#of#things#that#come#to#pass,#nor#of#the#destruction#of#those#things#that#perish.#They#are#rather#signs#of#showers#and#changes#of#air.#But,#perhaps,#some#one#may#say#that#though#they#are#not#the#causes#of#wars,#yet#they#are#signs#of#them.#And,#in#truth,#the#quality#of#the#air#which#is#produced⁴#by#sun,#and#moon,#and#stars,#produces#in#various#ways#different#temperaments,#and#habits,#and#dispositions⁵.#But#the#habits#are#amongst#the#things#that#we#have#in#our#own#hands,#for#it#is#reason#that#rules,#and#directs,#and#changes#them.It#often#happens,#also,#that#comets#arise.#These#are#signs#of#the#death#of#kings⁶,#and#they#are#not#any#of#the#stars#that#were#made#in#the#beginning,#but#are#formed#at#the#same#time#by#divine#command#and#again#dissolved⁷.#And#so#not#even#that#star#which#the#Magi#saw#at#the#birth#of#the#Friend#and#Saviour#of#man,#our#Lord,#Who#became#flesh#for#our#sake,#is#of#the#number#of#those#that#were#made#in#the#beginning.#And#this#is#evidently#the#case#because#sometimes#its#course#was#from#east#to#west,#and#sometimes#from#north#to#south;#at#one#moment#it#was#hidden,#and#at#the#next#it#was#revealed:#which#is#quite#out#of#harmony#with#the#order#and#nature#of#the#stars.It#must#be#understood,#then,#that#the#moon#derives#its#light#from#the#sun;#not#that#God#was#unable#to#grant#it#light#of#its#own,#but#in#order#that#rhythm#and#order#may#be#imimpressed#upon#nature,#one#part#ruling,#the#other#being#ruled,#and#that#we#might#thus#be#taught#to#live#in#community#and#to#share#our#possessions#with#one#another,#and#to#be#under#subjection,#first#to#our#Maker#and#Creator,#our#God#and#Master,#and#then#also#to#the#rulers#set#in#authority#over#us#by#Him:#and#not#to#question#why#this#man#is#ruler#



and#not#I#myself,#but#to#welcome#all#that#comes#from#God#in#a#gracious#and#reasonable#spirit.The#sun#and#the#moon,#moreover,#suffer#eclipse,#and#this#demonstrates#the#folly#of#those#who#worship#the#creature#in#place#of#the#Creator¹,#and#teaches#us#how#changeable#and#alterable#all#things#are#For#all#things#are#changeable#save#God,#and#whatever#is#changeable#is#liable#to#corruption#in#accordance#with#the#laws#of#its#own#nature.Now#the#cause#of#the#eclipse#of#the#sun#is#that#the#body#of#the#moon#is#interposed#like#a#partitiongwall#and#casts#a#shadow,#and#prevents#the#light#from#being#shed#down#on#us²:#and#the#extent#of#the#eclipse#is#proportional#to#the#size#of#the#moon’s#body#that#is#found#to#conceal#the#sun.#But#do#not#marvel#that#the#moon’s#body#is#the#smaller.#For#many#declare#that#the#sun#is#many#times#larger#even#than#the#earth,#and#the#holy#Fathers#say#that#it#is#equal#to#the#earth:#yet#often#a#small#cloud,#or#even#a#small#hill#or#a#wall#quite#conceals#it.The#eclipse#of#the#moon,#on#the#other#hand,#is#due#to#the#shadow#the#earth#casts#on#it#when#it#is#a#fifteen#days’#moon#and#the#sun#and#moon#happen#to#be#at#the#opposite#poles#of#the#highest#circle,#the#sun#being#under#the#earth#and#the#moon#above#the#earth.#For#the#earth#casts#a#shadow#and#the#sun’s#light#is#prevented#from#illuminating#the#moon,#and#therefore#it#is#then#eclipsed.It#should#be#understood#that#the#moon#was#made#full#by#the#Creator,#that#is,#a#fifteen#days’#moon:#for#it#was#fitting#that#it#should#be#made#complete³.#But#on#the#fourth#day,#as#we#said,#the#sun#was#created.#Therefore#the#moon#was#eleven#days#in#advance#of#the#sun,#because#from#the#fourth#to#the#fifteenth#day#there#are#eleven#days.#Hence#it#happens#that#in#each#year#the#twelve#months#of#the#moon#contain#eleven#days#fewer#than#the#twelve#months#of#the#sun.#For#the#twelve#months#of#the#sun#contain#three#hundred#and#sixtygfive#and#a#quarter#days,#and#so#because#the#quarter#becomes#a#whole,#in#four#years#an#extra#day#is#completed,#which#is#called#bissextile.#And#that#year#has#three#hundred#and#sixtygsix#days.#The#years#of#the#moon,#on#the#other#hand,#have#three#hundred#and#fiftygfour#days.#For#the#moon#wanes#from#the#time#of#



its#origin,#or#renewal,#till#it#is#fourteen#and#threegquarter#days’#old,#and#proceeds#to#wane#till#the#twentygninth#and#a#half#day,#when#it#is#completely#void#of#light#And#then#when#it#is#once#more#connected#with#the#sun#it#is#reproduced#and#renewed,#a#memorial#of#our#resurrection.#Thus#in#each#year#the#moon#gives#away#eleven#days#to#the#sun,#and#so#in#three#years#the#intercalary#month#of#the#Hebrews#arises,#and#that#year#comes#to#consist#of#thirteen#months,#owing#to#the#addition#of#these#eleven#days⁴.It#is#evident#that#both#sun#and#moon#and#stars#are#compound#and#liable#to#corruption#according#to#the#laws#of#their#various#natures.#But#of#their#nature#we#are#ignorant.#Some,#indeed,#say#that#fire#when#deprived#of#matter#is#invisible,#and#thus,#that#when#it#is#quenched#it#vanishes#altogether.#Others,#again,#say#that#when#it#is#quenched#it#is#transformed#into#air⁵.The#circle#of#the#zodiac#has#an#oblique#motion#and#is#divided#into#twelve#sections#called#zodia,#or#signs:#each#sign#has#three#divisions#of#ten#each,#i.e.#thirty#divisions,#and#each#division#has#sixty#very#minute#subdivisions.#The#heaven,#therefore,#has#three#hundred#and#sixtygfive#degrees:#the#hemisphere#above#the#earth#and#that#below#the#earth#each#having#one#hundred#and#eighty#degrees.

The#abodes#of#the#planets.The#Ram#and#the#Scorpion#are#the#abode#of#Mars:#the#Bull#and#the#Scales,#of#Venus⁶:#the#Twins#and#the#Virgin,#of#Mercury:#the#Crab,#of#the#Moon:#the#Lion,#of#the#Sun:#the#Archer#and#the#Fish,#of#Jupiter:#Capricorn#and#Aquarius,#of#Saturn.

Their#altitudes.The#Ram#has#the#altitude#of#the#Sun:#the#Bull,#of#the#Moon:#the#Crab,#of#Jupiter:#the#Virgin,#of#Mars:#the#Scales,#of#Saturn:#Capricorn,#of#Mercury:#the#Fish,#of#Venus.

The#phases#of#the#moon.It#is#in#conjunction#whenever#it#is#in#the#same#degree#as#the#sun:#it#is#born#when#it#is#fifteen#degrees#distant#from#the#sun:#it#rises#when#it#is#crescentgshaped,#and#this#occurs#twice⁷,#at#which#times#it#is#sixty#degrees#distant#from#the#sun:#it#is#halfgfull#twice,#when#it#is#ninety#degrees#from#the#sun:#twice#it#is#gibbous,#when#it#is#one#hundred#and#twenty#degrees#from#the#sun:#it#is#twice#a#full#moon,#giving#full#



light,#when#it#is#a#hundred#and#fifty#degrees#from#the#sun:#it#is#a#complete#moon#when#it#is#a#hundred#and#eighty#degrees#distant#from#the#sun.#We#say#twice,#because#these#phases#occur#both#when#the#moon#waxes#and#when#it#wanes.#In#two#and#a#half#days#the#moon#traverses#each#sign.

John%Damascene.%(1899).%An%Exact%Exposition%of%the%Orthodox%Faith%S.%D.%F.%Salmond,%Trans.).%In%P.%Schaff%&%H.%Wace%(Eds.),%.%Vol.'9b:%A'Select'Library'of'the'Nicene'and'PostRNicene'Fathers'of'the'Christian'Church,'Second'Series,'Volume'IX:'St.'Hilary'of'Poitiers,'John'of'Damascus%(P.%Schaff%&%H.%Wace,%Ed.)%(22–26).%New%York:%Christian%Literature%Company.Tags:%Bibliographic%citation.%Title%=%An%Exact%Exposition%of%the%Orthodox%FaithClipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

HIBD:%FestivalsFESTIVALS#Regular#religious#celebrations#remembering#God’s#great#acts#of#salvation#in#the#history#of#His#people.#Traditionally#called#“feasts”#in#the#English#Bibles,#these#can#conveniently#be#categorized#according#to#frequency#of#celebration.#Many#of#them#were#timed#according#to#cycles#of#seven.#The#cycle#of#the#week#with#its#climax#on#the#seventh#day#provided#the#cyclical#basis#for#much#of#Israel’s#worship;#as#the#seventh#day#was#observed,#so#was#the#seventh#month#(which#contained#four#of#the#national#festivals),#and#the#seventh#year,#and#the#fiftieth#year#(the#year#of#Jubilee),#which#followed#seven#cycles#each#of#seven#years.#Not#only#were#the#festivals#as#a#whole#arranged#with#reference#to#the#cycle#of#the#week#(Sabbath),#two#of#them#(the#feast#of#unleavened#bread#and#the#feast#of#tabernacles)#lasted#for#seven#days#each.#Each#began#on#the#15th#of#the#month—at#the#end#of#two#cycles#of#weeks#and#when#the#moon#was#full.#Pentecost#also#was#celebrated#on#the#15th#of#the#month#and#began#50#days#after#the#presentation#of#the#firstfruits—the#day#following#seven#times#seven#weeks.Sabbath#The#seventh#day#of#each#week#was#listed#among#the#festivals#(Lev.#23:1–3).#It#functioned#as#a#reminder#of#the#Lord’s#rest#at#the#end#of#the#creation#week#(Gen.#2:3)#and#also#of#the#



deliverance#from#slavery#in#Egypt#(Deut.#5:12–25).#The#Sabbath#day#was#observed#by#strict#rest#from#work#from#sunset#until#sunset#(Exod.#20:8–11;#Neh.#13:15–22).#Each#person#was#to#remain#in#place#and#not#engage#in#travel#(Exod.#16:29;#Lev.#23:3).#Despite#such#restrictions#even#as#kindling#a#fire#(Exod.#35:3)#or#any#work#(Exod.#31:14;#35:2),#the#Sabbath#was#a#joyful#time#(Isa.#58:13–14).#See#Sabbath.New%Moon#This#festival#was#a#monthly#celebration#characterized#by#special#offerings,#great#in#quantity#and#quality#(Num.#28:11–15),#and#blowing#of#trumpets#(Num.#10:10;#Ps.#81:3).#According#to#Amos#8:5,#business#ceased.#The#festivals#of#the#new#moon#and#Sabbath#are#often#mentioned#together#in#the#OT#(Isa.#1:13;#66:23;#Ezek.#45:17;#46:1,#3).#This#festival#provided#the#occasion#for#King#Saul#to#stage#a#state#banquet#and#for#the#family#of#David#to#offer#a#special#annual#sacrifice#(1#Sam.#20:5,#6,#24,#29).#David’s#arrangements#for#the#Levites#included#service#on#the#new#moon#(1#Chron.#23:31),#and#the#ministry#of#the#prophets#was#sometimes#connected#with#this#occasion#(2#Kings#4:23;#Isa.#1:13;#Ezek.#46:1;#Hag.#1:1).#Ezekiel#mentioned#four#times#receiving#a#vision#on#the#first#day#of#the#month#(Ezek.#26:1;#29:17;#31:1;#32:1).#This#day#(along#with#others)#is#included#in#prophetic#denunciations#of#abuses#of#religious#observances#(Isa.#1:13–14).#The#new#moon#of#the#seventh#month#apparently#received#special#attention#(Lev.#23:24;#Num.#29:1–6;#Ezra#3:6;#Neh.#8:2).#Although#the#exile#brought#a#temporary#cessation#(Hos.#2:11),#the#festival#was#resumed#later#(Neh.#10:33;#Ezra#3:1–6).#It#was#on#the#first#day#of#the#seventh#month#that#Ezra#read#the#law#before#the#public#assembly#(Neh.#7:73b–8:2).#For#Paul,#new#moon#festivals#were#viewed#as#only#a#shadow#of#better#things#to#come#(Col.#2:16–17;#cp.#Isa.#66:23).Annual#festivals#required#the#appearance#of#all#males#at#the#sanctuary#(Exod.#34:23;#Deut.#16:16).#These#occasions—called#“feasts#to#the#Lord”#(Exod.#12:14;#Lev.#23:39,#41)—were#times#when#freewill#offerings#were#made#(Deut.#16:16–17).

Festivals.%(2003).%In%C.%Brand,%C.%Draper,%A.%England,%S.%Bond,%E.%R.%Clendenen%&%T.%C.%Butler%(Eds.),%Holman'Illustrated'Bible'Dictionary.%



2003%(C.%Brand,%C.%Draper,%A.%England,%S.%Bond,%E.%R.%Clendenen%&%T.%C.%Butler,%Ed.)%(567).%Nashville,%TN:%Holman%Bible%Publishers.Tags:%Bibliographic%citation.%Title%=%FestivalsClipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

HIBD:%Gods,#Pagan

Several#important#gods#were#associated#with#heavenly#bodies.#

Shamash#was#god#of#the#sun#and#played#a#prominent#role#among#

the#Semites.#The#moon#god#Nanna#or#Sin#was#revered#in#the#cities#

of#Ur#and#Haran,#both#associated#with#Abraham’s#origins#(Gen.#

11:31).#Thought#to#be#Enlil’s#firstborn#son,#he#traveled#the#night#sky#

in#a#boat.#During#the#moon’s#monthly#disappearance#he#was#

believed#to#be#serving#as#judge#in#the#underworld,#and#special#rites#

were#performed#to#ensure#his#reappearance.

Browning,%D.%C.,%Jr.,%&%Clendenen,%E.%R.%(2003).%Gods,%Pagan.%In%C.%Brand,%C.%Draper,%A.%England,%S.%Bond%&%T.%C.%Butler%(Eds.),%Holman'Illustrated'Bible'Dictionary%(C.%Brand,%C.%Draper,%A.%England,%S.%Bond%&%T.%C.%Butler,%Ed.)%(665).%Nashville,%TN:%Holman%Bible%Publishers.Tags:%Bibliographic%citation.%Title%=%Gods,%PaganClipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

NPNF2.9:%Chapter#VIIThe#phases#of#the#moon.

It#is#in#conjunction#whenever#it#is#in#the#same#degree#as#the#sun:#it#is#

born#when#it#is#fifteen#degrees#distant#from#the#sun:#it#rises#when#it#

is#crescentgshaped,#and#this#occurs#twice⁷,#at#which#times#it#is#sixty#

degrees#distant#from#the#sun:#it#is#halfgfull#twice,#when#it#is#ninety#

degrees#from#the#sun:#twice#it#is#gibbous,#when#it#is#one#hundred#

and#twenty#degrees#from#the#sun:#it#is#twice#a#full#moon,#giving#full#

light,#when#it#is#a#hundred#and#fifty#degrees#from#the#sun:#it#is#a#

complete#moon#when#it#is#a#hundred#and#eighty#degrees#distant#

from#the#sun.#We#say#twice,#because#these#phases#occur#both#when#

the#moon#waxes#and#when#it#wanes.#In#two#and#a#half#days#the#

moon#traverses#each#sign.

John%Damascene.%(1899).%An%Exact%Exposition%of%the%Orthodox%Faith%S.%



D.%F.%Salmond,%Trans.).%In%P.%Schaff%&%H.%Wace%(Eds.),%.%Vol.'9b:%A'Select'Library'of'the'Nicene'and'PostRNicene'Fathers'of'the'Christian'Church,'Second'Series,'Volume'IX:'St.'Hilary'of'Poitiers,'John'of'Damascus%(P.%Schaff%&%H.%Wace,%Ed.)%(25–26).%New%York:%Christian%Literature%

Company.

Tags:%Bibliographic%citation.%Title%=%An%Exact%Exposition%of%the%Orthodox%

Faith


Revelation%(Lange’s):%3.#The#Sixth#Seal.#An#Earthquake#as#a#Presage#of#the#End#of#the#World3.#The9Sixth9Seal.9An9Earthquake9as9a9Presage9of9the9End9of9the9World

Vìîï.#12–17¹²And#I#beheld#[saw]#when#he#had#[om.#had]#opened#the#sixth#seal,#and,#lo,#there#was#[om.#lo,#there#was]#a#great#earthquake#[ins.#took#place];#and#the#sun#became#black#as#sackcloth#of#hair,#and#the#[ins.#whole¹⁰]#moon#became#as#blood.#¹³And#the#stars#of#heaven#fell#unto#the#earth,#even#[om.#even]#as#a#fig#tree#casteth¹¹#her#untimely#figs,#when#she#is#[om.#when#she#is—ins.#being]#shaken#of#[by]#a#mighty#¹⁴[great]#wind.#And#the#heaven#departed#as#a#scroll#when#it#is#[om.#when#it#is]#rolled#together#[up];#and#every#mountain#and#island#were#moved#out#of#their#places.#¹⁵And#the#kings#of#the#earth,#[ins.#and#the#chief#captains,]#and#the#great#men,#and#the#rich#men,#and#the#chief#captains#[om.#and#the#chief#captains],#and#the#mighty#[strong]#men,#and#every#bond#man,#[om.,]#and#every#[om.#every¹²]#free#man,#¹⁶om.,]#hid#themselves#in#the#dens#[caves]#and#in#the#rocks#of#the#mountains;#and#said#[they#say]#to#the#mountains#and#[ins.#to#the]#rocks,#Fall#on#[upon]#us,#and#hide#us#from#the#face#of#him#that#sitteth#on#the#throne,#and#from#the#wrath#of#the#Lamb:#¹⁷For#the#great#day#of#his#[or#their¹³]#wrath#is#come;#and#who#shall#be#[is]#able#to#stand?

Lange,%J.%P.,%Schaff,%P.,%Moore,%E.,%Craven,%E.%R.,%&%Woods,%J.%H.%(2008).%

A'commentary'on'the'Holy'Scriptures:'Revelation%(164).%Bellingham,%WA:%

Logos%Bible%Software.




Revelation%(Lange’s):%i.#Sideriali.9Siderial

As#Heaven#in#general#is#used#as#a#symbol,#in#contrast#to#the#symbolical#import#of#earth#(see#TerrestriUcosmical,#Rev.#12),#so#the#heavenly#luminaries#and#signs,#in#particular,#are#exalted#symbols.Such#is,#above#all,#the#sun.#Considered#by#itself#alone,#it#denotes#the#spiritual#centre#of#the#Cosmos,#the#revelation#of#God#upon#the#earth;#finally,#the#appearing#of#Christ#(Mal.#4:2;#Rev.#10:1).As#the#companion#of#the#sun,#shining#with#its#reflected#lustre,#the#moon#may,#on#the#one#hand,#denote#the#Church;#as#a#symbol#of#change,#however,#and#as#a#counterpart#of#the#sun,#it#appears#not#to#have#been#employed#very#extensively#in#this#sense.#The#stars,#considered#apart,#denote#exalted#spiritgforms,#originally#heavenly#beings#(Is.#14:12;#Rev.#1:20).In#connection#with#the#moon#and#stars,#the#sun#appears#(Rev.#12:1)#as#the#symbol#of#the#Christian#Cosmos,#a#local#centre#of#the#entire#Cosmos;#at#times#it#also,#in#this#connection,#symbolically#represents#the#entire#Cosmos.The#dawn#is#a#very#obvious#symbol#for#the#rising#of#light#(Is.#58:8);#such#likewise#is#the#morningUstar,#the#herald#of#the#coming#sun:#they#both#particularly#symbolize#the#rising#of#the#Sun#of#righteousness#within#the#heart#(2#Pet.#1:19).#Christ#Himself,#in#His#first#Parousia,#is#related#to#His#second#Parousia#as#the#Morninggstar#to#the#Sun#and#the#great#Day#of#Eternity.All#extraordinary#signs#in#the#Heavens#are#symbolical#tokens#that,#with#the#spiritual#development#of#mankind#in#the#Church#of#Christ,#a#development#continuing#to#the#end#of#the#world,#there#corresponds#a#cosmical#development#in#the#sphere#of#the#world,#so#that#these#signs#are#to#be#regarded#as#signals#on#the#heavenly#heights#telling#of#spiritual#events#of#which#earth#is#the#scene#(comp.#Matt.#24:29;#Luke#21:25;#Heb.#12:26;#Rev.#6:12.#The#author’s#Leben9Jesu,#Vol.#II.,#Part#iii.,#p.#1276).

Lange,%J.%P.,%Schaff,%P.,%Moore,%E.,%Craven,%E.%R.,%&%Woods,%J.%H.%(2008).%A'commentary'on'the'Holy'Scriptures:'Revelation%(34–35).%Bellingham,%WA:%Logos%Bible%Software.Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013



The%Bible%Guide:%Seven#Trumpets#Are#Sounded

Seven#trumpets#are#soundedA#new#sequence#begins#(8:6–11:19).#Seven#angels#sound#seven#trumpets.#They#herald#and#summon#terrible#judgment.#A#third#of#the#earth#is#scorched.#A#third#of#the#sea#is#destroyed,#with#its#creatures#and#commerce.#A#blazing#star#crashes#to#earth,#polluting#and#poisoning#a#third#of#all#fresh#water.#The#sun#and#moon#lose#a#third#of#their#light#and#all#the#stars#are#dimmed.#Then#a#nightmare#is#unleashed—locusts#with#teeth#like#lions#and#stings#like#scorpions#ravage#the#peoples#of#earth.#They#are#a#host#from#hell.#Like#the#sea#turned#to#blood#(8:8),#and#the#darkness#(8:12),#the#locusts#remind#us#of#the#plagues#of#Egypt#(Exodus#10).#They#are#led#by#Apollyon,#the#Destroyer.#Until#now#the#trumpet#blasts#have#heralded#disasters#in#earth,#sea#and#sky.#But#these#locusts#are#a#plague#on#the#human#race—for#‘five#months’,#a#limited#time.When#the#sixth#trumpet#is#sounded#another#army#attacks#the#human#race—this#time#not#from#hell,#but#from#heaven.#Two#hundred#million#mounted#troops,#commanded#by#angels,#slay#a#third#of#humankind.#They#come#from#the#area#of#the#River#Euphrates—the#place#from#which#the#armies#of#Assyria#swarmed#towards#Israel#as#agents#of#God’s#judgment#in#the#8th#century#CW.#John#understands#that#this#wave#of#destruction#is#God’s#punishment#for#human#idolatry,#immorality#and#witchcraft.#The#devastation#is#intended#as#a#warning#to#those#who#survive,#so#that#they#have#time#to#repent.#But#they#take#no#notice.

Knowles,%A.%(2001).%The'Bible'guide%(1st%Augsburg%books%ed.)%(703).%Minneapolis,%MN:%Augsburg.Tags:%Ap%8.6–11.19Clipped:%26%de%Março%de%2013

CTB:%A#One#Third%%%%%A%One%thirdA#third#of#a#shekel#annually#(Neh.#10:32);#a#third#I#will#scatter#to#every#wind#(Ezek.#5:12);#a#third#of#you#will#die#by#plague#and#famine#



(Ezek.#5:12);#a#third#of#you#will#fall#by#the#sword#(Ezek.#5:12);#a#third#of#mankind#was#killed#by#these#three#plagues#(Rev.#9:18);#one#third#of#the#people#will#be#left#in#the#land#(Zech.#13:8);#burn#one#third#of#the#hair#at#the#centre#of#the#city#(Ezek.#5:2);#scatter#a#third#part#of#the#hair#to#the#wind#(Ezek.#5:2);#take#one#third#of#the#hair#and#strike#it#with#the#sword#(Ezek.#5:2);#one#third#will#be#brought#through#fire#(Zech.#13:9);#the#destruction#of#a#third#of#the#earth#and#trees#(Rev.#8:7);#a#third#of#the#sea#turned#to#blood#(Rev.#8:8);#the#destruction#of#a#third#of#rivers#and#waters#(Rev.#8:10–11);#the#destruction#of#a#third#of#stars#(Rev.#12:4);#the#destruction#of#a#third#of#sun,#moon#and#stars#(Rev.#8:12);#the#destruction#of#a#third#of#mankind#(Rev.#9:15);#two#thirds#of#the#land#will#be#cut#off#and#perish#(Zech.#13:8);#a#third#of#sea#creatures#died#and#a#third#of#the#ships#were#destroyed#(Rev.#8:9);#a#third#of#the#day#and#a#third#of#the#night#were#darkened#(Rev.#8:12).




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