Blood

Fluid Tissue

FunctionsFunctions

• TransportationTransportation

1. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide1. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

2. Nutrients2. Nutrients

3. Heat and waste products3. Heat and waste products

4. Hormones4. Hormones

Functions of Blood ContinuedFunctions of Blood Continued

• Regulation

1. pH

2. Body Temperature

3. Water contents of cells

Functions of blood Functions of blood ContinuedContinued

ProtectionProtection

1. Clotting1. Clotting

2. Disease2. Disease

Components of Blood

• Blood Plasma1. Liquid portion of blood2. 91.5% water; 8.5% solutes3. Hepatocytes synthesize

most proteins found in plasma4. Contains antigens

Components of blood Components of blood

Red blood cellsRed blood cells

1. Contain the oxygen-carrying 1. Contain the oxygen-carrying proteinprotein

hemaglobinhemaglobin

2. Mature blood cells enter the 2. Mature blood cells enter the

circulatory system at a rate of 2circulatory system at a rate of 2

million per secondmillion per second

Components of blood

Red blood cell anatomy

1. biconcave disks

2. strong and flexible plasma

membranej

3. lack nucleus and organelles

Red Blood cell PhysiologyRed Blood cell Physiology

► HemoglobinHemoglobin1. found in cytosol1. found in cytosol2. heme portion contains iron2. heme portion contains iron3. globin portion is a protein3. globin portion is a protein4. all internal space is available for 4. all internal space is available for oxygen transportoxygen transport5. produce ATP anaerobically5. produce ATP anaerobically6. Biconcave shape has a higher 6. Biconcave shape has a higher

surfacesurface to volume ratioto volume ratio

Red blood cell “life Cycle”

• Each cell lives about 120 days• Macrophages in liver and spleen

phagotize worn out cells• Hemoglobin is split into its two parts• Globin portion is broken down into

amino acids• Iron is removed from heme portion

““life Cycle” continuedlife Cycle” continued

Iron is sent to red bone marrow and Iron is sent to red bone marrow and is reusedis reused

Some iron is used to make bilirubenSome iron is used to make biliruben

White blood cell anatomy and typesWhite blood cell anatomy and types

Have a nucleus and do not contain hemaglobinHave a nucleus and do not contain hemaglobin

EosinophilEosinophil

1. Stain Red-Orange1. Stain Red-Orange

2. two or three lobed nucleus2. two or three lobed nucleus

3. High count: allergic reactions, 3. High count: allergic reactions,

parasitic infections, autoimmune parasitic infections, autoimmune

disease.disease.

4. Low count: Stress, Drug toxicity4. Low count: Stress, Drug toxicity

White blood cell anatomy White blood cell anatomy and typesand types

BasophilBasophil

1. Stain purple-blue1. Stain purple-blue

2. granules hide nucleus2. granules hide nucleus

3. granules are variable in size3. granules are variable in size

4. High Count: allergic reactions, 4. High Count: allergic reactions,

leukemias, cancer, hypothyroidismleukemias, cancer, hypothyroidism

5. Low count: Pregnancy, ovulation, 5. Low count: Pregnancy, ovulation,

stress, hypothyroidismstress, hypothyroidism

White blood cell anatomy and typesWhite blood cell anatomy and types

NeutrophilesNeutrophiles1. granules are pale in color and evenly1. granules are pale in color and evenly distributeddistributed2. Nucleus has two to five lobes2. Nucleus has two to five lobes3. Young have rod shaped nucleus3. Young have rod shaped nucleus4. High count: bacterial infection, burns,4. High count: bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflamation.stress, inflamation.5. Low count: vitamin B5. Low count: vitamin B1212 deficiency, drug deficiency, drug

toxicity, radiation exposuretoxicity, radiation exposure

White blood cell anatomy and types

Lymphocytes1. stains dark and is round2. granules are not visible under light microscope3. cytoplasm stains sky blue4. High count: Viral infection, some

leukemias5. Low count: Prolonged illness,

treatment with cortisol, immunosuppresion

White blood cell anatomy and typesWhite blood cell anatomy and types

MonocytesMonocytes

1. Nucleus is horse shoe shaped1. Nucleus is horse shoe shaped

2. cytoplasm is blue-gray2. cytoplasm is blue-gray

3. funneled through blood tissues3. funneled through blood tissues

4.High count: viral and fungal infections4.High count: viral and fungal infections

tuberculosistuberculosis

5. Low count: Bone marrow depression5. Low count: Bone marrow depression

WBC physiology

Fight off disease Leave blood and congregate at points of

infection Neutrophiles and macrophages are active in

phagocytosis Eosinophiles release proteins that combat

inflammation; Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes

WBC physiologyWBC physiology

Basophiles intensify Basophiles intensify inflammatory inflammatory response by response by releasing proteinsreleasing proteins

B lymphocytes B lymphocytes destroy bacteria and destroy bacteria and inactive toxinsinactive toxins

T lymphocytes attack T lymphocytes attack viruses, fungi, viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, transplanted cells, cancer cellscancer cells

Platelets

Form from megakaryocytes splinter and form membrane around each part

Form a plug

Release chemicals that cause blood to clot

Removed from blood after about 9 days by macrophages in the liver and spleen