BLOOD DIAMONDS

Why do we value diamonds so much?

Diamonds symbolize wealth, love, and grace

around the worldIn several African nations they have

been a means to

power a reason to terrorize millions of innocent civilians, and may have even helped finance some of the

world's most brutal terrorists

Where are diamonds found?

Where Are Diamonds Found? Rough diamonds can either be found below the

earth’s surface through industrial mining, or in river beds and streams through alluvial mining.

Most of the diamond deposits currently mined in places such as Sierra Leone and Angola are alluvial, requiring only a shovel, a pan, and hard labor to mine.

Diamond Mining

• South Africa

• Namibia

• Botswana

• Republic of Congo

• Sierra Leone

What are Blood Diamonds?

Where are the Where are the World’s Blood World’s Blood

Diamonds?Diamonds?

Many of the world’s Many of the world’s diamonds are mined in diamonds are mined in 33rdrd World nations. World nations.

The Term “Blood The Term “Blood Diamond” is used to Diamond” is used to describe a diamond describe a diamond mined in a war zone, mined in a war zone, and usually used to and usually used to finance that war.finance that war.

Other terms for Blood Other terms for Blood Diamonds are Diamonds are Dirty Dirty Diamonds,Diamonds, Conflict Conflict DiamondsDiamonds, or , or War War DiamondsDiamonds..

What are blood diamonds?Also called “Conflict Diamonds,” Blood diamonds are “diamonds that originate from areas controlled by forces or factions opposed to legitimate and internationally recognized governments, and are used to fund military action in opposition to those governments, or in contravention of the decisions of the Security Council” ~United Nations General Assembly

December 1, 2001

Blood Diamonds

Why the diamond is such an easily traded commodity?

Large Amount of Wealth in Small

Size

Form of Currency

Blood Diamonds

Where does the Blood Diamond Trade occur?

Botswana

South AfricaNamibia

Angola

Sierra Leone

Nigeria

Blood Diamonds

How countries like Nigeria and Sierra Leone are affected:

Rebel Forces Use Diamonds to Finance Arms Purchases

Blood Diamonds

Todays CycleTodays Cycle

• Many of today's diamonds are produced in 3rd World countries in Africa an South America.

• The conditions under which these diamonds are mined are terrible with miners working under slave like conditions.

• In addition in 1998 about 20% of the world’s diamonds were being used to finance wars of insurgency in countries like Angola, Sierra Leone and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

The Gun Cycle ContinuesThe Gun Cycle Continues• Like the Historical Slave/Gun

Cycle. Guns are the product these rebel African groups most want. They often enslave men, women and children to work in the diamond mines or may pay them pennies a day to work.

• Once again the diamonds end up in developed Western Nations, while the rebel groups trade the money they make for the diamonds for more weapons and the cycle continues.

Blood Diamonds

The History

The War

The StartThe StartThe start of the these The start of the these killings and the illicit killings and the illicit diamonds trade is diamonds trade is when the when the Revolutionary United Revolutionary United Front (R.U.F.) Front (R.U.F.) crossed the Liberian crossed the Liberian border to Sierra border to Sierra Leone Leone

http://www-pub.naz.edu:9000/~srourke6/images/gallery2_8.gif

• Brown, Pervinia P. "Blood Brown, Pervinia P. "Blood Diamonds." WorldPressDiamonds." WorldPress. Web. 9 . Web. 9 Nov. 2009. <Nov. 2009. <http://www.worldpress.org/africa/2193.cfm>.>.

In 1991 a few hundred men crossed the Liberian

border and

attacked towns in eastern and southern

Sierra Leone

Once the war began

money became scarce and

people took things into their own hands

by

searching for other means of finding money to fund the war

Africa is known for there diamonds, it is the most valued item

The RiseThe RiseThe Government The Government of Sierra Leone of Sierra Leone started Operation started Operation Genesis to stop Genesis to stop R.U.F., but they R.U.F., but they could not stop could not stop themthem

During the 1996 During the 1996 election the R.U.F election the R.U.F attacked civiliansattacked civilians

http://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/westafrica0405/westafrica0405_files/image001.jpg

• Brown, Pervinia P. "Blood Brown, Pervinia P. "Blood Diamonds." WorldPressDiamonds." WorldPress. Web. 9 . Web. 9 Nov. 2009. <Nov. 2009. <http://www.worldpress.org/africa/2193.cfm>.>.

Easily Exploitable Resource

• In areas such as Sierra Leone where alluvial, or river, mining allows easy access to quality rough diamonds, this artificially high price has encouraged rebels to take control of diamond mining areas in hopes of making a quick and substantial profit.

• Rebel groups such as the RUF (the Revolutionary United Front), force civilians to mine for diamonds.

http://whataboutafrica.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/blood-diamonds.jpg

BloodBlood Diamonds DiamondsIn the late In the late 1990’s the 1990’s the R.U.F started R.U.F started distributing distributing illicit illicit diamonds diamonds from Sierra from Sierra Leone to the Leone to the rest of the rest of the worldworld

http://www.amnesty.org.hk/UserFiles/Image/abc/conflict_diamond/8990_web.jpg

• Campino, Anna F. "CONFLICT Campino, Anna F. "CONFLICT DIAMONDS."DIAMONDS." Sanctions and War Sanctions and War. . United Nations Department of Public United Nations Department of Public Information, 21 Mar. 2001. Web. 9 Information, 21 Mar. 2001. Web. 9 Nov. 2009. <Nov. 2009. <http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html>.>.

The Growth of Illicit The Growth of Illicit DiamondsDiamonds• The Illicit Diamond trading grew R.U.F into a The Illicit Diamond trading grew R.U.F into a

huge business millions of dollars worth of huge business millions of dollars worth of diamonds was flowing all around the worlddiamonds was flowing all around the world

• Even though this was happening in the time no Even though this was happening in the time no one really cared about what was happeningone really cared about what was happening

• Campino, Anna F. "CONFLICT DIAMONDS." Sanctions and War. Campino, Anna F. "CONFLICT DIAMONDS." Sanctions and War. United Nations Department of Public Information, 21 Mar. 2001. Web. 9 United Nations Department of Public Information, 21 Mar. 2001. Web. 9 Nov. 2009. <Nov. 2009. <http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html>.>.

Diamonds Fund Conflicts

• Rebel groups use the profits from the sale of diamonds, upwards of $300 million a year, to buy more small arms and supplies so that they can sustain their military endeavors.

• In the past decade, over 6 million people from Sierra Leone, Angola, Liberia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo have become refugees after being forced from their homes by diamond fueled conflict.

• Millions more have died in diamond related conflicts over the past decade.

Liberia is the main area of conflict:

key meeting place for

rebels, terrorists and other criminal groups

to exchange blood diamonds for weapons

Criminals are able to trade these diamonds with ease and are

rarely caught, they use the money to purchase illegal weapons

““Illicit diamonds make fabulous profits Illicit diamonds make fabulous profits for terrorists and corporarations alike. for terrorists and corporarations alike.

The trade illustrates with the hard The trade illustrates with the hard clarity of the gem itself that no matter clarity of the gem itself that no matter where human rights violations occur, where human rights violations occur, the world ignores them at its peril.”the world ignores them at its peril.”

Thousands of Sierra Leoneans have been killed and mutilated

mainly because there was no large scale, international

intervention in the early stages of the war

The ongoing Blood Diamonds

War has yet to cease

Effects of Blood Diamond Trade

““Blood Diamonds”Blood Diamonds” Africans who Africans who

oppose the oppose the rebel groups rebel groups are often are often slaughtered.slaughtered.

Those who most Those who most need protection need protection are often those are often those who are most who are most often abused often abused under this under this immoral trade.immoral trade.

EffectThe people of Sierra Leone were being hurt and tortured for the beauty of the diamonds

“The international diamond industry's trading centers in Europe funded this horror by buying up to $125 million worth of diamonds a year from the RUF”

Cambell, Greg. "Blood Diamonds."Cambell, Greg. "Blood Diamonds." Amnesty Amnesty International USAInternational USA. 2007. Web. 9 Nov. 2009. <. 2007. Web. 9 Nov. 2009. <

http://www.amnestyusa.org/amnestynow/diamonds.html

>.>.

http://thedailyvoice.com/voice/images/Blood%20Diamonds.jpg

How countries like Nigeria and Sierra Leone are affected:

Rebel Forces Use Diamonds to Finance Arms Purchases

Blood Diamonds

Conflict Diamonds Increase Human Rights Abuses

Rebel cruelty in many conflict areas is well documented, and includes the abduction and training of child soldiers, amputation, abduction of males as diamond mine workers, and the use of rape as a tool of war.

Diamond profits allow for prolonged conflict and increased human rights abuses in conflict areas,

And despite UN arms embargoes and diamond certification schemes such as the Kimberley Process, the illegal sale of diamonds remains a profitable business.

http://www.amnestyusa.org/amnestynow/diamonds.html

Effects (Continued)“Throughout the 1990s, children like Jusu Lahia armed themselves with diamond-purchased AK-47s and, under the nose of the United Nations, helped the rebels sell the gems to terrorists.”

Cambell, Greg. "Blood Diamonds."Cambell, Greg. "Blood Diamonds." Amnesty International USA Amnesty International USA. . 2007. Web. 9 Nov. 2009. <2007. Web. 9 Nov. 2009. <http://www.amnestyusa.org/amnestynow/diamonds.html>.>.

http://www.operationbrokensilence.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/5811_600x399_600x399_0x0.jpg

The Victims

Guiltless children are turned into soldiers and forced to mine for small bits of carbon that have no intrinsic

value in themselves, and no value whatsoever to the average Sierra Leonean

• 50,000 have been killed• Half the population displaced• More than two-thirds of its already severely limited

infrastructure destroyed• 130,000 people have been killed• Tens of thousands raped, abused, and mutilated • Children make around twenty cents a day• Global diamond trade makes around $80 billion a

year

Differences Between Legal Differences Between Legal and Illicit Diamonds Minesand Illicit Diamonds Mines

Legal Legal

http://diamonds-usa.com/blog/images/ekati_diamond_mine.jpg

Illicit Illicit

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Sierra_Leone_diamond_mining1.jpg

The Price for Beauty

The price for these beautiful gems is 20,000 people getting there hands, ears, legs, and lips cut off . The deaths was speculated to be around 75,000

Cambell, Greg. "Blood Diamonds."Cambell, Greg. "Blood Diamonds." Amnesty International USAAmnesty International USA. 2007. Web. 9 . 2007. Web. 9 Nov. 2009. <Nov. 2009. <http://www.amnestyusa.org/amnestynow/diamonds.html>.>.

http://undercovered.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/diamondsprice.jpg

The Government

Conflict Free Diamonds? Because diamonds are small and easy to transport, it is

difficult to track all diamonds leaving a given country.

Diamonds from conflict regions are often mixed with legitimate diamonds and certified as conflict free.

Though many diamond experts claim that one can examine a diamond and identify its origin down to the very mine or river from which it came, others in the industry claim that smuggling and mixing diamonds from different origins makes it almost impossible to know if the diamond indeed came from a conflict area.

Antwerp: The Diamond Capital Once diamonds are smuggled out

of a conflict region, they inevitably end up in Antwerp, Belgium, the diamond capital of the world.

Annually, half the world’s rough diamonds, an average of $29 billion dollars worth, pass through Antwerp. Other trading centers include New York, Tel Aviv, and Bombay.

Sorting experts then categorize and assign value to the diamonds before sending them to cutting and polishing centers to be prepared for resale.

Steps to Stop Blood Diamonds

The The KimberlKimberl

y y ProcessProcess

In May of 2000 the United In May of 2000 the United Nations met in Kimberly South Nations met in Kimberly South Africa to discuss ways to stop Africa to discuss ways to stop the trade of Blood Diamonds. the trade of Blood Diamonds. The results of the agreement The results of the agreement signed there have led to a signed there have led to a reduction in the number of reduction in the number of blood diamonds being blood diamonds being exported. The trade in this exported. The trade in this industry has dropped now to industry has dropped now to less than 4%, however that still less than 4%, however that still means that $1 Billion worth of means that $1 Billion worth of diamonds are funding wars. diamonds are funding wars.

In addition most diamonds are In addition most diamonds are still mined in African nations still mined in African nations under terrible working under terrible working conditions. Mines are conditions. Mines are dangerous places which often dangerous places which often collapse, killing the miners collapse, killing the miners inside. Because children are inside. Because children are small and cheap to pay, many small and cheap to pay, many of the workers are small of the workers are small children.children.

International Initiative: International Initiative: The Kimberley ProcessThe Kimberley Process

In 2003, the Kimberley Process In 2003, the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, a joint Certification Scheme, a joint initiative developed by initiative developed by governments, the international governments, the international diamond industry, and civil diamond industry, and civil society, was introduced to help society, was introduced to help stem the flow of conflict stem the flow of conflict diamonds. diamonds.

The Kimberley Process is a The Kimberley Process is a voluntary initiative that requires voluntary initiative that requires participants to certify that participants to certify that shipments of rough diamonds are shipments of rough diamonds are conflict free. conflict free.

The diamond industry also The diamond industry also voluntarily agreed to implement voluntarily agreed to implement a System of Warranties, designed a System of Warranties, designed to help trace rough diamonds to help trace rough diamonds from mining to point of sale. from mining to point of sale.

What is being done to curb the trade of these diamonds?

Kimberley Process•Fully Implemented in August 2003 after 52 nations Ratified•Certification System for rough diamonds•Also established national import and Export Standards

Blood Diamonds

The Kimberley Process is an international government initiative to stop criminals who

profit from the illicit trade in rough diamonds

A diamond certification evaluation sheet must be completed, that displays the

diamonds origin

Otherwise the shipment of that diamond must be confiscated

The Perfect Solution? While the Kimberley Process has not solved the problem of

conflict diamonds, it has reduced the amount of conflict diamonds sold into the open market.

Currently, violence funded by conflict diamonds is escalating in Cote D’Ivoire, proving there are serious loopholes in the Kimberley Process.

Recommendations to strengthen the Kimberley Process include increasing government oversight of the diamond industry and strengthening government enforcement policies.

NOWWith all of the conflict diamonds roaming around the Earth, people started to put several different embargos on diamonds in Africa. Also they now have a system to identify the origin of the diamond that you purchase so you know its conflict free

http://applesofgold.com/jewelryblog/images/2009/01/diamond.jpg

Campino, Anna F. "CONFLICT DIAMONDS."Campino, Anna F. "CONFLICT DIAMONDS." Sanctions and War Sanctions and War. . United Nations Department of Public Information, 21 Mar. 2001. United Nations Department of Public Information, 21 Mar. 2001. Web. 9 Nov. 2009. <Web. 9 Nov. 2009. <http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html>.>.

Kimberley Certificate

The major difficulty is deciphering between a “genuine” diamond

and a “conflict” diamond

Once any diamond is sent off and polished, discovering its origin

is impossible!

Blood diamonds still contribute to 30% of global trade

Something MUST be done!