blood. composition of blood blood is composed of two main elements 1. plasma – liquid portion 55%...
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Composition of Blood Composition of Blood
Blood is composed of two main elementsBlood is composed of two main elements
1. Plasma – liquid portion 1. Plasma – liquid portion
• • 55% 55%
2. Formed elements – various blood 2. Formed elements – various blood cells cells
• • 45%45%
Blood Volume Blood Volume
About 8% of total body weight in averaged About 8% of total body weight in averaged sized adultssized adults
4-5 liters in a female and 5-6 liters in a 4-5 liters in a female and 5-6 liters in a malemale
Direct measurement and indirect Direct measurement and indirect measurementmeasurement
Formed Elements of BloodFormed Elements of Blood
Red Blood Cells Red Blood Cells (RBCs) = erythrocytes(RBCs) = erythrocytes
White blood Cells White blood Cells (WBCs) = leukocytes(WBCs) = leukocytes
Platelets = Platelets = thrombocytesthrombocytes
Hematocrit Hematocrit
Packed Cell Volume (PCV)Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
Volume % of red blood Volume % of red blood cells in whole bloodcells in whole blood
Anemias – decreased red Anemias – decreased red blood cells blood cells
Physiological polycythemia Physiological polycythemia – increased red blood cells– increased red blood cells
Red Blood Cells Red Blood Cells ErythrocytesErythrocytes
No nucleus No nucleus
7.5 7.5 μμm in diameterm in diameter
Biconcave disk (increases Biconcave disk (increases surface area)surface area)
Doesn’t contain ribosomes, Doesn’t contain ribosomes, mitochondria or other mitochondria or other organellesorganelles
HemoglobinHemoglobin
200 – 300 million 200 – 300 million molecules per cell molecules per cell
Composed of four protein Composed of four protein chains and a red pigment chains and a red pigment called a hemecalled a heme
Each heme has an iron Each heme has an iron molecule that allows it to molecule that allows it to bond to four oxygen bond to four oxygen moleculesmolecules
Formation of Red Blood Cells Formation of Red Blood Cells
In adults, erythrocytes begin maturation in the In adults, erythrocytes begin maturation in the red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as hematopoietic stem cellshematopoietic stem cells
Divide by mitosisDivide by mitosis
Entire maturation process takes about 4 daysEntire maturation process takes about 4 days
200 Billion RBCs per day200 Billion RBCs per day
Destruction of Red Blood CellsDestruction of Red Blood Cells
Average life span of 105 – 120 days Average life span of 105 – 120 days
Often break apart as they age and are Often break apart as they age and are destroyed by macrophages—mostly in the destroyed by macrophages—mostly in the liver and spleen (phagocytosis)liver and spleen (phagocytosis) Iron returned to marrow Iron returned to marrow Bilirubin excreted as bileBilirubin excreted as bile Amino acids released a globin for new Amino acids released a globin for new
proteins proteins
White Blood Cells White Blood Cells
5 Types of White Blood Cells 5 Types of White Blood Cells GranulocytesGranulocytes
Neutrophils Neutrophils
Eosinophils Eosinophils
BasophilsBasophils Agranulocytes Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes Lymphocytes
MonocytesMonocytes
Neutrophils Neutrophils
Small cytoplasmic granules stain light purple and Small cytoplasmic granules stain light purple and give the cytoplasm a coarse appearance.give the cytoplasm a coarse appearance.
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes – nuclei have Polymorphonuclear leukocytes – nuclei have multiple lobesmultiple lobes
Highly mobile and phagocyticHighly mobile and phagocytic
Migrate out of blood vesselsMigrate out of blood vessels
EosinophilsEosinophils
Large, numerous Large, numerous cytoplasmic granules cytoplasmic granules that stain orangethat stain orange
Nuclei with two lobesNuclei with two lobes
Involved in allergic Involved in allergic reactions reactions
Weak phagocytesWeak phagocytes
BasophilsBasophils
Large but sparse Large but sparse cytoplasmic granules cytoplasmic granules
Least numerous of Least numerous of WBCsWBCs
Motile Motile
Contain histamine Contain histamine and heparinand heparin
Lymphocytes Lymphocytes
Smallest WBCsSmallest WBCs
Large spherical nucleiLarge spherical nuclei
T Lymphocytes – T Lymphocytes – directly attack directly attack infected or cancerous infected or cancerous cells cells
B Lymphocytes – B Lymphocytes – produce antibodies produce antibodies
Monocytes Monocytes
Largest WBCLargest WBC
Dark, kidney bean Dark, kidney bean shaped nuclei shaped nuclei
Motile and highly Motile and highly phagocytic (engulf phagocytic (engulf bacteria and viral bacteria and viral infected cells)infected cells)