Blood and Lymphatic System

BY : Grace Moreno and Kelsey Bunch

Blood The Function: to transport

respiratory gases, chemical substances, and cells that act to protect the body from foreign substances

Formed Elements Components that make up the

blood Erythrocytes(red blood cell):

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Thrombocytes(platelet): clots the blood

Leukocytes(white blood cells): defends against pathogens

Formed Elements

The Blood Groups

the differences in human blood is because the presence or absence of antibodies and antigens

A: 41% of the population B: 10% of the population AB: 4% of the population O: 45% of the population

Rh FactorDetermines whether the Blood

is positive or negative85% of the population has the

RH factor which makes them positive

15% of the population does not have the RH Factor which makes them negative

PlasmaFluid part of the

bloodcirculation medium

of blood cells, provides nutrients

removes metabolic waste products

Lymphatic SystemIs a vessel system

connected to the circulatory system

Returns fluids from tissue spaces to the bloodstream

Structures: lymphatic capillaries, vessels, ducts, and nodes

Functions of the Lymphatic System

Transports proteins and fluids, lost by capillary seepage, back into the bloodstream

Protects the body against pathogens by phagocytosis and immune response

Serves as the pathway for the absorption of fats from the small intestines into the bloodstream

Lymph

Clear, colorless, alkaline fluid

95% waterMade up protein

and plasma

How does this System Work With Other Systems ?

Works closely with the Immune System and Circulatory System

Both the Immune and Lymphatic Systems contain elements to fight off pathogens and antigens to protect the body

Accessory Organs Spleen: soft, dark red, oval

body in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, reservoir for blood

Tonsils: lymphoid masses, located in the face and pharynx, filter bacteria and help make white blood cells

Thymus: located in mediastinal cavity, forms antibodies, develops the immune response in newborn, makes T-Cells

Immune System

Consist of tissues, organs, and physiologic processes

Identifies abnormal cells, foreign substances, and foreign tissue cells that may have been transplanted into the body

Immune Response

Reaction of the body to foreign substances

Can be described as humoral immunity or antibody-mediated immunity and cellular immunity or cell-mediated immunity

Humoral Immunity

Involves the production of plasma lymphocytes (B Cells) in response to antigen exposure and formation of antibodies

Major defense against bacterial infections

Antigen

Substance such as bacteria, toxins, or certain allergens that induces the formation of antibodies

Antibody

Protein substances that are developed in response to a specific antigen

Also referred to as an immunoglobulin

Complex glycoprotein produced by B lymphocytes

Neutralize or destroy antigens

Cellular immunity or Cell-mediated immunity

Involves the production of lymphocytes (T cells)

Responds to injury and natural killer cells that attack other foreign/infected cells

Major defense against infections caused by viruses, fungi, and a few bacteria

Four Phases of Immune Response

1. Recognizes the foreign substance or the invader (enemy)

2. Body’s defenses are activated: body produces more white blood cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, B cells, and T cells

3. The attack phase where the preceding defenders of the body produce antibodies and seek out/kill foreign invader (phagocytosis)

4. Slowdown phase, number of defenders returns to normal

T and B cells

T Cell of the Helper type: identify the enemy and rush to the spleen and lymph nodes to make more cells to fight off the foreign substance

T Cell of the Natural Killer (NK) Type: large granular lymphocytes that specialize in killing/fighting infected cells

B Cell: reside in the spleen or lymph nodes and produce antibodies for specific antigens

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Aids)

Caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Final stage of HIV disease Low T-Cell count Symptoms can include headache, chronic

cough, diarrhea, swollen glands, lack of energy etc.

Anyone can get HIV and Aids regardless of age Treatment with antiviral therapy

Allergic Rhinitis

Collection of symptoms that typically occur in the nose and eyes

Typically occurs after exposure to airborne particles of dust, dander, or pollen

Commonly known as hay fever Allergy testing can reveal specific allergens that

a person is reacting to Goal of treatment is to reduce inflammation Treatment includes allergy shots

Allergic Rhinitis

Anaphylaxis

Sudden type of allergic reaction (within seconds or minutes) which affects the whole body

Response to a substance that a person has become very sensitive to

During reaction the body releases histamine and other substances

Symptoms include inflammation, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and shock

Can occur in response to any allergen Requires immediate treatment Treatment includes CPR and Epi Pens

Anemia

Reduction in the number of circulating blood cells such as hemoglobin and red blood cells

Symptoms are due to tissue hypoxia or lack of oxygen Symptoms include pallor, fatigue, dizziness, headaches

etc. One type is Iron deficiency anemia which causes

hemorrhaging Hemorrhaging is the loss of blood Treatment according to the type of anemia can include

supplemental iron, B12 injections, folic acid supplementation, blood transfusions etc.

Anemia

o Healthy blood Cells

o Iron deficient anemia blood cells

Leukemia

Any group of diseases of the blood involving uncontrolled increase of white blood cells

Common types include chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

CLL is a cancer of white blood cells characterized by a slow increase of white blood cells in the blood and bone marrow

CLL occurs in about 2 per 100,000 people ALL is a cancer of the lymph cells characterized by large

numbers of white blood cells ALL causes blood cell to loose its ability to mature and

specialize ALL is responsible 80% of child leukemia, 20% of adult

leukemia

What Leukemia Looks Like in the Bloodstream

Bibliography

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Jane. Medical Terminology A Word-Building Approach. 6th edition. Prentice Hall, Print. upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Illu_lymph_node_structure.png/350px-

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