blockchain consensus protocols

Bitcoin Meetup, May 6, 2015

Slides: http://slideshare.net/LaBlogga

Melanie Swan

[email protected]

www.BlockchainStudies.org

Blockchain

Consensus Protocols

May 6, 2015

Blockchain Consensus1

Melanie Swan, Blockchain Scholar

Founder, Institute for Blockchain Studies

Singularity University Instructor, EDGE Contributor IEET Affiliate Scholar Swan, M. Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy. Sebastopol CA: O'Reilly Media, 2015.

Swan, M. We Should Consider The Future World As One Of Multi-Species Intelligence. Response to The Edge Question 2015: What do you think about machines that think? John Brockman, Ed., 2015.

Swan, M. Cognitive Applications of the Brain as a DAC. Cognitive Science 2015: The Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society: Mind, Technology, and Society, Pasadena CA, July 2015. submitted.

Swan, M. Philosophy of Big Data: Expanding the Human-Data Relation with Big Data Science Services. IEEE BigDataService 2015, Redwood City CA, Mar 31-Apr 2, 2015.

Swan, M. Blockchain Thinking: The Brain as a DAC (Decentralized Autonomous Corporation). Texas Bitcoin Conference, Austin TX, March 27-29, 2015.

Swan, M. Machine ethics interfaces: An ethics of perception of nanorobot-aided cognition. Journal of Responsible Innovation. submitted.

Traditional Markets,

Science, Arts BackgroundNew Vision

Source: http://melanieswan.com/publications.htm

http://www.amazon.com/Bitcoin-Blueprint-New-World-Currency/dp/1491920491

http://www.melanieswan.com/





May 6, 2015

Blockchain Consensus2

Blockchain (non-technical overview of blockchain possibilities)

What people are saying…

#mindblowing – SD

Intriguing - JH

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your ideas to real life – AW

I find it amazing … a good mix of explanation

about state-of-the-art products as well as

visionary ideas. I was waiting for awhile for this

kind of book – JM

A compelling and unique overview of the

possibilities – DC

Thank you for helping bring about a new era in

finance – JW


May 6, 2015

Blockchain Consensus

Diverse Protocols

3https://twitter.com/matteastwood/status/594603199685926913/photo/1

May 6, 2015


Future: Diverse Consensus Protocols, why?

4

Key cryptography problems in distributed

networks remain unsolved or solutions

untested at a robust scale

BFT (Byzantine fault tolerance): network

coordination despite faulty nodes

Sybil attack: distributed network flooded with

forged identities

One size consensus does not fit all apps

POW mining not the best consensus protocol

for enterprise blockchain apps that need

Faster, cheaper settlement

Legal identity verification

Greater scalability, performance

May 6, 2015


Bitcoin/FinTech Investment Growth

5https://angel.co/bitcoin, http://thefinanser.co.uk/fsclub/2015/02/the-fintech-scene-is-so-hot-its-boiling.html

http://thenextweb.com/insider/2015/04/16/bitcoin-is-the-worlds-most-dangerous-idea/

Silicon Valley Bank: Global

investment in FinTech is set to

double from $10 billion in 2014

to $19.7 billion in 2015, and

reach $46.1 billion by 2020

2012

$2m $96m $350m $106m

2013 2014 1Q2015

May 6, 2015


Gartner Emerging Technology Hype Cycle

6http://thenextweb.com/insider/2015/04/16/bitcoin-is-the-worlds-most-dangerous-idea/

Cryptocurrencies added July 2014

May 6, 2015


Enterprise Blockchain Apps by Sector (selected)

7http://www.amazon.com/Bitcoin-Blueprint-New-World-Currency/dp/1491920491

Crucial Blockchain Properties

• Cryptoledger

• Decentralized network

• Trustless

counterparties

• Independent

consensus-confirmed

transactions

• Permanent record

• Public records

repository

• Notarization time-

stamping hashes

• Universal format

• Accessibility

Government

& Legal

• Transnational orgs

• Personalized

governance services

• Voting, propositions

• P2P bonds, land titles

• Tele-attorney services

• IP registration and

exchange

• Tax receipts

• Notary service and

document registry

Markets

• Currency

• Payments &

Remittance

• Banking & Finance

• Clearing &

Settlement

• Insurance

• FinTech

• Trading & Derivatives

• QA & Internal Audit

• Crowdfunding

IOT

• Agricultural & drone

sensor networks

• Smarthome networks

• Integrated smartcity,

connected car,

smarthome sensors

• Self-driving car

• Personalized robots,

robotic companions

• Personalized drones

• Digital assistants

• Communication

(messaging)

• Large-scale

coordination

• Entity ingress/egress

• Transaction security


• Large-scale multi-

data-stream

integration

• Privacy and security

Real-time

accessibility

Health

• Universal EMR

• Health databanks

• QS Data Commons

• Big health data

stream analytics

• Digital health wallet

• Smart property

• HealthToken

• Personal

development

contracts

• Large-scale

infrastructural

element for

coordination

• Checks-and-

balances system

for ‘good-player’

access

• Community

supercomputing

• Crowd analysis

• P2P resourcenets

• Film, dataviz

• AI: blockchain

advocates, friendly

AI, blockchain

learners, digital

mindfile services

Science,

Art, AI

May 6, 2015


Byzantine Empire (height AD 555)

8

May 6, 2015


Byzantine Generals Problem

Several divisions of the Byzantine army are camped

outside an enemy city, each division commanded by its

own general. The generals can communicate with one

another only by messenger. They must decide upon a

common plan of action. However, some of the generals

may be traitors, trying to prevent the loyal generals from

reaching agreement. The generals must have an algorithm

to guarantee that

A. All loyal generals decide upon the same plan of action

The loyal generals will all do what the algorithm says they

should, but the traitors may do anything they wish. The

algorithm must guarantee condition A regardless of what

the traitors do. The loyal generals need to reach agreement

and agree on a reasonable plan that also insures that

B. A small number of traitors cannot cause the loyal

generals to adopt a bad plan

9Lamport, Shostack and Pease, "the Byzantine Generals Problem", ACM Transactions on Programming Languages

and Systems,Vol.4, No. 3, July 1982, Pages 382-401. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=357176

May 6, 2015


Byzantine Generals Problem, Byzantine Fault

Tolerance (BFT), Byzantine Agreement (BA)

Distributed network security problem

Problem: achieving consensus in a distributed network

with potentially faulty nodes; how to coordinate among

distributed nodes to come up with a consensus

(common view of the world) that is resistant to attackers

trying to undermine that consensus

Important consensus system properties in a distributed

system or distributed algorithm

Safety: require that “something bad will never happen”

Liveness: require that “something good will eventually happen,”

the system makes progress (example: eventual consistency)

10

May 6, 2015


Approaches to Consensus/BFT

11

Byzantine Agreement Protocol (synchronous) Microsoft/Lamport: Paxos (state machine replication)

Google: Chubby (serve strongly consistent files)

POW (Bitcoin) ‘Nakamoto Consensus’ – expensive, high latency

POS (Tendermint) – requires resource ownership, risk of ‘nothing-at-stake’ attacks per revoked escrow

Pebble: ARBC (Asynchronous Randomized Byzantine Consensus)

UT: BAR (Byzantine, altruistic, rational) protocol

Stellar: SCP Quorum Slicing

Other: Prediction Markets (Augur), Meta (Factom)

http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/paxos-simple.pdf

http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/lorenzo/papers/sosp05.pdf

May 6, 2015


POW ‘Nakamoto Consensus’ Shortcomings

Sybil attack-resistant compromise for

decentralized consensus but not the final

solution for distributed network fault-tolerant

security for scalability and performance, key

issues:

1. Expensive, excessive energy consumption

2. Poor scalability for widespread blockchain use

especially for IOT

3. Slow: high latency (1-10 minutes to confirm

transactions); only eventually consistent

12https://medium.com/a-stellar-journey/on-worldwide-consensus-359e9eb3e949

http://crypto.stanford.edu/seclab/sem-14-15/williams.html

May 6, 2015


Pebble: Asynchronous Randomized Byzantine Consensus (Concept)

13http://crypto.stanford.edu/seclab/sem-14-15/williams.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8iEgjqIMtVQ

Asynchronous Byzantine consensus for decentralized networks using cryptographic randomness, combine

Nakamoto chains (randomness source, Merkleroots log) with …

conventional consensus techniques (produce consensus by agreeing upon data transitions through a new generation of highly-tuned and optimized conventional consensus protocols) to …

produce fast and scalable decentralized networks

May 6, 2015


Pebble: Asynchronous RandomizedByzantine Consensus (Method features)

14FLP: Fischer, Lynch and Patterson Friedman et al. 2003. Simple and efficient oracle-based consensus protocols for asynchronous

Byzantine systems. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=1353024 Maji et all. Exploring the limits of common

coins using frontier analysis of protocols. 2011. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1987298

Asynchronous (resist attack) Fully asynchronous (no timing assumptions) and

leader-free (no one node orchestrates)

Randomized (improve efficiency) Address FLP impossibility result (in asynchronous

networks, if only one node fails, cannot be sure remaining nodes will reach consensus)

Randomized protocols get around this by terminating with a probability approaching 1

Need a common source of randomness, so use blockchains (constant source of randomness; cannot predict who finds the next hash) to organize the network

Use deterministic homomorphic threshold signatures to create cryptographic randomness without having a trusted dealer

May 6, 2015


Pebble: Asynchronous Randomized Byzantine Consensus (Example)

15http://crypto.stanford.edu/seclab/sem-14-15/williams.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8iEgjqIMtVQ

Fast-throughput (achieve scalability) Run massive numbers of binary leader-free

asynchronous randomized consensus protocols in parallel to quickly agree a combined data set from the inputs of large numbers of processes

Proof of concept Focus on messaging efficiency, decentralized

network scalability and confirmation speed

Enable 500 distributed processes to simultaneously present their data sets to the group and quickly reach strongly consistent agreement on an accepted superset

Pass only 0.5-1MB of protocol messages

A network reaching consensus every 5 seconds would have spare bandwidth to process many thousands of transactions per second

May 6, 2015


UT BAR (Byzantine, altruistic, rational)

16http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/lorenzo/papers/sosp05.pdf

Concept: granular model of good agent behavior

Altruistic and rational nodes participating in a cooperative system will try to maximize their utility, and broadcast information in predicable, reliable phases

No node is guaranteed to follow the suggested protocol

The actions of most nodes are guided by self interest

Some nodes may be categorically broken

Objective: develop Byzantine, altruistic, rational fault-tolerant system for cooperative services

May 6, 2015


Stellar: Quorum Slicing (Concept)


Objective: distributed consensus Nodes update their states/ledgers

Avoid Byzantine failure (when individual nodes act arbitrarily, maliciously or not)

Distinguish between Quorum: the set of nodes required to reach

agreement across the whole system

Quorum Slice: the subset of a quorum that can convince one particular node of agreement

Result: federated network of quorum slices, continually testing the network Do not need to trust the whole system/network, just

your neighbors, you do not know who to trust initially, join the network, and try before you trust, the system grows organically, each party makes a slice of others from the whole to trust

May 6, 2015


Federated Quorum Slice Network


Resilient network Overall network health is preserved even if there are a few

bad nodes, and some good nodes slicing the bad nodes

Unanimous consent from the complete set of system nodes is not required to reach agreement, or tolerate faulty nodes

May 6, 2015


Stellar graphic novel explains Quorum Slicing

19https://www.stellar.org/stories/adventures-in-galactic-consensus-chapter-1/

May 6, 2015


Stellar: Context of Byzantine Agreement


Traditional Byzantine agreement protocol (BAP)

Membership is set by a central authority or closed

negotiation (Sybil attack-resistant)

Update BAP for decentralized group admission

Ripple: publish a ‘starter’ membership list that participants

can edit for themselves

Divergent lists invalidate network safety; users fail to update

Tendermint: base membership on proof of stake

Ties trust to resource ownership; revoked escrow attacks

Stellar: open membership, participants affirm trust

Quorum is still vulnerable to Sybil attack, malicious parties can join

many times and outnumber honest nodes. So majority-based quorums

do not work, but a federated network of quorum slices can

Each node selects and tests quorum slices based on safety and

liveness; voting to accept statements (of network state)

May 6, 2015


Stellar: Consensus Protocol Comparison

21SCP: Stellar Consensus Protocol

https://medium.com/a-stellar-journey/on-worldwide-consensus-359e9eb3e949

May 6, 2015


Prediction Market Voting as Consensus

22http://tendermint.com/posts/security-of-cryptocurrency-protocols/

http://tendermint.com/docs/tendermint.pdf

Concept: achieve agreement through human voting via prediction markets - not just a betting tool, a wisdom-of-crowds opinion-logging tool, collect millions of opinions in RT

Bitcoin/Blockchain Prediction Markets Fairlay

Augur (all contracts live on Ethereum testnet)

Trustless Oracle/Event Derivatives TruthCoin

Governance Prediction Markets Futarchy: 1) vote on outcome 2) run prediction

market to vote on plans for achieving the outcome

May 6, 2015


Derrida: Ontology of Joycean Consensus

23Derrida. Ulysses Gramophone: Hear Say Yes In Joyce. Pp. 267, 296.


Affirmation is not solo, “saying yes” is dependent

upon another to hear it and acknowledge receipt

The affirmation relation is totalization-resisting, the

affirming and acknowledging parties, and the yes

itself, remain distinct

“The two responses refer to each other without having any

relationship between them. The two sign yet prevent the

signature from gathering itself together [totalizing].”

The yes “addresses itself to some other which it does not constitute”

The yes avoids its own totalization, “The yes, by responding and

countersigning, does not let itself be counted or discounted

[totalized].”

Well-formed consensus: preserve the integrity of

entities in network of ad-hoc reciprocal relations

May 6, 2015


2 Groups of Crypto Projects and Consensus:

Permissioned and Permissionless Ledgers

24Swanson, T. (2015). Consensus as a service: a brief report on the emergence of permissioned, distributed ledger systems

http://www.ofnumbers.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Permissioned-distributed-ledgers.pdf

Enduser

• Censorship-resistant

• ‘Brave new world’ apps

• Anonymous validators (network

vulnerable to anonymous attack)

Enterprise

• Identity-confirmed

• ‘Reinvent the existing world’

efficiency improvement apps

• Official legal registry

Stellar

May 6, 2015


Evolving Dapp Ecosystem

25Dapp: Decentralized Application


Project Name and URL Activity Centralized

Equivalent

OpenBazaar https://openbazaar.org Buy/sell items locally Craigslist

Twister http://twister.net.co, Gems http://getgems.org

Reveal http://rvl.rvl.is/, BitCloud http://bitcloudproject.org/

RetroShare http://retroshare.sourceforge.net/

Project Groundhog https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFeJYv3PSaI

Social networking, peer-to-peer

microblogging, messaging; private

token-based social messaging

Facebook, Twitter

Bitmessage https://bitmessage.org Secure messaging (individual or

broadcast)

SMS services

LaZooz http://lazooz.org On-demand ride service Uber, Lyft

Storj http://storj.io/

Maidsafe http://maidsafe.net/

IPFS http://ipfs.io/

File storage, file serving Dropbox, Google

Drive

Onename https://onename.com/

BitID https://github.com/bitid/bitid

Bithandle http://www.hackathon.io/bithandle

Digital identity verification VeriFone, Verisign,

Facebook

Provenance https://www.provenance.org/ Supply chain management Oracle, SAP

Mist (Ethereum) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IgNjs_WaFSc

ProTip Add-on https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/protip-peer-

to-peer-tipping-for-the-web

Dapp browser Chrome, Firefox,

Internet Explorer

May 6, 2015


Enterprise Blockchain Apps by Sector (selected)


Crucial Blockchain Properties

• Cryptoledger

• Decentralized network

• Trustless

counterparties

• Independent

consensus-confirmed

transactions

• Permanent record

• Public records

repository

• Notarization time-

stamping hashes


• Accessibility

Government

& Legal

• Transnational orgs

• Personalized

governance services

• Voting, propositions

• P2P bonds, land titles

• Tele-attorney services

• IP registration and

exchange

• Tax receipts

• Notary service and

document registry

Markets

• Currency

• Payments &

Remittance

• Banking & Finance

• Clearing &

Settlement

• Insurance

• FinTech

• Trading & Derivatives

• QA & Internal Audit

• Crowdfunding

IOT

• Agricultural & drone

sensor networks

• Smarthome networks

• Integrated smartcity,

connected car,

smarthome sensors

• Self-driving car

• Personalized robots,

robotic companions

• Personalized drones

• Digital assistants

• Communication

(messaging)

• Large-scale

coordination

• Entity ingress/egress

• Transaction security


• Large-scale multi-

data-stream

integration

• Privacy and security

Real-time

accessibility

Health

• Universal EMR

• Health databanks

• QS Data Commons

• Big health data

stream analytics

• Digital health wallet

• Smart property

• HealthToken

• Personal

development

contracts

• Large-scale

infrastructural

element for

coordination

• Checks-and-

balances system

for ‘good-player’

access

• Community

supercomputing

• Crowd analysis

• P2P resourcenets

• Film, dataviz

• AI: blockchain

advocates, friendly

AI, blockchain

learners, digital

mindfile services

Science,

Art, AI

May 6, 2015


Financial and Public Records Applications

Financial instruments

1. Currency

2. Private equities

3. Public equities

4. Bonds

5. Derivatives Commodities

6. Spending records

7. Trading records

8. Mortgage/loan records

9. Servicing records

10. Crowdfunding

11. Microfinance

27http://forum.ethereum.org/discussion/1402/how-to-get-started-your-first-dapp-under-one-hour

Public Records

1. Land titles

2. Vehicle registries

3. Business incorporations

4. Criminal records

5. Passports

6. Birth certificates

7. Death certificates

8. Voter Registration

9. Voting Records

10. Health/safety inspections

11. Building permits

12. Court records

May 6, 2015


Blockchain Insurance

Argument

Most of world is underserved

Current insurance is inaccurately expensive and

payout is unpredictable (when/whether/to what extent

claim is accepted)

Smart contract-based insurance

Financial security: predictable payout terms and timing

Peer-to-peer insurance

Peer-evaluated and peer-adjudicated health claims

Dynamis www.dynamisapp.com, BitSilk https://twitter.com/bitsilk

Collaborative risk modeling

Drought experts invest in peer-based crop insurance

pools (unites wisdom-of-crowds expertise)

28

May 6, 2015


What is Smart Property?

Register assets to blockchain via unique key

Real-time GPS ‘LoJack’ tracking for any asset

Blockchain becomes an inventory, tracking,

and exchange mechanism for all hard assets

Smart Property Applications

Drug and equipment inventory (example: Blocktrace

ledger tracks diamonds); equipment servicing records

On-demand real-time equipment inventories

Supply chain provenance (provenance.org)

Test results logged as smart property

Digital authentication and real-time keyless entry

OpenBazaar health exchange markets (equipment)

29https://openbazaar.org/, http://www.edgelogic.net/blocktrace, Provenance: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqIUBn80pg4

A decentralized CraigsList

May 6, 2015


What is are Smart Contracts?

30

Agreements between parties posted to the

blockchain for automated execution

Examples

Bet on high temperature tomorrow

Inheritance pay-out at age 21 or death of benefactor

Mortgage with automatic interest-rate resets

Blockchain-based Greek tax receipts in Ricardian

Contracts (Yanis Varoufakis)

Code: Ethereum and Eris

https://github.com/ethereum/

https://erisindustries.com/

https://eng.erisindustries.com/smart%20contracts/2014/12/17/dennys-smart-contracting/ ,

http://forum.ethereum.org/discussion/1402/how-to-get-started-your-first-dapp-under-one-hour,

http://financialcryptography.com/mt/archives/001555.html

May 6, 2015


Blockchain IOT

31http://www.zdnet.com/article/internet-of-things-market-to-hit-7-1-trillion-by-2020-idc/,


https://gigaom.com/2014/09/09/check-out-ibms-proposal-for-an-internet-of-things-architecture-using-bitcoins-block-chain-tech/

M2M/IOT Bitcoin payment network to

enable the machine economy & mThings

The economic layer the web never had

IOT 2020: 26 bn devices in a $7 tn market

IOT agricultural and environmental

sensors posting to blockchains

Quantifying processes; insurance data

Smartcity orchestration

Example project: IBM Adept

Blockchain + Messaging + BitTorrent

Communication + coordination mechanism

Scale from thousands to millions of sensorsSmartcity Infrastructure

and Connected Car

Orchestration

IOT Sensor and Drone

Agricultural Monitoring

May 6, 2015


Blockchain Smarthome IOT


Smarthome IOT networks

Tool for managing device proliferation

Provide security and privacy of sensitive

smarthome data: physical and mental health,

product consumption

Devices: personal robotics, digital health

assistants, artificial companions, health

optimizers, quantified self-tracking

wearables, smartwatch, Fitbit, health tracker

With permissioning, smarthome, connected

car, smartcity infrastructure to provide daily

health check for the whole populace,

including quality-of-life mental statePersonal Robotics

Coordination

Smarthome IOT: Hue Go

Wireless Smartlighting and

Amazon Dash Button

May 6, 2015


Blockchains: Global and Liberty-enhancing

33

Global governance for transnational organizations

WikiLeaks, ICANN, Wikipedia

Benefits of blockchain administration

Uplift to cloud from local jurisdictional regulations

Universal administration mechanism for global organizations

Structure promotes transparency, accountability, freedom

Namecoin: decentralized DNS

http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2010/12/07/visa-mastercard-move-to-choke-wikileaks/

Snowden Affair

May 6, 2015


Blockchain Government

Opt-in Personalized Government

Composting vs education

Smart property land-titling, reputation-

based ID system, voting, dispute

resolution, national income distribution,

public documents registry

Neighbor.ly

Self-directed community bonds

Precedentcoin

Crowdsourced legal services, justice

entrepreneurs, blockchain arbitration

Sidekik

On-demand tele-attorney, private police

34

http://www.bitnation.co/, https://bitcoinmagazine.com/17066/first-blockchain-wedding-2/,

https://bitcoinmagazine.com/19813/sidekik-decentralized-video-streaming-storage/

World’s First Blockchain Marriage:

David Mondrus and Joyce Bayo, October

5, 2014, Disney World FL, Coins in the

Kingdom Bitcoin Conference, Jeffrey

Tucker (Liberty.me) presiding

May 6, 2015


Blockchain Representation and Voting

Futarchy, two-step program

1. Traditional vote on outcomes (ex: GDP)

2. Prediction markets to determine specific

proposals for achieving the outcome

Delegative democracy (Liquid Democracy)

Voting power temporarily vested in

delegates not long-term representatives

Group proposition development

Random Sample Elections

Randomly selected individuals vote on a

single issue, blockchain orchestration

35

https://bitcoinmagazine.com/17066/first-blockchain-wedding-2/,

http://www.bitnation-blog.com/latest-update-dec-22nd-2014/

May 6, 2015


Blockchain Legal

Notary Service, Attestation

Register contracts, agreements, wills (Proof of Existence, Factom)

Register, protect, and transact IP (Monegraph, Ascribe)

How it works

Hash + timestamp + blockchain record

36

http://www.proofofexistence.com/

May 6, 2015


Blockchain Science

Distributed computing community

collaboration projects

FoldingCoin (protein Folding@home)

GridCoin (SETI@home)

Community supercomputing

resource access

Zennet

‘Green’ mining projects

Primecoin

FoldingCoin

GridCoin

37

http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoin-mining-hard-way-algorithms.html,

http://codinginmysleep.com/bitcoin-mining-in-plain-english/

May 6, 2015


Blockchain Health

Universal EMR: finally ‘health XML’?

Personal health records stored and administered via blockchain

Users key-permission doctors and other parties into records

Apple HealthKit, Bluehub Health, Google Health (concept)

Health Databanks and Research Commons

Aggregated personal medical records, quantified self data

commons, genome and connectome files

Health Document Notary Services

Proof-of-insurance, test results, prescriptions, status, diagnoses,

conditions, treatments, physician referrals

Doctor Vendor RFP Services

Doctors and health practices bid to supply medical services;

automated bidding via health exchanges (OpenBazaar)

38

http://futurememes.blogspot.fr/2014/09/blockchain-health-remunerative-health.html

May 6, 2015


Blockchain Big Health Data

Proprietary genomic datasets and cloud-based tools

Baylor College of Medicine (3,751 whole human genomes (of 7

bn) and 10,771 exomes (440 terabytes) as of 2013)

Decentralized projects: big data access + query tools for

scalability, practicality, privacy, liberty, and RT availability

DNA.bits (www.dna-bits.com) blockchain-based

Large genetic dataset access with correlated clinical records

Dexter (dexter.stanford.edu)

Enduser-targeted, browser-based, domain-independent, structured-

data explorer; run big data queries from browser

CrowdMed (www.crowdmed.com) crowdsourced disease diagnosis

Enlitic (http://www.enlitic.com/) disease diagnosis via deep-learning

39

http://futurememes.blogspot.fr/2014/09/blockchain-health-remunerative-health.html

May 6, 2015


Digital Health Wallet

40

Private key identity card + EMR +

health insurance info + payment data

Use HealthToken to pay for services

May 6, 2015


Blockchain Literacy

‘Bitcoin MOOCs,’ ‘Kiva for literacy’

Peer-to-peer learning contracts; technical,

agricultural, vocational literacy certification

Global P2P giving: CommonCollection

Chain-based personal development contracts

QS-biometric utility function imputation and tracking

Maslow chains, subjectivation and actualization

chains

Development Economics 2.0

Literacy contracts, remittances, blockchain-tracked

aid, microcredit, decentralized credit bureaus

Open-source FICO scores

Peer-vouching reputation communities

Most of world: inadequate banking, insurance, credit

41

May 6, 2015


Blockchain Art

42

Rio, Tel Aviv, Hamburg, Barcelona, Seoul, Tokyo, New York

http://bitfilm.com/festival.html

May 6, 2015


Blockchain Art

43

http://cryptoart.com/

Fine art paper wallets

May 6, 2015


Summary

44

Current status of blockchain industry development…

…investor interest shifting from speculative to strategic

…innovation in Byzantine consensus protocols to help

decentralized networks scale up and become highly

performant, possibly faster than centralized networks

…articulation of sector-specific enterprise blockchain

applications in markets, finance, banking, clearing,

trading, insurance, and supply chain tracking;

government and legal services; IOT; science and health

Bitcoin Meetup, May 6, 2015

Slides: http://slideshare.net/LaBlogga

Melanie Swan

[email protected]

www.BlockchainStudies.org

Blockchain

Consensus Protocols

Thank You! Questions?

blockchain consensus protocols

Technology

blockchain scholarfounder

blockchain consensusfuture

blockchain thinking

blockchain consensusenterp

blockchain consensus

enterprise blockchain

cognitive science society

big data science services