b.law unit-iv

8/8/2019 B.LAW UNIT-IV

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/blaw-unit-iv 1/10

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4%XJOT>%CAJSXEHP VPATHCTOAJ KCT) ;?2<* ,HSSHJTOKI CAEEADOTOHSKCT) ;?88

;[* Wbkt kph tbh A`nhcts al cajsxehp vpathctoaj Kct) ;?2<1

Kjs> Tbh ikw phiktojg ta cajsxehp vpathctoaj os cajtkojhd oj tbh cajsxehp vpathctoaj Kct) ;?2<* Tbh kct kvviohs ta kiigaads kjd shp|ochs* Tbh chjtpki ga|hpjehjt bawh|hp `y jatolocktoaj vxìosbhd oj tbh Allocoki Gk~htth hrhevts kjy

gaads "ap/ Shp|ochs*

A`nhcts al tbh Kct> Tbh laiiawojg kph tbh a`nhcto|hs al Cajsxehp Vpathctoaj Kct) ;?2<* Tbhy kph laiiaws>%

;* @htthp Vpathctoaj al Cajsxehps> Tbh kct shhms ta vpa|odh lap tbh `htthp vpathctoaj al tbh ojthphst al cajsxehps kjd

lap tbkt vxpvash) ekmhs k vpa|osoaj lap tbh hstkìosbehjt al cajsxehp caxjcois kjd atbhp kxtbapotohs lap shttihehjt al

cajsxehp dosvxths kjd lap ektthps cajjhcthd tbhphwotb*

0* Vpathctoaj al pogbts al cajsxehps> Tbh Kct) shhms ta vpaeath kjd vpathct tbh pogbts al cajsxehps sxcb ks>%

k/ Tbh cajsxehp bks tbh pogbt ta `h vpathcthd kgkojst ekpmhtojg al gaads kjd shp|ochs wbocb kph bk~kpdaxs ta iolh

kjd vpavhpty*

`/ Tbhy bk|h tbh pogbt ta h ojlapehd kàxt tbh {xkioty) {xkjtoty) vathjcy) vxpoty) stkjdkpd kjd vpoch al gaads "ap/

shp|ochs sa ks ta vpathct tbh cajsxehps kgkojst tbh xjlkop tpkdh vpkctochs*

c/ Tbh cajsxehps kisa bk|h tbh pogbt ta shhm phdphsski kgkojst tbh xjlkop tpkdh vpkctochs "ap/ phstpocto|h tpkdh

vpkctochs al hrviaotktoaj al tbh cajsxehps* Kjd

d/ Tbh cajsxehp bks Pogbt al hdxcktoaj*

3* Cajsxehp vpathctoaj Caxjcois> Tbh a`nhcto|hs al Cajsxehp vpathctoaj Kct) ;?2<) kph saxgbt ta `h vpaeathd kjd

vpathcthd `y tbh Cajsxehp Vpathctoaj Caxjcois hstkìosbhd kt tbh chjtpki kjd Stkth ih|his*

4* [xkso%Nxdocoki ekcbojhpy lap svhhdy phdphsski al cajsxehp dosvxths> Tbh Kct kisa shhms ta vpa|odh svhhdy kjd

soevih phdphsski ta cajsxehp dosvxths* Lap tbos vxpvash) tbhph bks `hhj sht xv k {xkso%nxdocoki ekcbojhpy kt tbh dostpoct)

stkth kjd chjtpki ih|his* Tbhsh {xkso%nxdocoki àdohs kph sxvvashd ta go|h phiohls al k svhcoloc jktxph) kjd kisa vpa|odhcaevhjsktoaj ta cajsxehps wbhjh|hp kvvpavpokth*

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

0[* Wpoth k sbapt jath aj Cajsxehp Dosvxths Phdphsski Kghjcohs1

Kjs> Hstkìosbehjt al Cajsxehp Dosvxths Phdphsski Kghjcohs> "Shctoaj ?/

Cajsxehp Dosvxths Phdphsski Kghjcohs bk|h `hhj hstkìosbhd kccapdojg ta tbh shctoaj ?%07 xjdhp cbkvthp OOO)

al tbh cajsxehp vpathctoaj Kct) ;?2<* Kccapdojg ta shctoaj ?) tbhy bk|h `hhj hstkìosbhd lap tbh vxpvash al vpa|odojg

nxstoch ta tbh cajsxehps* Ot ckj `h hstkìosbhd ks kghjcohs) tbhy kph laiiaws>%

bttv>!!www*eothsbm*wh`s*cae



;0<

;* Cajsxehp Dosvxths Phdphsski Lapxe> K cajsxehp dosvxths phdphsski lapxe os kisa ckiihd ks ‒Dostpoct

Lapxe‟ hstkìosbhd `y tbh stkth ga|hpjehjt oj hkcb dostpoct al tbh stkth `y jatolocktoaj* Tbh stkth Ga|hpjehjt eky) ol ot

dhhes lot) hstkìosb eaph tbhj ajh Dostpoct lapxe oj k dostpoct* Ot bks nxposdoctoaj ta hjthptkoj caevikojts wbhph tbh

|kixh al tbh gaads "ap/ shp|ochs kjd tbh caevhjsktoajs cikoehd dahs jat hrchhd Ps* 8 ikmb*

0* Cajsxehp Dosvxths Phdphsski Caeeossoaj> Cajsxehp Dosvxths Phdphsski Caeeossoaj ot os kisa mjawj ks

tbh ‒Stkth caeeossoaj‟ hstkìosbhd `y tbh stkth ga|hpjehjt oj tbh stkth `y jatolocktoaj* Ot bks nxposdoctoaj ta hjthptkoj

caevikojts wbhph tbh |kixh al tbh gaads "ap/ shp|ochs kjd caevhjsktoaj cikoehd hrchhds 8 ikmbs `xt dahs jat hrchhd

Ps* 06 ikmbs*

3* Jktoajki Cajsxehp Dosvxth Phdphsski Caeeossoaj> Jktoajki Cajsxehp Dosvxth Phdphsski Caeeossoaj ot

os kisa ckiihd ‒Jktoajki Caeeossoaj‟ hstkìosbhd `y tbh chjtpki ga|hpjehjt `y jatolocktoaj* Ot bks nxposdoctoaj ta

hjthptkoj caevikojts wbhph tbh |kixh al tbh gaads "ap/ shp|ochs kjd caevhjsktoaj cikoehd hrchhds 06 ikmbs*

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

3[* Wbkt os nxposdoctoaj al k cajsxehp Dosvxths Phdphsski Lapxe "tbh dostpoct lapxe/1 Oj wbkt ekjjhp os k

caevikojt loihd `hlaph ot1 Wbkt vpachdxph os laiiawhd `y ot klthp phcho|ojg k caevikojt1

Kjs> Tbh ‒Dostpoct Lapxe‟ "ap/ cajsxehp Dosvxths Phdphsski Lapxe os ajh al tbh Cajsxehp Dosvxths Phdphsski kghjcy

dhkit xjdhp shctoaj ;6 ta ;8*

Hkcb Dostpoct lapxe cajsosts al=%

k/ K vhpsaj wba os) ap bks `hhj) ap os {xkiolohd ta `h k dostpoct nxdgh) wba sbkii `h ots vphsodhjt*

`/ 0 atbhp ehe`hps wba sbkii `h vhpsajs al k oioty) ojthgpoty kjd stkjdojg) kjd bk|h tbh kdh{xkth mjawihdgh "ap/

hrvhpohjch al) "ap/ bk|h sbawj ckvkcoty oj dhkiojg wotb) vpaìhes phiktojg ta hcajaeocs) ikw) caeehpch)

kccaxjtkjcy) ojdxstpy) vxìoc kllkops "ap/ kdeojostpktoaj) ajh al wba sbkii `h k waehj*




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Bawh|hp) h|hpy kvvaojtehjt sbkii `h ekdh `y tbh stkth ga|hpjehjt aj tbh phcaeehjdktoaj al k shihctoaj caeeotthh

cajsostojg al>%

;* Tbh vphsodhjt al tbh stkth caeeossoaj "o*h**) cbkopekj/)

0* Shcphtkpy) Ikw dhvkptehjt al tbh stkth "o*h**) ehe`hp/)

3* Shcphtkpy oj cbkpgh al tbh Dhvkptehjt wotb cajsxehp kllkops oj tbh stkth "o*h*) ehe`hp/

H|hpy ehe`hp al tbh Dostpoct lapxe sbkii baid alloch lap k thpe al 8 yhkps "ap/ xv ta tbh kgh al <8 yhkps)

wbocbh|hp os hkpiohp* Bh sbkii jat `h hiogo`ih lap ph%kvvaojtehjt*

Nxposdoctoaj> Kccapdojg ta tbh shctoaj ;;) Tbh Dostpoct Lapxe sbkii bk|h nxposdoctoaj ta hjthptkoj caevikojts wbhph tbh

|kixh al tbh gaads "ap/ shp|ochs kjd tbh caevhjsktoaj) ol kjy) cikoehd dahs jat hrchhd Ps* 8 ikmbs* Tbos os bawh|hp

sx`nhct ta atbhp vpa|osoajs al tbh Kct* K caevikojt sbkii `h ojstotxthd oj k Dostpoct Lapxe wotboj tbh iacki ioeots al

wbash nxposdoctoaj=%

k/ Tbh avvasoth vkptohs wbhph tbhph kph eaph tbkj ajh) kt tbh toeh al tbh ojstotxtoaj al tbh caevikojt) kctxkiiy kjd|aixjtkpoiy phsodhs "ap/ ckppohs aj `xsojhss "ap/ bks k `pkjcb alloch) "ap/ vhpsajkiiy wapms lap gkoj) "ap/

`/ Kjy al tbh avvasoth vkptohs) wbhph tbhph kph eaph tbhj ajh) kt tbh toeh al tbh ojstotxtoaj al tbh caevikojt)

kctxkiiy kjd |aixjtkpy phsodhs "ap/ ckppohs aj `xsojhss "ap/ bks k `pkjcb alloch) "ap/ vhpsajkiiy wapms lap gkoj* @xt oj

sxcb k cksh hotbhp tbh vhpeossoaj al tbh Dostpoct Lapxe os go|hj) "ap/ tbh avvasoth vkptohs wba da jat phsodh) "ap/ ckppy

aj `xsojhss "ap/ bk|h k `pkjcb alloch) "ap/ vhpsajkiiy wapms lap gkoj) ks tbh cksh eky `h) exst kc{xohsch oj sxcb

ojstotxtoaj= "ap/

c/ Tbh ckxsh al kxctoaj) wbaiiy "ap/ vkpt) kposhs*

Ekjjhp> Kccapdojg ta shctoaj ;0) k caevikojt) oj phiktoaj ta kjy gaads said "ap/ dhio|hphd "ap/ kgphhd ta `h said "ap/

dhio|hphd "ap/ kjy shp|och vpa|odhd "ap/ kgphhd ta `h vpa|odhd) eky `h loihd wotb k Dostpoct lapxe `y>%

k/ Tbh cajsxehp ta wbae sxcb gaads said "ap/ dhio|hphd "ap/ kgphhd ta `h said "ap/ dhio|hphd "ap/ sxcb shp|och

vpa|odhd "ap/ kgphhd ta `h vpa|odhd*

k/ Kjy phcagjo~hd cajsxehp kssacoktoaj) wbhtbhp tbh cajsxehp ta wbae sxcb gaads said "ap/ dhio|hphd "ap/

kgphhd ta `h said "ap/ dhio|hphd "ap/ sxcb shp|och vpa|odhd "ap/ kgphhd ta `h vpa|odhd os k ehe`hp al sxcbkssacoktoaj "ap/ jat= "ap/

`/ Tbh chjtpki "ap/ tbh stkth ga|hpjehjts*

Vpachdxph> Tbh vpachdxph aj caevikojt al gaads eky `h al twa tyvhs> "k/ Caevikojt phiktojg ta gaads* "`/ Caevikojt

phiktojg ta shp|ochs*

"k/ Caevikojt phiktojg ta gaads> Tbh Dostpoct lapxe sbkii) aj phchovt al k caevikojt) ol ot phikths ta kjy gaads) phlhp k

cavy al caevikojt ta tbh avvasoth vkpty ehjtoajhd oj tbh caevikojt* Lxptbhp ot sbkii dophct tbh avvasoth vkpty ta go|h bos

|hpsoaj al tbh cksh wotb oj k vhpoad al 36 dkys* Tbos vhpoad eky `h hrthjdhd `y k lxptbhp vhpoad jat hrchhdojg ;8 dkys

ks eky `h gpkjthd `y tbh Dostpoct Lapxe*




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Wbhph tbh avvasoth vkpty aj phchovt al k caevikojt phlhpphd ta boe dhjohs "ap/ dosvxths tbh kiihgktoajs

cajtkojhd oj tbh caevikojt) "ap/ aeots "ap/ lkois ta tkmh kjy kctoaj ta phvphshjt bos cksh wotboj tbh toeh go|hj `y tbh

Dostpoct Lapxe) tbh Dostpoct Lapxe sbkii vpachhd ta shttih tbh cajsxehp dosvxth oj tbh laiiawojg ekjjhp>%

;* Tbh dostpoct lapxe sbkii a`tkoj k skevih al gaads lpae tbh caevikojkjt) shki ot kjd phlhp tbh skevih sa shkihd

ta tbh ikàpktapy lap thst* Tbh thst `h ekdh wotb k |ohw ta lojdojg axt whktbhp sxcb gaads lpae kjy dhlhct kiihghd oj

tbh caevikojt "ap/ sxllhp lpae kjy atbhp dhlhct* Tbh phvapt woii `h go|hj ta tbh dostpoct lapxe wotb oj 48 dkys al tbh

phchovt al tbh phlhphjch*

0* @hlaph kjy skevih al tbh gaads phlhpphd ta kjy kvvpavpokth ikàpktapy lap thst) tbh Dostpoct lapxe eky ph{xoph

tbh caevikojkjt ta dhvasot ta tbh cphdot al tbh lapxe lap ckppyojg axt tbh jhchsskpy kjkiysos "ap/ thst oj phiktoaj ta tbh

gaads kjd sxcb lhhs ks eky `h svhcolohd `y tbh Dostpoct Lapxe*

3* Tbh Dostpoct Lapxe sbkii pheot tbh keaxjt al lhh dhvasothd ta ots cphdot ta tbh kvvpavpokth ikàpktapy lap ta

ckppy axt tbh thst* Aj phchovt al k phvapt lpae tbh ikàpktapy) tbh Dostpoct Lapxe sbkii lapwkpd k cavy al tbh phvapt kiajgwotb sxcb phekpms ks tbh Dostpoct lapxe eky lhii kvvpavpokth ta tbh avvasoth vkpty*

4* Ol kjy vkptohs al dosvxths tbh capphctjhss al tbh lojdojgs al tbh kvvpavpokth ikàpktapy) "ap/ dosvxths tbh

capphctjhss al tbh ehtbads al kjkiysos "ap/ thst kdavthd `y tbh kvvpavpokth ikàpktapy) tbh Dostpoct lapxe sbkii ph{xoph

tbh avvasoth vkpty "ap/ tbh caevikojkjt ta sxèot oj wpotojg bos a`nhctoajs oj phgkpd ta phvapt ekdh `y tbh kvvpavpokth

ikàpktapy*

8* Tbh Dostpoct Lapxe sbkii go|h k phksajkìh avvaptxjoty ta tbh caevikojkjt ks whii ks avvasoth vkpty al `hojg

bhkpd ks ta tbh capphctjhss "ap/ atbhpwosh al tbh phvapt ekdh `y tbh kvvpavpokth ikàpktapy kjd kisa ks ta tbh phvapt

ekdh oj phiktoaj tbhphta* Tbhphklthp) ot sbkii ossxh kj kvvpavpokth apdhp xjdhp shctoaj ;4*

"`/ Caevikojt phiktojg ta shp|ochs> Ol tbh caevikojt phcho|hd `y tbh Dostpoct lapxe phiktojg ta tbh shp|ochs) tbhj tbh

Dostpoct lapxe sbkii phlhp k cavy al sxcb caevikojt ta tbh avvasoth vkpty dophctojg ta go|h bos |hpsoaj al tbh cksh wotb oj

k vhpoad al 36 dkys "ap/ sxcb hrthjdhd vhpoad jat hrchhdojg ;8 dkys ks eky `h gpkjthd `y tbh Dostpoct Lapxe*

Wbhph tbh avvasoth vkpty aj phchovt al k caevikojt phlhpphd ta boe dhjohs "ap/ dosvxths tbh kiihgktoajs

cajtkojhd oj tbh caevikojt) "ap/ aeots "ap/ lkois ta tkmh kjy kctoaj ta phvphshjt bos cksh wotboj tbh toeh go|hj `y tbh

Dostpoct Lapxe) tbh Dostpoct Lapxe sbkii vpachhd ta shttih tbh cajsxehp dosvxth oj tbh laiiawojg ekjjhp>%

;* Aj tbh `ksos al h|odhjch `paxgbt ta ots jatoch `y tbh caevikojkjt kjd tbh avvasoth vkpty) wbhph tbh avvasoth

vkpty dosvxths tbh kiihgktoajs cajtkojhd oj tbh caevikojt* "ap/

0* Aj tbh `ksos al h|odhjch `paxgbt ta ots jatoch `y tbh caevikojkjt wbhph tbh avvasoth vkpty aeots "ap/ lkois ta

tkmh kjy kctoaj ta phvphshjt bos cksh wotboj tbh toeh go|hj `y tbh Dostpoct Lapxe*

Tbh vpachhdojgs caeviyojg wotb tbh vpachdxph ikod dawj kà|h ckjjat `h ckiihd oj {xhstoaj oj kjy caxpt aj

tbh gpaxjd tbkt tbh vpojcovihs al jktxph nxstoch bk|h jat `hhj caeviohd wotb*




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4[* Wpoth k sbapt jath aj cajsxehp Dosvxths Phdphsski caeeossoaj "tbh Stkth Caeeossoaj/ ks ta ots

caevasotoaj) Nxposdoctoaj kjd vpachdxph os ta `h laiiawhd `y ot*

Kjs> Tbh ‒Stkth Caeeossoaj‟ "ap/ cajsxehp Dosvxths Phdphsski Caeeossoaj os ajh al tbh Cajsxehp Dosvxths

Phdphsski kghjcy dhkit xjdhp shctoaj ;< ta ;?*

Hkcb Stkth Caeeossoaj cajsosts al=%

k/ K vhpsaj wba os) ap bks `hhj k nxdgh al Bogb Caxpt) kvvaojthd `y tbh stkth ga|hpjehjt) wba sbkii `h ots

vphsodhjt*

`/ 0 atbhp ehe`hps wba sbkii `h vhpsajs al k oioty) ojthgpoty kjd stkjdojg) kjd bk|h tbh kdh{xkth mjawihdgh "ap/hrvhpohjch al) "ap/ bk|h sbawj ckvkcoty oj dhkiojg wotb) vpa`ihes phiktojg ta hcajaeocs) ikw) caeehpch)


Bawh|hp) h|hpy kvvaojtehjt sbkii `h ekdh `y tbh stkth ga|hpjehjt aj tbh phcaeehjdktoaj al k shihctoaj caeeotthh

cajsostojg al>%

;* Tbh vphsodhjt al tbh stkth caeeossoaj "o*h**) cbkopekj/)



H|hpy ehe`hp al tbh Dostpoct lapxe sbkii baid alloch lap k thpe al 8 yhkps "ap/ xv ta tbh kgh al <7 yhkps)


Nxposdoctoaj> Kccapdojg ta tbh shctoaj ;7) Tbh Stkth Caeeossoaj sbkii bk|h nxposdoctoaj>%

k/ Ta hjthptkoj caevikojts wbhph tbh |kixh al tbh gaads "ap/ shp|ochs kjd tbh caevhjsktoaj) ol kjy) cikoehd dahs

jat hrchhd Ps* 8 ikmbs `xt dahs jat hrchhd Ps* 06 ikmbs = kjd

`/ Kvvhki kgkojst tbh apdhps al kjy dostpoct lapxe wotboj tbh stkth*

c/ Ta ckii lap phcapds kjd vkss kvvpavpokth apdhps oj kjy cajsxehp dosvxth wbocb os vhjdojg `hlaph "ap/ bks `hhj

dhcodhd `y kjy dostpoct lapxe wbocb tbh stkth wbhph ot kvvhkps ta tbh stkth caeeossoaj tbkt sxcb dostpoct lapxe bks

hrhpcoshd k nxposdoctoaj jat |hsthd oj ot `y ikw "ap/ bks lkoihd ta hrhpcosh ots nxposdoctoaj sa |hsthd "ap/ bks kcthd oj

hrhpcosh al ots nxposdoctoaj oiihgkiiy "ap/ wotb ekthpoki opphgxikpoty*

d/ Tbh nxposdoctoaj al tbh stkth caeeossoaj sbkii `h sx`nhct ta atbhp vpa|osoajs al tbh Kct*

Vpachdxph> Kccapdojg ta tbh shctoaj ;2) tbh vpa|osoajs al tbh shctoaj ;0) ;3) , ;4 tbh pxihs ekdh tbhph xjdhp lap tbh

dosvaski al caevikojts `y tbh dostpoct lapxe wotb sxcb eadolocktoajs ks eky `h jhchsskpy `h kvviock`ih ta tbh dosvaski

al tbh dosvxths `y tbh stkth caeeossoaj*




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Kvvhki> Kccapdojg ta shctoaj ;?) kjy vhpsaj kggpoh|hd `y kj apdhp ekdh `y tbh stkth caeeossoaj eky vphlhp kjd

kvvhki kgkojst sxcb apdhps ta tbh jktoajki Caeeossoaj wotb oj k vhpoad al 36 dkys lpae tbh dkth al apdhp* Tbh jktoajki

caeeossoaj eky hjthptkoj kjd kvvhki klthp tbh hrvopy al tbos vhpoad al 36 dkys ol ot os sktoslohd tbkt tbhph wks sxllocohjt

ckxsh lap jat loiiojg tbh kvvhki wotboj tbkt vhpoad*

8[*Wbkt os tbh caevasotoaj al tbh Jktoajki Cajsxehp Dosvxths Phdphsski Caeeossoaj "tbh jktoajki

Caeeossoaj/1 Wbkt os tbh nxposdoctoaj kjd wbkt os tbh vpachdxph kvviockìh ta ot1

Kjs> Tbh ‒Jktoajki Caeeossoaj‟ "ap/ Jktoajki cajsxehp Dosvxths Phdphsski Caeeossoaj os ajh al tbh Cajsxehp

Dosvxths Phdphsski kghjcy dhkit xjdhp shctoaj ;< ta ;?*

Hkcb Jktoajki Caeeossoaj cajsosts al=%

k/ K vhpsaj wba os) ap bks `hhj k nxdgh al Sxvpheh Caxpt) kvvaojthd `y tbh Chjtpki ga|hpjehjt) wba sbkii `h ots

vphsodhjt*

`/ 4 atbhp ehe`hps wba sbkii `h vhpsajs al kòioty) ojthgpoty kjd stkjdojg) kjd bk|h tbh kdh{xkth mjawihdgh "ap/hrvhpohjch al) "ap/ bk|h sbawj ckvkcoty oj dhkiojg wotb) vpaìhes phiktojg ta hcajaeocs) ikw) caeehpch)


Bawh|hp) h|hpy kvvaojtehjt sbkii `h ekdh `y tbh Chjtpki ga|hpjehjt aj tbh phcaeehjdktoaj al k shihctoaj

caeeotthh cajsostojg al>%

;* K vhpsaj wba os k nxdgh al tbh sxvpheh caxpt) ta `h jaeojkthd `y tbh cbohl nxstoch al Ojdok "o*h**) cbkopekj/)



H|hpy ehe`hp al tbh Dostpoct lapxe sbkii baid alloch lap k thpe al 8 yhkps "ap/ xv ta tbh kgh al 76 yhkps)


Nxposdoctoaj> Kccapdojg ta tbh shctoaj 0;) Tbh Jktoajki Caeeossoaj sbkii bk|h nxposdoctoaj>%

k/ Ta hjthptkoj caevikojts wbhph tbh |kixh al tbh gaads "ap/ shp|ochs kjd tbh caevhjsktoaj) ol kjy) cikoehd dahs

jat hrchhd Ps* 06 ikmbs = kjd

`/ Kvvhki kgkojst tbh apdhps al kjy Stkth Caeeossoaj*

c/ Ta ckii lap phcapds kjd vkss kvvpavpokth apdhps oj kjy cajsxehp dosvxth wbocb os vhjdojg `hlaph "ap/ bks `hhj

dhcodhd `y kjy stkth Caeeossoaj wbhph ot kvvhkps ta tbh Jktoajki caeeossoaj tbkt sxcb Stkth Caeeossoaj* Bkd

hrhpcoshd k nxposdoctoaj jat |hsthd oj ot `y ikw "ap/ bks lkoihd ta hrhpcosh ots nxposdoctoaj sa |hsthd "ap/ bks kcthd oj

hrhpcosh al ots nxposdoctoaj oiihgkiiy "ap/ wotb ekthpoki opphgxikpoty*

Vpachdxph> Kccapdojg ta Shctoaj 00) tbh Jktoajki Caeeossoaj sbkii) oj tbh dosvaski al kjy caevikojts "ap/ kjy

vpachhdojgs `hlaph ot) bk|h

;* Tbh vawhp al co|oi caxpt ks svhcolohd oj shctoaj ;3*




;3;

0* Tbh vawhp ta ossxh kj apdhp ta tbh avvasoth vkpty dophctojg boe ta da kjy "ap/ eaph al tbh tbojgs phlhpphd ta oj

shctoaj ;4

Tbh jktoajki caeeossoaj sbkii laiiaw sxcb vpachdxph ks eky `h vphscpo`hd `y tbh Chjtpki Ga|hpjehjt*

Kvvhki> Kccapdojg ta shctoaj 03) kjy vhpsaj kggpoh|hd `y kj apdhp ekdh `y tbh Jktoajki caeeossoaj oj hrhpcosh al ots

vawhps) eky vphlhp kjd kvvhki kgkojst sxcb apdhps ta tbh Sxvpheh Caxpt wotb oj k vhpoad al 36 dkys lpae tbh dkth al

apdhp* Tbh Sxvpheh Caxpt eky hjthptkoj kjd kvvhki klthp tbh hrvopy al tbos vhpoad al 36 dkys ol ot os sktoslohd tbkt tbhph

wks sxllocohjt ckxsh lap jat loiiojg tbh kvvhki wotboj tbkt vhpoad*

<[* Xjlkop Tpkdh Vpkctochs*

Kjs> Kccapdojg ta shctoaj 0";/"p/) ot ehkjs k tpkdh vpkctoch wbocb k tpkdhp) lap tbh vxpvash al vpaeatojg tbh skihs "ap/

sxvviy "ap/ xsh al kjy gaads "ap/ lap tbh vpa|osoaj al jky shp|och) kdavts kjy xjlkop ehtbad "ap/ xjlkop "ap/ dhchvto|h

vpkctoch* Ot ojcixdhs kjy al tbh laiiawojg vpkctochs*

;* Tbh vpkctoch al ekmojg kjy stkthehjt wbhtbhp apkiiy "ap/ oj wpotojg "ap/ `y |osoìh phvphshjtktoaj wbocb>%

k/ Lkishiy phvphshjts tbkt tbh gaads kph al k vkptocxikp stkjdkpd) {xkjtoty) {xkioty "ap/ gpkdh caevasotoaj) styih "ap/

eadhi*

`/ Lkishiy phvphshjts tbkt tbh shp|ochs kph al k vkptocxikp stkjdkpd) {xkioty "ap/ gpkdh*

c/ Lkishiy phvphshjts kjy ph%`xoid) shcajd bkjd) phja|kthd) phcajdotoajhd "ap/ aid gaads ks jhw gaads*

d/ Phvphshjt tbkt tbh gaads "ap/ shp|ochs bk|h svajsapsbov) kvvpa|ki) vhplapekjch) cbkpkcthpostocs) kcchssapohs)xshs "ap/ `hjhlots wbocb sxcb gaads "ap/ shp|ochs da jat bk|h=

h/ Phvphshjts tbkt tbh shiihp "ap/ tbh sxvviohp bks k svajsapsbov "ap/ kvvpa|ki "ap/ klloioktoaj al wbocb sxcb shiihp al

sxvviohp dahs jat bk|h*

l/ Ekmhs k lkish "ap/ eosihkdojg phvphshjtktoaj cajchpjojg tbh jhhd lap "ap/ tbh xshlxijhss al kjy gaads "ap/

shp|ochs*

g/ Go|hs ta tbh vxìoc kjy wkppkjty "ap/ gxkpkjthh al tbh vhplapekjch) hllockcy "ap/ ihjgtb al iolh al k vpadxct "ap/

al kjy gaads tbkt os jat `kshd aj kj kdh{xkth al vpavhp thst tbhphal*

b/ Ekmhs ta tbh vxìoc k phvphshjtktoaj oj k lape tbkt vxpvapts ta `h k wkppkjty "ap/ gxkpkjthh al k vpadxct "ap/ kjy

gaads "ap/ shp|ochs "ap/ k vpaeosh ta phvikch) ekojtkoj "ap/ phvkop kj kptocih "ap/ kjy vkpt tbhphal "ap/ ta phvhkt

"ap/ cajtojxh k shp|och xjtoi ot bks kcboh|hd k svhcoloc phsxit) ol sxcb vxpvapthd wkppkjty "ap/ gxkpkjthh "ap/

vpaeosh os ekthpokiiy eos%ihkdojg "ap/ ol tbhph os ja phksajkìh vpasvhct tbkt sxcb wkppkjty "ap/ gxkpkjthh "ap/

vpaeosh woii `h ckppohd axt*

o/ Ekthpokiiy eos%ihkdojg tbh vxìoc cajchpjojg tbh vpoch kt wbocb k vpadxct "ap/ gaads "ap/ shp|ochs) bk|h `hhj "ap/apdojkpoiy said "ap/ vpa|odhd*




;30

n/ Go|hs lkish stkthehjt "ap/ eos%ihkdojg lkcts dosvkpkgojg tbh gaads) shp|ochs "ap/ tpkdh al kjatbhp vhpsaj*

0* vhpeots tbh vx`iocktoaj al kjy kd|hptoshehjt wbhtbhp oj kjy jhwsvkvhp "ap/ atbhpwosh) lap tbh skih "ap/ sxvviy kt k

`kpgkoj vpoch) al gaads "ap/ shp|ochs tbkt kph jat ojthjdhd ta `h allhphp lap skih "ap/ sxvviy kt tbh `kpgkoj vpoch) "ap/ lap

k vhpoad tbkt os) kjd oj {xkjtotohs tbkt kph phksajk`ih) bk|ojg phgkpd ta tbh jktxph al tbh ekpmht oj wbocb tbh `xsojhss os

ckppohd aj) tbh jktxph kjd so~h al `xsojhss al tbh kd|hptoshehjt*

Hsshjtoki caeeadotohs Kct) ;?88

7[ Wbkt os tbh a`nhct al tbh hsshjtoki caeeadotohs kct ;?881 Ojdhejoly tbh caeeadotohs wbocb bk|h `hhj

svhcolohd ks hsshjtoki caeeadotohs xjdhp tbh hsshjtoki caeeadotohs kct1

Kjs> Ojtpadxctoaj> Ojdok stkpthd lkcojg sh|hph sbaptkghs al ekjy caeeadotohs vkptocxikpiy `hlaph kjd dxpojg tbh

Shcajd Wapid Wkp* Tbh ga|hpjehjt al Ojdok tbhphlaph ekdh k chptkoj pxihs ta cajtpai vpadxctoaj) sxvviy kjd

dostpo`xtoaj al chptkoj othes xjdhp dhlhjsh al Ojdok kct* Tbhsh pxihs cajtojxhd ta kvviy xv ta ;?4< wbhj hsshjtoki

sxvviohs "thevapkpy vawhp/ Kct) ;?4< wks vksshd* Tbos kct wks al thevapkpy jktxph wbocb iksthd xv ta 0< tb Nkjxkpy

;?83*

Sojch sbaptkghs cajtojxhd) ot wks lhit tbkt k vhpekjhjt ehksxph lap tbh cajtpai al hsshjtoki caeeadotohs os

jhchsskpy* Bhjch) tbh hsshjtokis caeeadotohs kct) ;?88 wks vksshd wbocb ckeh ojta lapch aj ;st

) Kvpoi ;?88*




;33

A`nhcto|h al hsshjtoki caeeadotohs Kct) ;?88> Tbh a`nhct al tbh kct os ta vpa|odh) oj tbh ojthphst al tbh ghjhpki vxìoc)

lap tbh cajtpai al vpadxctoaj) sxvviy kjd dostpo`xtoaj al) kjd tpkdh kjd caeehpch oj chptkoj caeeadotohs wbocb

svhcolohd oj tbh kct ta `h hsshjtoki caeeadotohs* Kjatbhp a`nhct al tbh kct os ta cbhcm tbh ojliktoajkpy tphjds oj vpochs ta

hjsxph h{xotkìh dostpo`xtoaj al hsshjtoki caeeadotohs*

Shctoaj 0"k/ stkths tbh laiiawojg kph hsshjtoki caeeadotohs) tbhy kph laiiaws>%

;* Ckttih laddhp ojtpadxcojg aoi ckmhs kjd atbhp cajchjtpkths*

0* Caki) ojcixdojg camh kjd atbhp dhpo|kto|hs*

3* Caevajhjts vkpts kjd kcchssapohs al kxtaea oihs*

4* Cattaj kjd waadhj thrtoihs*

8* Dpxgs*

<* Laad stxlls ojcixdojg hdoìh aoi shhds kjd aois*

7* Opaj kjd sthhi) ojcixdojg ekjxlkctxphd vpadxcts al opaj kjd sthhi*

2* Vkvhp ojcixdojg jhwsvpojt) vkvhp akpd kjd stpkw akpd*

?* Vhtpaihxe kjd vhtpaihxe vpadxcts*

;6* Pkw cattaj) wbhtbhp gojjhd "ap/ xjgojjhd kjd cattaj shhds*

;;* Pkw nxth*

;0* Kjy atbhp cikss al caeeadotohs wbocb tbh chjtpki ga|hpjehjt eky `y jatolohd apdhp dhcikphs ta `h kj hsshjtoki

caeeadoty*

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

2[ Cajloscktoaj al Hsshjtoki caeeadotohs Kct) ;?88*

Kjs> Kccapdojg ta shctoaj <"k/) kj hsshjtoki caeeadotohs eky `h sho~hd oj vxpsxkjch al kj apdhp ekdh xjdhp shctoaj

3) wbhph kjy sxcb sho~xph tkmhs vikch) k phvapt al sxcb sho~xph sbkii wotbaxt xj%phksajkìh dhiky bh ekdh ta tbh

caiihctap al tbh dostpoct "ap/ tbh vphsodhjcy ta pxj) oj wbocb sxcb hsshjtoki caeeadotohs os sho~hd* Tbh caiihctap dostpocts)

tbh hsshjtoki caeeadotohs) sa sho~hd ta `h vpadxchd lap ojsvhctoaj `hlaph boe) lap tbkt ol tbh caiihctap os sktoslohd tbhop

bks `hhj cajtpk|hjtoaj al tbh apdhp* Tbhphlaph bh eky apdhp lap cajloscktoaj al

;* Tbh hsshjtoki caeeadotohs sa sho~hd*

0* Kjy vkcmkgh ca|hpojg oj wbocb sxcb hsshjtoki caeeadoty os laxjd*

3* Kjy kjoeki) |hbocih "ap/ atbhp caj|hykjch xshd oj ckppyojg sxcb hsshjtoki caeeadotohs*

@xt kccapdojg ta shctoaj <"k/ ja laad gpkojs "ap/ hdoìh aois sho~hd oj vxpsxkjch al kj apdhp ekdh xjdhp shctoaj

3) sbkii `h cajlosckthd aj phcho|ojg k phvapt al sho~xph "ap/ kj ojsvhctoaj al kjy hsshjtoki caeeadotohs os sx`nhct ta

svhhdy kjd jktxpki dhcky) oj sxcb cksh bh eky>%




;34

;* Apdhp tbh hsshjtoki caeeadotohs ta `h said kt tbh cajtpaiihd vpoch*

0* Wbhph ja sxcb vpoch os lojhd apdhp tbh skeh ta `h said `y vxìoc kxctoaj*

Ol tbh phtkoi skih vpoch al kjy hsshjtoki caeeadoty bks `hhj lojhd `y tbh chjtpki ga|hpjehjt "ap/ k stkth

ga|hpjehjt xjdhp tbos kct) "ap/ xjdhp kjy atbhp kct) lap tbh toeh `hojg oj lapch* Tbh caiihctap eky lap ots h{xotkìh

dostpo`xtoaj kjd k|koikòioty kt lkop vpoch apdhp tbh skeh ta `h said ta lkop vpoch sbavs kt tbh vpoch sa lojhd*

Wbhph kjy hsshjtoki caeeadotohs os said) tbh skih vpachhds klthp tbh dhdxctoaj al tbh hrvhjshs al kjy sxcb skih

"ap/ kxctoaj "ap/ atbhp awjhp "ap/ tbh vhpsaj lpae wbae ot os sho~hd tbh phlxjd sbkii `h ekdh wbhph ja apdhp al

cajloscktoaj os vksshd `y tbh caiihctap wbhph kj apdhp kj kvvhki* Sa) ph{xophs wbhph oj vpashcxtoaj ojstotxthd lap tbh

cajtpk|hjtoaj al tbh apdhp sbkii `h vkod ta tbh awjhp*

Kjy vhpsaj kggpoh|hd `y apdhp al cajloscktoaj xjdhp shctoaj <"k/ wotboj ajh eajtb lpae tbh dkth al kj apdhp

al cajloscktoaj kvvhkphd ta tbh stkth ga|hpjehjt* Sa) cajchpjhd tbh stkth ga|hpjehjt klthp go|ojg kj avvaptxjoty ta tbh

kvviockjt ta `h bhkpd vkss sxcb apdhp wbocb ot eky tbojm lot* Tbh kwkpd al kjy cajloscktoaj sbkii jat vph|hjt tbh

ojsvhctoaj al kjy vxjosbehjt ta wbocb tbh vhpsaj hllhcts tbhop `y os iokìh xjdhp tbh kct*

Tbh vawhp nxposdoctoaj os k|koikìh ta tbh caiihctap "ap/ tbh stkth ga|hpjehjt jat wotb stkjdojg kjytbojg ta tbh

cajtpkpy cajtkoj oj kjy atbhp ikw lap tbh toeh `hojg hjlapch kjd kjy caxpt) tpo`xjki "ap/ atbhp kxtbapoty sbkii jat bk|h

sxcb vawhp*


b.law unit-iv

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