black power & black nationalism
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Black Power & Black Nationalism. African-American History. Background: 1800s. Many whites favored colonization in 1800s American Colonization Society founded Liberia in 1821 for that purpose, but only 12,000 went there Dr. Martin Delaney led emigration movement in 1850s – 1860s - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Black Power & Black Nationalism
African-American History
Background: 1800s Many whites favored colonization in 1800s
American Colonization Society founded Liberia in 1821 for that purpose, but only 12,000 went there
Dr. Martin Delaney led emigration movement in 1850s – 1860s 20,000 emigrated to Canada & Haiti in early 1800s
Bishop Henry M. Turner called for limited colonization of Africa in late 1800s Calculated U.S. gov’t owed ex-slaves $40 billion, & wanted
some of that money to fund emigration Southern white Senators introduced bill in 1890 to fund
emigration
Background: 1900s Marcus Garvey’s UNIA made
black nationalism popular in the 1920s
Cyril V. Briggs & Oscar Brown called for separate black “49th state”
F.S. Cherry founded Church of God in Philadelphia in 1915, claiming blacks were really Falasha Jews from Ethiopia
Marcus Garvey
Black Muslims Timothy Drew (Noble Drew Ali) formed Moorish-
American Science Temple in Newark, NJ in 1913 Wallace D. Fard appeared in Detroit in July 1930,
claiming to be prophet from Mecca Claimed blacks were lost tribe of Shabazz Evil scientist Yakub created race of white devils, who were
given 6,000 years to rule over the Black Nation Elijah (Poole) Muhammad took over leadership of
Nation of Islam following W.D. Fard’s disappearance from Chicago in 1934
Malcolm X & the Nation of Islam Malcolm Little was son
of Baptist preacher and UNIA organizer
Joined Nation of Islam in prison in 1948; Minister of Harlem temple in 1954
Broke with Nation in March 1964 & made pilgrimage to Mecca
Founded Organization of Afro-American Unity
Murdered in Feb. 1965
Malcolm X and Elijah Mohammad
Malcolm X’s Message Attacked King & others as
“Uncle Toms” Said integration was false
goal: what was needed was real revolution
Argued ghettoes were white creations
Rejected Christianity as slaveowners’ religion of white supremacy
Malcolm X speaking at Harlem rally
The Appeal of Black Nationalism & the Nation of Islam
Black nationalism always appealed to Northern blacks more than Southern blacks Southerners could believe rest of U.S. wasn’t racist Northerners knew better
Islam better suited to black nationalism because it lacks the concept of grace Christianity requires one to love & forgive enemies Islam emphasizes divine justice & retribution
American Christianity cast in white, middle-class mold Islam’s strict ascetic code addressed problems of
ghettoes through self-help
Pan-Africanism African Americans related to
colonial experience of Africans (and Asians)
Immanuel Wallersteins’s world system thesis provided Marxist explanation for colonialism
Independence of African nations seen as model
Black Power New SNCC leaders
Stokely Carmichael & Rap Brown abandon nonviolent strategy and goal of integration in 1966
CORE followed suit in 1967 under Floyd McKissick
Black Panthers founded in Oakland in 1966 by Huey Newton & Bobby Seale
Stokely Carmichael, 1970
H. Rap Brown
Black Power Ideology Insisted on being called
“Black” to assert that “Black is beautiful”
Threatened violence, especially in retaliation for police brutality
Condemned Vietnam War as unjust continuation of colonial rule over people of color
Bobby Seale & Huey Newton
Black Studies
San Francisco State introduced 1st Black Studies program under Nathan Hare
Antioch College est. Afro-American Studies Institute that excluded whites Kenneth Clark resigned in protest
Militants at Cornell demanded separate Black College of Black Studies in 1968