bkn geography

8/11/2019 BKN Geography

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CHAPTER-2

GEOGRAPHICAL LANDSCAPE OF BIKANER

2.1 LOCATION AND EXTENT

Bikaner district is spread over an area of 30289.62 sq. km. and lies

in the north-north western part of Rajasthan. t is located !etween 2"#$$%

and 29#03% north latit&des and "$#'(% and "(#$2% east lon)it&des. t is

!o&nded !* +ri ,an)ana)ar district in the north partl* !* aisalmer

district and /akistan in the west h&r& and 1an&man)arh districts in the

east and a)a&r and odhp&r districts in the so&th and so&th-west

respectivel*. ts international !o&ndar* with /akistan is $"0 km. he

location area and altit&de of the st&d* area are )iven in followin) ta!le

2.$ and maps 2.$ 2.2.

Table 2.1: Locat o!" E#te!t a!$ Alt t%$e o& B 'a!e( D )t( ct

Te*) l A(ea

+),.' .

Lat t%$e

No(t*

Lo!/ t%$e

Ea)t

He /*t abo0e

SL +Bikaner 3$92.'2 2" 0$'%-28022% "2#06%-"3#(6% 238

4&nkaransar '036.'8 28 0$"%-29003% "3#0'%-"(0$2% 200

+rid&n)ar)arh 30('.62 2"#((%-28 022% "3#39%-"(#22% 290

okha 3800.9" 2"#$$%-2" 0'8% "3#00%-"3#'3% 33(

5ola*at "9'".62 2"#2"%-28 023% "$0'(%-"3 0$0% 230

/&)al 32"6.23 28 002%-280(2% "2029%-"30$3% $8(

5haj&wala 2038.9$ 28#23%-28#'2% "2 0$2%-"2#((% $6$

hhatar)arh 2$'".$' 28 0$"%-280'8% "2#((%-"30$'% 2$'

B 'a!e( 3245.62 278119-25 33 9 718 ;9-7;8229 1 3-So%(ce: istrict +tatistical 7&tline Bikaner 200(.


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2.2 GEOLOGICAL STR


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have tertiar* formations. t is a pota!le water !elt and has )ood q&alit* of

water with (0-$20 m deep water ta!le. he dominance of a)a&r and

Bilada formations is in the so&th-eastern parts of Bikaner district havin)

normal pota!le water with some pockets of saline water. he depth of

water ta!le ran)es from 90-$30 m. 1ere the water level is decreasin) 3-(

feet ann&all* which shall create water crisis in the comin) *ears :ap

2.';.

2.; RELIEF AND PH=SIOGRAPH=

pos&res e>cept near 5ola*at and at a few places in the so&thern parts of okha and &lmera.

he district of Bikaner is th&s a vast sand* tract. cept 5ola*at are covered with sand. Rocks locall* known as

magra are fo&nd in parts of 5ola*at tehsil. n the ma)ra area vario&s

t*pes of cla*s sand stone and limestone are fo&nd at different levels

,7R $99$;.

he altit&de of the istrict ro&)hl* varies from $'0 m to 330 m.

ample of saline depression rann or pla*as; which occ&r at several

places in the desert of har.


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+and d&nes and interd&nal plains of recent ori)in cover most parts

of the district. :ost of the hi)h sand d&nes !elon) to earlier arid phase or

phases.


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Dune Type


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shows moderate to stron)l* developed la*er of hard and cr*stalline lime

nod&les 0.'-3 cm in si=e formin) '0-80 percent vol&me of the soil. he

low-l*in) areas and interd&nes show li)ht )re* soils with a weakl*

!lock* str&ct&re. hese are e>traordinaril* enriched with lime and

)*ps&m and are accordin)l* called as Calcic/Petrogypsic Gypsiorthids .


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mean temperat&re of this season ran)es !etween $(-$6# . he minim&m

temperat&re to&ches 2# d&e to cold wave comin) from the 1imala*as

and western dist&r!ances. &e to western dist&r!ances c*clonic

conditions occ&r in north-west ndia from ovem!er to :a*. t ca&ses

rainfall in the winter season which is pop&larl* known as mawat in

Rajasthan. an&ar* is the coldest month of this season.

Table 2.2: Cl at c co!$ t o!) ! B 'a!e( D )t( ct

o!t*) ea! (a !&all+

> o& a!!%al ea! Te ?+oC

Relat 0eH% $ t@ +>

Sea)o!al >0al%e

an 6.' 2.0 $2.' (".0@e! 9.2 2.8 $".$ ($.0 $2.' ?;

:arch 8.8 2." 23.3 3$.'


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rain occ&rs in winter d&e to western dist&r!ances. t decreases towards

north-western parts of the district. he st&d* area is infl&enced !* cold

wave d&rin) winter and warm winds loo ; in s&mmer. ?inds d&rin) most

part of the *ear are so&th-western which associate with d&st storms ins&mmer d&e to their swiftness. n winter the dominatin) winds are north-

northeastern. hese chill* 1imala*an winds !rin) down the temperat&res.

Relative h&midit* is an important phenomenon of climate. t chan)es

dail* and ann&all* !&t )enerall* remains low. he ma>im&m relative

h&midit* is fo&nd d&rin) rain* season from &l* to +eptem!er and

thereafter d&rin) winter from ecem!er to @e!r&ar* a!le 2.2 @i). 2.$

and :ap 2.8;.

2.7. DRO


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2.4 INERALS

@&ller%s earth Multani mitti ; )ravel li)nite and )*ps&m white

cla* *ellow ochre and )rit are important economic minerals prod&ced in

the district. ,*ps&m !eds &pto 30 m thick and the !est q&alit* availa!le

in ndia are fo&nd in lar)e q&antities in amsar villa)e of Bikaner tehsil

and to a lesser e>tent at 4&nkaransar &lmera and hirera. here are

deposits of @&ller%s earth at villa)es /alana Bikaner tehsil; and :&dh

5ola*at tehsil;. Red sandstone q&arries are located near 5hari and

&lmera villa)es in 4&nkaransar tehsil. mp&re limestone known as

Kan ar is e>cavated all over the district. ,lass sand is fo&nd near :&dh.

4i)nite is availa!le at vario&s places in 5ola*at tehsil e.). Bithnok

,&rha; and villa)e /alana.

+andstone limestone )ravel and )rit are the main !&ildin)

materials fo&nd in the district. he sandstone q&arries at &lmera are of

fine red !rown colo&r. he deposits of limestone occ&r in okha tehsil.

he limestone fo&nd there is hi)h in dolomite. he main so&rces of )rit

and )ravel are at ,an)ashahar ,arsisar +hiv!ari ar!ari and al which

are &sed locall* for lime !&rnin) as well as for !allast :ap 2.9 ;.

2.5 FLORA AND FAcept !irds some mammals and a few others are lar)el* hidden from

view !eca&se the* live in their own special niches s&ch as &nder stones

amon) plant roots !&rrows rodents and reptiles; and lon) t&nnels


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termites and ants;.


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De)etation shows o!vio&s adaptations to desert conditions !*

acq&irin) s&ch characteristics as thick sap flesh* parts red&ction of

leaves and presence of thorns etc. n some areas plants ma* )row

prof&sel* d&rin) certain seasons. +ome plants remain !eneath the )ro&nd

in the form of !&l!s corns t&!ers and flesh* roots !&t the perennials

remain a!ove )ro&nd in all seasons.

he ve)etation of Bikaner district falls &nder the !road nat&ral

division of tropical forest. B&t d&e to e>tremel* low rainfall and e>tremes

of temperat&re there is hi)h evaporation and loss of moist&re convertin)

the district into a t*pical arid tract. 1owever where the moist&re

acc&m&lates to some e>tent d&rin) rains a few scattered st&nted trees not

taller than 6 m hi)h are fo&nd. he trees and !&shes which )row there

are ins&fficient even to f&lfil the local req&irements for constr&ction of

ho&ses makin) a)ric&lt&ral implements and for f&el p&rposes.

he most common tree fo&nd in the district is 5hejri Prosopis

cineraria ;. 7ther trees fo&nd are Rohira Tecomela undulata ; Ber

!i"yphus #u#uba ; and al or /il& Salvadora oleoides ;. +ome other trees

fo&nd on em!ankments in the vicinit* of tanks or in the )ardens are

+hisham $albergia sissoo ; /ipal %icus religiosa ; +iris &lbi""ia

lebbec ; etc.


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2.13 LANDcl&din) fallow lands 630'8( 20."'A; fallow land and $20('2$ ha

39.66 A; et +own cl&din) fallow land

33.$" 30.'9 3$.2( 2".2(

@allow land $8.'6 $2.'( $3."9 20."' et sown area 36.9 (3."8 ($."8 39.66


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decreased to 30.'9A in $99"-98 a)ain it sli)htl* increased in 2000-0$

3$.2(A;. n the *ear 200'-06 it red&ced to 2".2(A in the st&d* area.

he ma>im&m area was &nder the cate)or* et +own


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+Hecta(e c%lt 0at o!+>

+> +> +>

Bikaner $2662( 2.30 6.83 $9."( 3".89 33.2(

4&nkaransar 20'$38 0.33 29.'8 $0.33 $9.02 (0."3

okha 2922(3 0.2( (.6' '.6' $2.'8 "6.88

5ola*at $9'998 0.96 ".9$ ('.8$ 20."3 2(.'9

/&)al 6'3$( (.$" 3.'2 '2.9" $3.8' 2'.'0

5haj&wala (392$ $8.39 (.'( ($.6' $3.90 2$.'2

hhatar)arh 36223 6.$6 3.(3 39.06 3(.'6 $6."9

&n)ar)arh 239060 0.6" 3."3 3.03 $2.99 "9.'8

otal 30382$' 2."$ 9.63 2".2' 20."6 39.6'

So%(ce E 7ffice of the istrict ollector 4and Records; Bikaner.

he net sown area 36.9A; of the total )eo)raphical area in $9""-

"8 increased to ($."8A in 2000-0$. ?hile the area sown more than once

which was 3.'6A in $9""-"8 increased to 6.8"A in 2000-0$ and

decreased a)ain to (.28A in 200'-06. he fallow land decreased d&rin)

the same period from $8.'6 A in $9""-"8 to $3."9A in 2000-0$ and

increased to 20."'A in 200'-06. o major chan)es have !een noticed in

area of forest land not availa!le for c&ltivation and land other than fallow

land. he overall pict&re shows increasin) &se of land for a)ric&lt&re

thro&)h irri)ation d&e to increasin) pop&lation press&re.

he ma>im&m forest land of the istrict 3"'3$ ha ('.(9A; is in5haj&wala and minim&m 896 ha $.$0A; in okha tehsil. he net sown

area is ma>im&m 2922(3 ha 2(.26A; in okha tehsil while minim&m

36223 3.0A; is in hattar)arh tehsil. okha tehsil has e>tensive t&!e

well irri)ation facilities. ?hereas the hi)hest $6'206 ha 26.20A; fallow

land of the district is in 5ola*at and lowest 39023 ha 6.20A; in

&n)ar)arh tehsil. ?ithin the tehsils Bikaner and hattar)arh have hi)h

fallow land d&e to lack of irri)ation. et sown area is hi)h in &n)ar)arh


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Table 2. : A(ea %!$e( a o( Foo$ C(o?) ! B 'a!e( D )t( ct" 1556-57

to 233 -36

in hec;

C(o? 1556-57 1557-54 1554-55 1555-33 2333-31 233 -36Bajra 2"'626 239828 $938$6 $3$8'3 $(0$30 2$"36$,ram "'02" 8$0'3 $$'33( "83"$ 6$222 $3"'"6?heat ('0$0 '$6$3 '6232 "0628 39'82 '0$62owar $608 $($2 $0$9 '$3 $2$0 996Barle* 323 '28 ($( 360 $2(" 2$('otal 39"'9( 3"((3( 3668$' 28$"2' 2(339$ (0823"So%(ce E 7ffice of the ep&t* irector


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4&nkaransar 20.0 $00 99.8 99.( 8.90 9".20 $00 0.60

okha 0.33 $0.$0 $00 $00 $00 $00 $00 0.$0

5ola*at 0.2" '.90 99.(0 $00 99.30 99.90 $00 $.30

/&)al 8.20 $00 $00 $00 99.8 $00 $00 $6.(0

5haj&wala 99.$0 - $00 $00 99.8 $00 $00 98.90

hhatar)arh (.0$ 0.86 96.$0 9".(0 93.20 9".$0 $00 $".30

&n)ar)arh 0."0 $00 $00 $00 99.90 $00 99.90 0.20

otal $.(0 $3."0 99.60 99.3 68.9 99.( 99.9 0.'0

So%(ce E istrict +tatistical 7&tline Bikaner 2003.

F /. 2. : C(o?- )e (( /ate$ a(ea ! B 'a!e( $ )t( ct" 233 -36

he crop-wise irri)ated area in the district shows that wheat

!arle* rape and m&stard and )ro&ndn&t are )rown &nder f&ll* irri)ated

conditions while most of the )ram 69A; is also !ein) prod&ced with

irri)ation. 5harif p&lses 0.'0A; incl&din) the moth!ean &sed for (hu#ia

man&fact&rin) !ajra and most of jowar are )rown &nder rainfed

conditions d&rin) the rain* season. ehsilwise !ajra is )rown with canal

water in 5haj&wala and partiall* in 4&nkaransar. C>cept in 4&nkaransar


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)ram is !ein) prod&ced &nder irri)ated conditions in all the tehsils. 5harif

p&lses are almost f&ll* irri)ated in 5haj&wala !&t onl* partiall* in /&)al

and hattar)ath. n all other tehsils 5harif p&lses are )rown &nder

rainfed condition @i). 2.3 F a!le 2.";.

2.12 IRRIGATION FACILITIES

im&m 6$"2( hectares $8.(6A; in 5ola*at tehsil and minim&m

296(8 hectares 8.8"A; in okha tehsil. 5haj&wala tehsil ranks second

with $6.92A +rid&n)ar)arh third with $3.0(A followed !* /&)al $2.$0

4&nkaransar $0."0A and Bikaner $0.63. here is no canal irri)ation in

the tehsils of okha and +rid&n)ar)arh while 5haj&wala /&)al and

hhatar)arh have onl* canal irri)ation.

here are mainl* two so&rces of irri)ation in the st&d* area i.e.

wells and t&!ewells and canal. t can !e concl&ded from the a!le 2.8

that the total area &nder irri)ation was ne)li)i!le in $960-6$. t was onl*

" hectares &nder well irri)ation. he canal irri)ation $'6 hectares; was

started in $969-"0. he area &nder canal irri)ation increased to $0899

hectares in the *ear $9"(-"' which shared a!o&t 9".$9A. he irri)ated

area &nder this cate)or* went &pto $$3$86 hectares 9$.80A; in $99(-9'

and $8(60( 69.39A; in the *ear 2003-0(.


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in hec;

=ea( Ca!al ell) T%be- ell Ot*e() Total$960-6$ - " - 0"$968-69 - 39 90 $29$969-"0 $'6 - 92 2(8$9"(-"' $0899 (8 26' $$2$($9""-"8 $0$86 - - $0$86$98$-82 2'338 2 $8$ 2''2$$990-9$ 83'"0 30 66 83666$99(-9' 9((30 2'28 9 9696"$99"-98 $$3$86 $002" "9 $23292$999-00 2338'0 2""$( 2$2 26$""62000-0$ $"'99' 33202 908 2$0$0'2003-0( $8(60( 8$(02 $6 266022200'-06 2202$2 $$(08" - 33(299So%(ce E istrict +tatistical 7&tline Bikaner

2.1 ENERGI ED T


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Table 2.5: No. o& E!e(/ e$ T%be- ell) a!$ P% ? !/ Set) ! B 'a!e(

$ )t( ct" 1555-33 to 233 -36

=ea(T%be- ell) P% ? !/ )et)

D e)el Elect( c Total D e)el Elect( c Total$999-00 ' "0" "$2 ( $2$9 $2232000-0$ 20 $02" $0(" "8 2$36 22$(200$-02 ( $823 $82" 38 3090 3$282002-03 ( 2$36 2$(0 39 3$22 3$6$2003-0( 33 2'92 262' 3' 3'$2 3'("200(-0' 32 322$ 32'3 32 36'0 3682200'-06 3$ ('6' ('96 3$ (968 (999So%(ce E istrict +tatistical 7&tline Bikaner.

2.1; LI ESTOCK EALTH

he major livestock wealth in Bikaner district was $$.$" lakh in

$966 which increased to $6.93 lakh in $988 $9.3(lakh in $992 2(.'"

lakh in $99" !&t it decreased to 23.'" lakh in the *ear 2003. he reasons

!ehind the decrease of livestock pop&lation are dro&)hts lack of feed and

fodder and inadeq&ate irri)ation. +heep )oats cows and !&ffaloes are the

main milch animals. here is (.9'A livestock wealth of Rajasthan in the

st&d* area a!le 2.$0;.

he cow wealth was 3.'' lakh in $966 which increased !* $.'

times to '.'9 lakh in $99" and 6.08 lakh in 2003. n the same wa*

!&ffalo pop&lation increased tremendo&sl* 2.( times; from (("(3 in

$966 to $0"(02 in $99" and $.32 lakh 2.9" times; in 2003. he increase

in n&m!er of !&ffalo pop&lation is motivated !* its hi)her milk *ield and

availa!ilit* of )reen fodder in irri)ated areas. ,oats and sheep are also

important animals in the st&d* area. +heep increased $.96 times to $$.("

lakh in $966-9" !&t decreased !* $9.08A !etween $99" and 2003. ,oats

have increased '.$6 times or ($6.3$ percent !etween $966 and 2003. his

is d&e to their sale val&e in meat market and !etter adapta!ilit* to the arid

conditions. he share of !&ffaloes has increased in the livestock of the

district !&t that of cows decreased !etween $966-2003. 1owever the


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share of !oth has increased since $99". he share of sheep has declined to

39A !&t it still is the lar)est animal )ro&p of the livestock. ows and

!&ffaloes are the !ase of dair* ind&str* while the former provide raw

material for rasgulla ind&str*. +heep are the so&rce of wool for woollen

ind&str* in the district. 1owever their feedin) and health aspects need to

!e looked into. ,oat is the onl* animal who%s share has increased

consistentl* all thro&)h :ap 2.$$;.

Table 2.13: L 0e)toc' ! t*e B 'a!e( D )t( ct +1561-233

=ea( Total

A! al)

Pe(ce!t S*a(e

Co ) B%&&alo S*ee? Goat)$966 $$$6928 3$.80 (.0 '2.20 $$.90$9"2 8(3''$ 26.'0 3.(( (".60 22.(0$988 $63$"$0 2"."0 3.(0 '0.60 $8.30$992 $93(("( 23.'0 3."0 (9.30 23.'0$99" 2('"'06 22.80 (.(0 (6."0 26.$02003 23'6"28 2'.80 '.60 39.(0 29.$0

So%(ce E epartment of


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and 66 5D Ratan)arh to Bikaner $32 km; have !een set &p. he total

len)th of electric transmission lines reached $''6.8 km of 33 5D 80'0

km of $$ 5D and 3068 km of 4 lines till :arch 200(. &rin) 200'-06

$("$" lakh &nits of electricit* was cons&med o&t of which "'(6 lakh

&nits '$.30A; was cons&med for domestic &se $32' lakh &nit 9.00A;

for commercial &se and 99( lakh &nit 6.80A; for ind&strial &se 8$( lakh

&nits '.'0A; for p&!lic &se 3'2( lakh &nits for 23.9A; irri)ation and

'$( lakh &nits 3.'0A; for other &ses.

here has !een a si)nificant pro)ress in the field of r&ral

electrification d&rin) the decade. B* the end of 3$ :arch 2006 there

were 2.2( lakh cons&mers of electricit*. 7f the total cons&mers $."' lakh

were domestic 300'9 commercial '362 ind&strial '3" p&!lic

cons&mers $3(3 /1C $0'"' irri)ation a)ric&lt&re; and 636 other

cons&mers in Bikaner district.

2.16 IND


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fa!rication d*ein) and printin) wood carvin) and to*s makin) !h&jia

and ras)&lla man&fact&rin) ind&stries. here are ei)ht ind&strial estates

developed !* R 7 three in Bikaner cit* Rani Ba=ar 5arni

Bichhwal; one in apasar 5hara nd&strial ,rowth entre 5haj&wala

4&nkaransar and okha. Besides there are other dispersed ind&strial

&nits too.

B* the end of 3$ :arch 2006 there were ''$' re)istered factories

in the ind&strial areas of the district )ivin) emplo*ment to 2(98"

persons. 7f these the ma>im&m n&m!er was of food !ased followed !*

woolen ind&stries. he woolen factories are en)a)ed in man&fact&rin) of

woolen )arments and !lankets wool p&rif*in) wool !alin) and

processin). here are ver* )ood prospects for f&rther development of

wool processin) ind&stries in the district.

2.17 TRADE AND CO ERCE

?oollen carpets ,hee +&)ar-cand* /apad and Bh&jia ras)&lla

cattle-!ones hides m&stard taramira and !lankets etc. are the articles

that are e>ported from this district while steel cloth )arments rice

to!acco metal )oods Kirana )roceries; coal and jeweller* etc. are the

items )enerall* imported. he *ield of milk from cattle in this part of the

area of the +tate is fairl* )ood and sweets especiall* rasgulla prepared

from it are !ein) e>ported in lar)e q&antities o&t of the districts.

2.14 ED


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the period the scholars enrolled in &niversities were 892 in )eneral

colle)es these were are $(""9 professional colle)es 298$ in secondar*

and senior secondar* schools 90$0' in middle schools $"3269 in

primar* schools $662$9 and in professional schools ($6. n all 28008

teachers are en)a)ed in the &niversit* colle)e and school level teachin).

2.15 EDICAL AND P


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Table 2.11: Po?%lat o! a!$ t) G(o t* Rate ! B 'a!e( D )t( ct" 15;1-

2331

=ea( Po?%lat o! Deca$al G(o t* Rate +>

$9($ 3$'($8 3(.29$9'$ 3(309$ 8.""$96$ ((('$' 29.'6$9"$ '"3$(9 28.9($98$ 8(8"(9 (8.08$99$ $2$$$(0 (2."0200$ $902$$0 '".0'So%(ce: istrict +tatistical 7&tline Bikaner.

F /. 2.;: G(o t* o& Po?%lat o! ! B 'a!e( D )t( ct +15;1-2331

he &r!ani=ation stat&s is modified !* the presence of Bikaner cit*

which is the major &r!an centre of the arid har desert. Besides it there

are onl* three more &r!an centres in the district namel* okha

+rid&n)ar)arh and eshnoke the last one !ein) a pil)rim centre.

Gr!anisatin is ver* low in okha $'.$0A; and +rid&n)ar)arh $9."6A;


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tehsils. he Bikaner tehsil containin) Bikaner cit* and eshnoke as

&r!an areas has 3H( th of its pop&lation as &r!an !ased. he overall

pop&lation densit* in the district is 63 personsH+q.km. !&t r&ral densit* is

j&st (2 d&e to desertic conditions. /op&lation densit* is m&ch hi)her in

&r!an areas !ein) 8$8' in +rid&n)ar)arh tehsil (('2 in okha and 3$9(

in Bikaner tehsil. Bikaner cit* and okha are major ind&strial centres too

a!le 2.$2 and 2.$3;.

Table 2.12: R%(al a!$


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Table 2.1 : Po?%lat o! $e!) t@ ! B 'a!e( $ )t( ct" 2331

Te*) l Po?%lat o! De!) t@ +Pe()o!) S,. 'R%(al


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Table 2.1;: Occ%?at o!al )t(%ct%(e ! B 'a!e( $ )t( ct" 2331

Te*) l Total

o('e()

>

C%lt 0ato()

A/( c%lt%(al

Labo%(e()

+>

HH

I!$%)t(@

+>

Ot*e(

o('e()

+>Bikaner 233"93 22.0( 2."9 '.38 69."8/&)al 3603$ "(.08 8."6 3.$' $(.0$5ola*at 88((8 "2.(0 6."6 $.90 $8.9'4&nkaransar 8$68$ "".9' '.83 $.2' $(.9"

okha $(8((0 "2.39 6.2( 2.68 $8.695haj&wala 3620( 6'.88 $(.86 $.(' $".8$hhatar)arh 36860 8'.92 '.3( 0.8' 0".89+rid&n)ar)arh $223(0 8$.2( '.03 $.69 $2.0(?hole istrict "83"9" '9."' '.'$ 2.9" 3$.""So%(ce: istrict +tatistical 7&tline Bikaner

2.21 TRANSPORT AND CO


38/39


39/39

he district had direct rail connections !* metre and !road )&a)e

with elhi and !* !road )&a)e with odhp&r aip&r ,an)ana)ar

bkn geography

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