MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR

BY:-NARPAT SINGH NIRANJAN

2011uce1126

Bituminous Materials

CONTENTS:-CONTENTS:-DEVELOPMENT OF BITUMENDEVELOPMENT OF BITUMENCLASSIFICATION AND VARIOUS TERMS USED CLASSIFICATION AND VARIOUS TERMS USED RELATED TO BITUMEN. RELATED TO BITUMEN. ORIGIN OF REFINERY BITUMEN.ORIGIN OF REFINERY BITUMEN.REQUIRMENT OF BITUMEN OR PROPERTIESUSES AND APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT BITUMINOUS USES AND APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT BITUMINOUS MATERIALS IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION.MATERIALS IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION• Growth of a country largely depends Growth of a country largely depends

upon its efficient transportation system.upon its efficient transportation system.

• Well developed means of transportation Well developed means of transportation is the lifeline of a country.is the lifeline of a country.

• TRANSPORTATION CONTRIBUTES TO TRANSPORTATION CONTRIBUTES TO THE ECONOMIC,SOCIAL,INDUSTRIAL THE ECONOMIC,SOCIAL,INDUSTRIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY.COUNTRY.

HIGHWAYS, RAILWAYS, WATER WAYS, AIR WAYS HIGHWAYS, RAILWAYS, WATER WAYS, AIR WAYS ARE DIFFERENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION.ARE DIFFERENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION.

• Road transport is most Road transport is most interesting, versatile,flexible.interesting, versatile,flexible.

After independence the length and capacity of Indian After independence the length and capacity of Indian road system has registered a tremendous growth.road system has registered a tremendous growth.

• Network of 33 lakh km of Network of 33 lakh km of road in the country.road in the country.

• Schemes like:-Schemes like:-• ‘‘GOLDEN GOLDEN

QUADRILATERAL’QUADRILATERAL’• Under this scheme 4 Under this scheme 4

metropolitan cities,metropolitan cities,• Frontiers from N-S,and E-W Frontiers from N-S,and E-W

are to be connected.are to be connected.

• Rs.5400 crores is to be spent.`Rs.5400 crores is to be spent.`

87% passengers and 65% of goods in the country are transported by roads.

• Road transportation is increasing @ 7-10% ,every year.

• The number of vehicles plying on the road is increasing @ 12% annually.

• PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM SADAK YOGANA (PMGSY).

MAJOR FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR MAJOR FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR FAILURE OF ROADS.FAILURE OF ROADS.

• Overloaded commercial vehicles.Overloaded commercial vehicles.

• Improper design of roads.Improper design of roads.

• Improper construction of roads.Improper construction of roads.• Improper specifications.Improper specifications.

• Drainage,and soil subgrade Drainage,and soil subgrade conditions.conditions.

• Aging of bitumen.Aging of bitumen.

DEVELOPMENT IS THE TOTALITY OF DEVELOPMENT IS THE TOTALITY OF DISCOVERY.DISCOVERY.

BITUMEN.BITUMEN.

SIR WALTER RALEIGH 1595SIR WALTER RALEIGH 1595

Bitumen is a primary engineering Bitumen is a primary engineering material,due to its low cost as compared to material,due to its low cost as compared to

other binding materials it is used in other binding materials it is used in relatively thick films to provide protective relatively thick films to provide protective

film against corrosive influences and film against corrosive influences and weatherweather.

Bitumen is a dense viscous Bitumen is a dense viscous material,dark black or brown in material,dark black or brown in

color,used as a binding and color,used as a binding and waterproofing material.waterproofing material.

BITUMEN - USESBITUMEN - USES

• For paving roads.For paving roads.

• For manufacturing of roofing felt.For manufacturing of roofing felt.

• For moisture proof and laminated For moisture proof and laminated packing material.packing material.

• For coating on roofs,walls and floors.For coating on roofs,walls and floors.

• Paints.Paints.

• INCLUDING THESE THERE ARE 250 INCLUDING THESE THERE ARE 250 KNOWN USES OF BITUMEN.KNOWN USES OF BITUMEN.

ORIGIN OF REFINERY BITUMEN.ORIGIN OF REFINERY BITUMEN.

• Organic component of marien animals Organic component of marien animals ,plant deposits mingled with and covered ,plant deposits mingled with and covered by sedimentary mineral matter the by sedimentary mineral matter the action over millions of yearsof bacterial action over millions of yearsof bacterial attack,moderate heat,pressure and attack,moderate heat,pressure and catalytic action of finely devided mineral catalytic action of finely devided mineral particles has converted the fatty residue particles has converted the fatty residue into crude petroleum. into crude petroleum.

EXTRACTIONEXTRACTION OF REFINERY BITUMEN OF REFINERY BITUMEN

• ..

• Bitumen is produced from selected crude Bitumen is produced from selected crude oils.oils.

• Preliminary distillation is normally carried Preliminary distillation is normally carried out near oil fieldsout near oil fields

EXTRACTION OF REFINERY EXTRACTION OF REFINERY BITUMEN.BITUMEN.

REQUIRMENT OF BITUMEN OR PROPERTIES

• THE BITUMEN SHOULD POSSESS ADEQUATE VISCOSITY WHILE MIXING AND COMPACTION.

• IT SHOULD NOT BE HIGHLY TEMPERATURE SUCEPTIBLE.

• IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER IT SHOULD NOT STRIP OFF FROM AGGREGATE.

Limitations of Conventional Limitations of Conventional BitumenBitumen

Brittleness at Low Temperature

Becomes Soft In Hot Climatic Conditions

High Temperature Susceptibility

Susceptible To Deformation (Rutting)

Fatigue Failure (Cracking)

Poor Adhesion

MEMBERS OF BITUMEN FAMILY

• ASPHALT:- when bitumen contains some inert material or mineral.

• LAKE ASPHALT, ROCK ASPHALT.• LAKE ASPHALT:- IT IS FOUND IN WELL

DEFINED SURFACE DEPOSITES IT CONTAINS:-• BINDER - 54%.• MINERAL MATTER - 36%.• ORGANIC MATTER - 10%.

Requirements of paving bitumenRequirements of paving bitumen

S 35 S 45 S 55 S 65 S 90 S 200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

i)Specific gravity at 27°c Min.

0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 IS 1202 : 1978

ii)Water percent by massMax.

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 IS 1211 : 1978

iii) Softening point °c 50 to 65 45 to 60 45 to 60 40 to 55 35 to 50 30 to 45 IS 1205 : 1978

iv)Penetration at 25°c 100g, 5 sec., 1/10 mm

30 to 40 40 to 50 50 to 60 60 to 70175 to

225175 to

225IS 1208 : 1978

v) Penetration ratio, Min. 35 35 35 35 35 35 -

vi)Ductility at 27°, cm, Min.

50 75 75 75 - - IS 1208 : 1978

Requirements for Paving Bitumen Type I

Methods of Test Ref. To

Requirements for GradesCharacteristics

Sl.No.

CHEMISTRY OF BITUMEN.

• The configuration of internal structure of bitumen is largely determined by the chemical constitution of the molecular species of predominantly hydrocarbon nature with a small amount of functional group containing nitrogen,oxygen and sulphur atoms.

• Bitumen also contains trace quantities of metals like vanadium,nickel,iron,magnesium& calcium which occur in the form of inorganic salts and oxides.

ELEMENTRY ANALYSIS OF BITUMEN SHOWS THAT IT CONTAINS.

• CARBON --- 82 - 88% .

• HYDROGEN --- 08 - 11%.

• SULPHUR --- 0 - 6%.

• OXYGEN --- 0 - 1.5%.

• NITROGEN --- 0 - 1%.

FOUR PRINCIPLE MECHANISM OF BITUMEN HARDENING.

• 1) OXIDATION - Due to presence of excessive polar aromatics.

• 2) LOSS OF VOLATILES - Temperature,condition of

exposure.• 3) PHYSICAL HARDENIND- When bitumen is

attributed to reorientation of its molecules.

• 4) EXUDATIVE HARDENING - Due to presence of napthenic aromatics of lower molecular

weight.

• http://www.facts-about-india.com/transportation-in-India.php

• http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/ut/urban_transport.htm

• http://ncrb.gov.in/

• http://morth.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File420.pdf

References

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