birth control and contraceptives human sexuality lesson 12

Birth Control and Birth Control and ContraceptivesContraceptives

Human SexualityHuman Sexuality

Lesson 12Lesson 12

Contraceptive MethodContraceptive Method

►Technique used to prevent the joining Technique used to prevent the joining together of an egg and a sperm together of an egg and a sperm (preventing conception/pregnancy)(preventing conception/pregnancy)

► Includes:Includes: Abstinence (not having sexual Abstinence (not having sexual

intercourse)intercourse) Prescriptions (through doctors)Prescriptions (through doctors) Non-prescriptions (no doctor needed)Non-prescriptions (no doctor needed) Sterilization (surgery)Sterilization (surgery)

AbstinenceAbstinence

►Not engaging in sexual activityNot engaging in sexual activity►100% effective against STD’s and 100% effective against STD’s and

pregnancypregnancy

Reasons Why Individuals Use Reasons Why Individuals Use Birth ControlBirth Control

►1. To space pregnancies at least 2 1. To space pregnancies at least 2 years apartyears apart

►2. To limit family size2. To limit family size►3. To avoid pregnancy3. To avoid pregnancy►4. Controlling when to get pregnant4. Controlling when to get pregnant►5. High risk of having a child with a 5. High risk of having a child with a

birth defectbirth defect

Prescription MethodsPrescription Methods

►Oral contraceptives – birth control pillsOral contraceptives – birth control pills How It WorksHow It Works: Contain different hormones : Contain different hormones

(usually estrogen and progestin) that (usually estrogen and progestin) that prevent the release of an egg from the prevent the release of an egg from the ovariesovaries

Also thicken cervical mucus, preventing Also thicken cervical mucus, preventing sperm from reaching an eggsperm from reaching an egg

Side EffectsSide Effects: Blood clots, liver tumors, : Blood clots, liver tumors, nausea, weight gain, irritability, depression, nausea, weight gain, irritability, depression, decrease in sexual desiredecrease in sexual desire


►Advantages:Advantages: Reduces menstrual flow and crampsReduces menstrual flow and cramps Offer some protection against pelvic Offer some protection against pelvic

inflammatory diseaseinflammatory disease Clears up acneClears up acne Almost 100% effective against pregnancy IF Almost 100% effective against pregnancy IF

USED PROPERLYUSED PROPERLY

►DisadvantagesDisadvantages:: Possible side effectsPossible side effects CostCost Prescription neededPrescription needed


►DiaphragmDiaphragm How it worksHow it works: soft, round latex : soft, round latex

dome that is inserted deep into dome that is inserted deep into the vagina, covering the cervix – the vagina, covering the cervix – usually applied with spermicide usually applied with spermicide cream or jelly around the rimcream or jelly around the rim

Barrier for sperm – spermicide Barrier for sperm – spermicide helps to destroy spermhelps to destroy sperm


►DiaphragmDiaphragm Side EffectsSide Effects: bladder infections, : bladder infections,

irritation, discomfort, allergic reactionirritation, discomfort, allergic reaction AdvantagesAdvantages: can be inserted 2 hours : can be inserted 2 hours

before sexual activity, comfortable, no before sexual activity, comfortable, no affects on fertility or menstrual cyclesaffects on fertility or menstrual cycles

DisadvantagesDisadvantages: doesn’t protect against : doesn’t protect against HIV/AIDS, requires fitting in clinic, HIV/AIDS, requires fitting in clinic, refitting, side effects, can be messyrefitting, side effects, can be messy


►Cervical CapCervical Cap How it WorksHow it Works: like diaphragm, rubber : like diaphragm, rubber

barrier that fits over the cervix and barrier that fits over the cervix and requires spermiciderequires spermicide

Side EffectsSide Effects: allergic reactions to rubber : allergic reactions to rubber or spermicideor spermicide

AdvantagesAdvantages: can be inserted hours : can be inserted hours before sexual activity, comfortable, no before sexual activity, comfortable, no affects on future fertility or menstrual affects on future fertility or menstrual cycle cycle


►Cervical CapCervical Cap DisadvantagesDisadvantages: : ►does not protect against HIV/AIDSdoes not protect against HIV/AIDS► requires fitting in clinic (some requires fitting in clinic (some women cannot be fitted)women cannot be fitted)

► can be dislodged during can be dislodged during intercourseintercourse

► side effectsside effects


► IUD (Intrauterine Device)IUD (Intrauterine Device) How it WorksHow it Works: T-shaped device : T-shaped device

inserted into uterus – inflames uterus, inserted into uterus – inflames uterus, which blocks flow of spermwhich blocks flow of sperm

Side EffectsSide Effects: uterine perforation (cuts), : uterine perforation (cuts), pelvic inflammatory disease, irregular pelvic inflammatory disease, irregular bleeding, increases menstrual flowbleeding, increases menstrual flow

AdvantagesAdvantages: doesn’t interrupt : doesn’t interrupt intercourseintercourse


►IUD (Intrauterine Device)IUD (Intrauterine Device) Disadvantages:Disadvantages: ►irregular bleedingirregular bleeding►uterine cutsuterine cuts►doesn’t protect against doesn’t protect against HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS


►Depo-ProveraDepo-Provera How it WorksHow it Works: injection of hormones : injection of hormones

administered every 3 months; thickens administered every 3 months; thickens cervical mucus and stops ovulationcervical mucus and stops ovulation

Side EffectsSide Effects: weight gain, loss of bone : weight gain, loss of bone density, irregular bleeding, headaches, density, irregular bleeding, headaches, nervousness, acne, breast tenderness (not nervousness, acne, breast tenderness (not recommended for long term use)recommended for long term use)

AdvantagesAdvantages: doesn’t interfere with : doesn’t interfere with intercourse, don’t forget to have it done, intercourse, don’t forget to have it done, decreased risk of some cancersdecreased risk of some cancers

DisadvantagesDisadvantages: no menstrual cycles, fertility : no menstrual cycles, fertility may be slow after stopping the shot, side may be slow after stopping the shot, side effects effects


►NorplantNorplant How it WorksHow it Works: 6 rod-shaped : 6 rod-shaped

capsules are implanted in capsules are implanted in surgery; secretes hormone to surgery; secretes hormone to inhibit ovulationinhibit ovulation

No longer available in the No longer available in the United States – taken off the United States – taken off the market in 2002 market in 2002

Non-Prescription MethodsNon-Prescription Methods

►Male CondomMale Condom How It WorksHow It Works: Thin sheath made of : Thin sheath made of

latex, plastic, or lambskin that is latex, plastic, or lambskin that is unrolled on to the penis and unrolled on to the penis and catches semen and spermcatches semen and sperm

Side EffectsSide Effects: Typically none, unless : Typically none, unless an allergy to latex existsan allergy to latex exists


►AdvantagesAdvantages:: Only method available to men except Only method available to men except

sterilizationsterilization Relatively cheap; available w/o prescriptionRelatively cheap; available w/o prescription Protects against most STD’s and HIV Protects against most STD’s and HIV 86%-97% effective in pregnancy prevention86%-97% effective in pregnancy prevention

►DisadvantagesDisadvantages:: Possible allergyPossible allergy May reduce sensation for menMay reduce sensation for men Possibility of breaking Possibility of breaking


►Female CondomFemale Condom How it WorksHow it Works: thin, loose-fitting : thin, loose-fitting

protective tube worn inside the vagina – protective tube worn inside the vagina – soft ring at close end covers cervix during soft ring at close end covers cervix during intercourse; other ring at open end intercourse; other ring at open end remains outside vagina around labia; remains outside vagina around labia; protects from pregnancy and protects from pregnancy and STD’s/HIV/AIDSSTD’s/HIV/AIDS

Side EffectsSide Effects: none; could slip or break: none; could slip or break during sexual activity during sexual activity

Non-Prescription MethodsNon-Prescription Methods►Female CondomFemale Condom

Advantages:Advantages: ►prevents spread of STD’s/HIV/AIDSprevents spread of STD’s/HIV/AIDS►available without prescriptionavailable without prescription►no hormonal side effectsno hormonal side effects►can be used by people with latex sensitivitiescan be used by people with latex sensitivities

DisadvantagesDisadvantages: : ►can break or leakcan break or leak►more expensive than male condomsmore expensive than male condoms►sometimes difficult to insert/usesometimes difficult to insert/use


►Withdrawal (NOT A FORM OF Withdrawal (NOT A FORM OF CONTRACEPTION!!!!!!!)CONTRACEPTION!!!!!!!) Male withdrawing penis out of Male withdrawing penis out of

vagina before he ejaculatesvagina before he ejaculates Pre-ejaculation can contain some Pre-ejaculation can contain some

sperm cellssperm cells DisadvantagesDisadvantages: Does not protect : Does not protect

against STD’s/HIV/AIDS AND against STD’s/HIV/AIDS AND PREGNANCY!PREGNANCY!


► SpermicidesSpermicides How They WorkHow They Work: chemicals kill sperm; : chemicals kill sperm;

substance mechanically blocks substance mechanically blocks entrance of cervix (foams, creams, entrance of cervix (foams, creams, jellies, suppositories)jellies, suppositories)

Side EffectsSide Effects: can irritate vagina/penis, : can irritate vagina/penis, allergic reactionsallergic reactions

AdvantagesAdvantages: available without : available without prescription, does not affect fertilityprescription, does not affect fertility

DisadvantagesDisadvantages: does not protect : does not protect against some STD’s and HIV/AIDS, side against some STD’s and HIV/AIDS, side effects, failure rate is high used by effects, failure rate is high used by themselves themselves

Non-Prescription MethodsNon-Prescription Methods► SpongeSponge

How It WorksHow It Works: inserted in vagina : inserted in vagina (moistened before); blocks cervix and (moistened before); blocks cervix and contains spermicidescontains spermicides

Side EffectsSide Effects: Allergic reactions, : Allergic reactions, uncomfortable, increases the risk of uncomfortable, increases the risk of Toxic Shock SyndromeToxic Shock Syndrome

AdvantagesAdvantages: no prescription, inserted : no prescription, inserted well before intercoursewell before intercourse

DisadvantagesDisadvantages: high failure, : high failure, uncomfortable, dries vagina up uncomfortable, dries vagina up

SterilizationSterilization►Tubal LigationTubal Ligation

How It WorksHow It Works: surgery where : surgery where woman’s fallopian tubes are tied woman’s fallopian tubes are tied (prevents egg and sperm from (prevents egg and sperm from fertilizing)fertilizing)

Side EffectsSide Effects: ectopic pregnancy, : ectopic pregnancy, bladder infections, irregular periodsbladder infections, irregular periods

AdvantagesAdvantages: permanent, effective: permanent, effective DisadvantagesDisadvantages: permanent (may : permanent (may

be able to untie tubes – scar tissue)be able to untie tubes – scar tissue)

SterilizationSterilization►VasectomyVasectomy

How It WorksHow It Works: surgery where male : surgery where male has vas deferens cut and tied to has vas deferens cut and tied to prevent sperm from coming outprevent sperm from coming out

Side EffectsSide Effects: 5% inflammation of : 5% inflammation of vas deferens, psychological statevas deferens, psychological state

AdvantagesAdvantages: no affect on : no affect on intercourseintercourse

DisadvantagesDisadvantages: permanent (may : permanent (may be reversed, but male would be be reversed, but male would be less fertile) – not effective in young less fertile) – not effective in young men who might want kids later on men who might want kids later on

Rhythm MethodsRhythm Methods

►Calendar MethodCalendar Method►Basal Body Temperature MethodBasal Body Temperature Method►Cervical Mucus MethodCervical Mucus Method

AbortionAbortion

►A means of ending a pregnancy before A means of ending a pregnancy before an unborn baby is able to survive on an unborn baby is able to survive on his/her ownhis/her own

►Reasons for Having an Abortion:Reasons for Having an Abortion: IncestIncest RapeRape Mother’s life is at riskMother’s life is at risk Health of the baby (birth defects, disease, Health of the baby (birth defects, disease,

etc.)etc.) Mother/Father do not want the babyMother/Father do not want the baby

Methods of Aborting a FetusMethods of Aborting a Fetus► Vacuum Suction/Vacuum CurretageVacuum Suction/Vacuum Curretage

11stst trimester – contents of uterus are sucked out trimester – contents of uterus are sucked out► Dilation and EvacuationDilation and Evacuation

13-16 weeks into pregnancy – similar to vacuum 13-16 weeks into pregnancy – similar to vacuum curretagecurretage

► Saline-Induced AbortionSaline-Induced Abortion Late 2Late 2ndnd trimester – saline solution is injected into trimester – saline solution is injected into

amniotic sac – causes labor to beginamniotic sac – causes labor to begin► HysterotomyHysterotomy

Late 2Late 2ndnd trimester – Cesarean section performed trimester – Cesarean section performed► RU 486RU 486

““Abortion pill”, “Morning after pill” – used within 5 days of Abortion pill”, “Morning after pill” – used within 5 days of sexual intercourse (most effective the first 24 hours after)sexual intercourse (most effective the first 24 hours after)

Changes environment of uterus, not allowing implantationChanges environment of uterus, not allowing implantation

birth control and contraceptives human sexuality lesson 12

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