birokrasi weberian
TRANSCRIPT
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BIROKRASI WEBERIAN
DAN KRITIKANNYA
DEVRIZON, SSTP., M.Si
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Ciri Pokok Struktur Birokrasi “Tip
I!a"# W$r %. K&iata' s(ari)(ari *& !i$utu(ka' u'tuk
+'apai tu-ua' or&a'isasi !i!istri$usika'
+"a"ui ara *a'& t"a( !it'tuka' !a'!ia'&&ap s$& tu&as rs+i.
P+$a&ia' tu&as *a'& (a'*a
++prkr-aka' a("i)a("i ++$uat +rka $rta'&&u'&-aa$ atas p"aksa'aa' tu&as
s(i'&&a +'-a!i /kti/.
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0. P'&or&a'isasia' ka'tor +'&ikuti pri'sip(irark(is *aitu u'it *a'& "$i( r'!a(
$ra!a !i$aa( u'it *a'& "$i( ti'&&i Stiap p-a$at *a'& $ra!a !a"a+ (irark(i
i'i !ipra*a o"( atasa''*a u'tuk
$rta'&&u'&-aa$ t(! s+ua kputusa'*a'& !i"akuka' $aa(a' +aupu' !iri'*as'!iri.
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1. P"aksa'aa' tu&as !iatur o"( sist+
pratura')pratura' a$strak *a'& ko'sist'.
Sist+ i'i !ira'a'& u'tuk +'-a+i'
a!a'*a ksra&a+a' !a"a+ p"aksa'aa'
stiap tu&as
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2. Sor& p-a$at *a'& i!a" +"aksa'aka'
tu&as)tu&as'*a !'&a' s+a'&at /or+a" !a'
ti!ak $rsi/at pri$a!i, ta'pa prasaa'!'!a+, 'a/su.
Pri'sip'*a p-a$at (arus +'a+pi"ka'
p'!kata' *& t!k ++pu'*ai p'!kata'
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3. Pkr-aa' !a"a+ or&a'isasi $irokratis
+'*a'&kut -'-a'& karir !a' sist+
k'aika' pa'&kat *a'& !i!asarka' atass'ioritas !a' prstasi
D'&a' +'&aitka' p&aai sr trus
+'rus pa!a or&a'isasi ++$ri +oti4asi p&aai u'tuk +'i'&katka' ki'r-a'*a
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6 Tu&as ru+it ++$a'&u' !a' +'&atur
sa"ura' air pa!a -a+a' Msir Ku'o
+"a(irka' $irokrasi ska"a $sar prta+a !i!u'ia
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0. Ko'!isi Struktura"
6 P'ti'&'*a (u$u'&a' i'/or+a" !a"a+
struktur or&a'isasi
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Ba&i W$r, pr"u !i"akuka' p+$atasa'
atas stiap kkuasaa' *a'& a!a !i !a"a+
$irokrasi, *a'& +"iputi poi't)poi't $rikut 9
6 Ko"&ia"itas. Ko"&ia"itas a!a"a( suatu pri'sip
p"i$ata' ora'& "ai' !a"a+ p'&a+$i"a' suatukputusa'. W$r +'&akui $a(a !a"a+
$irokrasi, satu atasa' +'&a+$i" satu kputusa'
s'!iri. Na+u', pri'sip ko"&ia"itas !apat sa-a
!itrapka' &u'a +'&a( korupsi kkuasaa'.
6
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6 P+isa(a' Kkuasaa'. P+isa(a'
kkuasaa' $rarti p+$a&ia' ta'&&u'&
-aa$ tr(a!ap /u'&si *a'& sa+a a'tara !ua $a!a' atau "$i(. Misa"'*a, u'tuk
+'*pakati a'&&ara' '&ara, pr"u
kputusa' $rsa+a a'tara $a!a' DPR !a'Prsi!'. P+isa(a' kkuasaa', +'urut
W$r, ti!ak"a( sta$i" ttapi !apat
++$atasi aku+u"asi kkuasaa'.
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6 A!+i'istrasi A+atir. A!+i'istrasi a+atir
!i$utu(ka' tatka"a p+ri'ta( ti!ak +a+pu
++$a*ar ora'&)ora'& u'tuk +'&r-aka' tu&as
$irokrasi, !apat sa-a !irkrut ar&a'&ara *a'&!apat +"aksa'aka' tu&as trs$ut. Misa"'*a,
tatka"a KP: 7$irokrasi '&ara I'!o'sia8
“krpota'# +'&(itu'& surat suara $a&i tiap TPS,
i$u)i$u ru+a( ta'&&a !i$ri ks+pata' +'&(itu'&
!a' !i$ri (o'or. T'tu sa-a, p-a$at KP: a!a *a'&
+'!a+pi'&i s"a+a p"aksa'aa' tu&as trs$ut.
6
6
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6 D+okrasi ;a'&su'&. D+okrasi "a'&su'&
$r&u'a !a"a+ ++$uat ora'& $rta'&&u'&
-aa$ kpa!a suatu +a-"is. Misa"'*a,<u$r'ur Ba'k I'!o'sia, +ski
+rupaka' prro&ati/ Prsi!' &u'a
+'&a'&kat'*a, tr"$i( !a(u"u (arus !i)/ita'! propr)tst o"( DPR. I'i $r&u'a a&ar
<u$r'ur BI *a'& !ia'&kat +rasa
$rta'&&u'& -aa$ kpa!a rak*at sara
ks"uru(a'.
6
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6 Rprs'tasi. Rprs'tasi !i!asarka'
p'&rtia' sora'& p-a$at *a'& !ia'&kat
+aki"i para p+i"i('*a. Da"a+ ki'r-a $irokrasi, partai)partai po"itik !apat
!ia'!a"ka' !a"a+ +'&aasi ki'r-a
p-a$at !a' sta/ $irokrasi. I'i aki$at p'&rtia' tak "a'&su'& $a(a a'&&ota
DPR !ari partai po"itik +aki"i rak*at
p+i"i( +rka.
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Kritik atas Pandangan Weber
mengenai Birokrasi
6 sa'&&i( apapu' a'a"isis +a'usia, ia aka'
+'uai kritik. D+ikia' pu"a pa'!a'&a'
W$r aka' $irokrasi i'i. Brikut aka'!isa+paika' s-u+"a( kritik para a("i aka'
pa'!a'&a' W$r 9
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Os$or' !a' <a$"r
6 Cata"*ti <o4r'+'t9 Stri'& rat(r t(a'
roi'&
P+ri'ta( s$& kata"is, "$i( $aik +'*tir!rp! +'!a*u'&.
P+ri'ta( !isara'ka' u'tuk +"paska'
$i!a'&)$i!a'& atau pkr-aa' *a'& skira'*a!apat !ikr-aka' o"( +as*arakat s'!iri
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6 Co++u'it*)o'!
&o4r'+'t9+pori'& rat(r t(a' sr4i'&
P+ri'ta( a!a"a( +i"ik +as*arakat, "$i( $aik ++$r!a*aka' !aripa!a +"a*a'i.
P+ri'ta( aka' $rti'!ak "$i( uta+a -ika
++$r!a*aka' +as*arakat u'tuk+'&urus +asa"a('*a sara +a'!iri
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6 Co+ptiti4 &o4r'+'t9 i'-ti'& o+ptitio'
i'to sr4i !"i4r*.
P+ri'ta( *a'& ko+ptiti/ a!"( p+ri'ta( *a'&++asuka' s+a'&at ko+ptisi !i !i!a"a+
$irokrasi'*a.
P+ri'ta( pr"u +'-a!ika' $irokrasi'*a sa"i'&
$rsai'&, a'tar $a&ia' !a"a+ ++$rika'
p'!a+pi'&a' !a' p'*!iaa' r&u"asi !a'
$ara'&)$ara'& k$utu(a' pu$"ik.
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Philip Selznick
6 S"='ik +'&utaraka' kritik'*a atas W$r
t'ta'& Dis/u'&sio'a"isasi Birokrasi. Ia /okus pa!a
p+$a&ia' /u'&si)/u'&si !i! a"a+ suatu or&a'isasi.
S"='ik +'u'-ukka' $a&ai+a'a su$)su$ u'it
+u-u!ka' tu-ua' or&a'isasi sara ks"uru(a'.P+$'tuka' !part+')!part+' $aru u'tuk
+'ia!aka' k'!ru'&a' "a+a, (a'*a aka'
++pr$uruk situasi kar'a aka' +u'u" "$i(
$a'*ak su$)su$ u'it tu-ua'.
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Talcott Parsons6 Parso's /okus pa!a k'*ataa' $a(a sta/
a!+i'istrasi *a'& !i+aksu! W$r, t"a(!i!/i'isika' s$a&ai *a'& ++i"iki ka("ia'
pro/sio'a" !a' -u&a (ak u'tuk ++ri'ta(.
Atri$ut)atri$ut sprti itu, ki"a( Parso's, !apat
++u'u"ka' ko'/"ik !i !a"a+ $irokrasi, kar'ati!ak +u'&ki' u'tuk ++astika' $a(a posisi
!a"a+ (irarki otoritas aka' !iiri'&i o"(
ktra+pi"a' pro/sio'a" *a'& spa!a'.
Aki$at'*a, ti+$u" prsoa"a' $a&i a'&&&ota
or&a'isasi9 Siapa *a'& (arus !ipatu(i> Ora'& *a'&
++i"iki (ak u'tuk ++ri'ta( atau ora'& *a'&
++i"iki ka("ia' *a'& ($at>
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Carl Friedrich
6 Sora'& "ai''*a, Car" ?ri!ri(, +'&kritisi
p'!apat W$r $a(a sora'& $irokrat
s"a"u (arus $rti'!ak ssuai atura' *a'&trtu"is. K'*ataa''*a, pratura')pratura'
+rupaka' ptu'-uk *a'& ti!ak "'&kap
u'tuk $rti'!ak. I'i arti'*a, /aktor)/aktor !i"uar pratura' (arus !iprti+$a'&ka' o"(
i"+ua' sosia" !a"a+ +'&i'trprtasika'
ti'!aka' p-a$at.
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Pr$a'!i'&a' Ko'!isi Birokrasi
Gejala Lama Sekarang dan Akan Datang
Unskilled work(Pekerjaan tanpa keahlian)
Knowledge work(Pekerjaan dengan keahlian)
Meaningless repetitive task(Pekerjaan berlang tdk bermakna)
!nnovation and "aring(Menemkan "ara bar dan pn#a kepedlian)
!ndividal work(Pekerjaan perorangan)
$eam work(Pekerjaan kelompok)
%n"tional&based work(Pekerjaan berbasis %ngsional)
Proje"t&based work(Pekerjaan berbasis pro#ek)
Single skilled
(Sat bidang keahlian)
Mltiskilled
('eragam keahlian)
Power o bosses(Atasan berkasa)
Power o "stomerpbli"stakeholder(Konsmenpblik berkasa)
*oordination rom above(Koordinasi dari atas+
*oordination among peers(Koordinasi antar rekan kerja)
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Pr$a'!i'&a' Mo!" Birokrasi
Sistem 'irokratis Sistem Pemerintahan ,nterprener
-owing (Menda#ngbekerja sendiri) Steering (Men#etirmengarahkan)
Servi"e (Mela#ani) ,mpowering (Memberda#akan)
Monopol# (Mengasai sendirian) *ompetition (Ada Persaingan)
-le&driven (digerakkan oleh atran) Mission&driven (digerakkan oleh misi)
'dgeting inpts (Menngg anggaran) %nding ot"omes (Menghasilkan dana)
'rea"ra"# driven (dikendalikan birokrat) *stomer&driven (Dikendalikan pelanggan)
Spending (Pengelaran) ,arning (Penghasilantabngan)
*ring (Pen#embhan) Preventing (Pen"egahan)
.ierar"h# ('erjenjang) $eamworkparti"ipation (Kerja Kelompok)
/rgani0ation (/rganisasi1 lembaga) Market (Pasar1 keseimbangan orang ban#ak)