bipv international experiences and...

BiPV – International experiences and

opportunities

APVA – Building integrated PV (BiPV) Workshop

7th June 2013

Dr. Mark Snow School of PV and Renewable Energy Engineering (SPREE)

IEA Work – Photovoltaic Power Systems (PVPS) &

Solar Heating & Cooling (SHC)

PVPS Task 7

PVPS Task 10

www.task7.org

www.iea-pvps-task10.org

SHC Task 41

Solar Energy &

Architecture

http://task41.iea-shc.org

Background of involvement in BiPV

SHC Task 51

Solar Energy in

Urban Planning

http://task51.iea-shc.org

Passive solar is a given yes?

“Only primitives & barbarians lack knowledge of houses turned to face the Winter sun.”

Energy efficiency/passive solar design must be a complimentary activity “Human behaviour factor” A zero energy or 6+ star designed house is only as efficient as the people who live in it allow it to be!

Greek philosopher Aeschylus (525-456 BC)

Towards Photoautotrophic Buildings

1MWp BiPV Mont-Cenis Academy building, Herne Germany


A heterotroph (hetero = "other" and troph = "feeding") is an organism that eats other organisms to obtain energy. They are also known as consumers. Autotrophs “Self feeding”

Solar Ivy Source: solarivy.com


Solar Ivy Source: solarivy.com

Towards self feeding built environments

Philadelphia clean water green cities initiative

Reducing the solar heat gain by transforming a concrete built environment

Why Solar and Buildings?

• SOLAR ACCESS ASSETS and THERMAL LIABILITIES

– Heating and Cooling degree days - building surface exposure to

irradiation lighting, HVAC, internal conditions & impact on

productivity

– Energy efficient solutions take you so far – onsite renewables typically

become viable in their own right beyond 7 stars depending on location

Williamtown – star bands (climate region 15)

Cooling degree days = 230 Heating degree days = 1,460

Star rating 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(MJ/m2) 429 349 232 159 114 86 67 50 34 19 6

www.nathers.gov.au/about/pubs/starbands.pdf

www.degreedays.net

Favourable BIPV legislation – France & Italy

BIPV is predicted to be one of the fastest growing solar industry segments forecast to add 4.6GW of new capacity by 2017 globally (Pike Research, August 2012). This equates to 400% growth over the next five years from US$606 million in 2012 to more than US$2.4 billion in 2017 under a conservative scenario and could be as high as US$3.7 billion under a more aggressive market. Current BIPV market growth has been dominated by France (@60% of their total PV market) and Italy (30% of their total PV market) through specific BIPV feed in tariff policy.

Source: (EuPD, 2009)

Growth for PV & buildings

BiPV costs versus conventional products

Source: Updated 2011 and adapted from Ingo Hagemann (2007)

Price AU$/m2 $200 $400 $600 $800 $1,000

Transparency does not need to compromise PV power output

Up front Grant versus Feed in Tariff

Orientation does not impact PV output as

much as you might think

Orientation is not a limiting factor

Schüco MSE 100 East/West azimuth 10

degrees roof tilt allows for up to 90% use

of net roof area

BIPV: Building Integrated Photovoltaic

system architecturally/building integrated in

the overall design concept, i.e. PV replaces

other building component(s)

BAPV: Building Added Photovoltaic system

(simply mounted on building)

BIST: Building Integrated Solar Thermal

system, architecturally/building integrated in

the overall design concept, i.e. solar thermal

components replaces other building

component(s)

BAST: Building added solar thermal systems

(simply mounted on building)

Integrated or added solar systems?

BIST: Building Integrated Solar Thermal architecture systems

Sun Deck shading Source:RaU Architekten Balcony Eaves Source: Beat Kaempfen

? Solar Energy Systems in Architecture

Colt Ellise PV sliding shades and Colt Shadowvoltaics

http://task41.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/T41DA2-Solar-Energy-Systems-in-Architecture-28March20131.pdf
















43.9kWp Bisol p-Si modules, Solvienia, Congress Centre

Building added PV (mainstream)

• 42kWp System

• two arrays comprise 252

- BP5170S modules.

• 9 modules are connected

in series, called a 'string'.

• Each two strings are fed

into one of 14 - BP Solar

Gci2500 Inverters.

• LIVE DATA

www.energy.unsw.edu.au

UNSW Quadrangle

1.3MWp of blessed Vatican PV on Paolo VI Audience Hall - SolarWorld AG

PV as part of Building function

Blending PV into conventional roof designs

Building integrated concepts for roof systems

A-Si solar fascia Lambeth, UK

43kWp Melbourne University PV glazing façade, Australia

Façade innovation

Shade systems and balustrades

La-Vaguada entrance PV canopy 5.2kWp Madrid

Innovative design

Day lighting and power generation design control

Building integrated concepts for façades

Day lighting and power generation design control

Quality BiPV

Quality BiPV – Façade Cladding

http://www.mgt-esys.at

Façade Cladding

40kWp CIS BiPV Soltecture Solartechnik GmbH, Berlin, Germany

Multi-Storey Car Park Façade

27kWp thin film Schott Solar - Zwolle Netherlands Source: PV Nord

Polins, Portogruaro (VE), Italy Kyocera Fineceramics p-Si A+ CASACLIMA A+ (10kWh/m2/year) Office.

Retrofit of PV – 40 year old office

Existing buildings, especially with poor thermal performance, are prime candidates for retrofitting façade with PV

Source: Schott solar ASI glass retrofit 40 year old office

PV retrofit facelift transforms building

Building re-valuation pays for PV day 1 through increase in asset value

Innovative financing required to deal with upfront capital cost

Retrofit of PV – 40 year old office

Rainscreen cladding/ shading devices - Italy

BiPV sensitive to heritage - Italy

Unterseen, Switzerland

Worshipping BiPV

1860 Church St. Silas, PV in stone slab roof, Pentonville, London UK

Cantilevered roof and façade CIGS system - Italy

Source: Pierluigi Bonomo, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Engineering, University of L’Aquila

Why 3-D BIPV modelling is important

• URBAN PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT APPROVAL

– Existing legislation focused on daylighting

– If solar access for active solar systems are to be maintained, planning

approval predicates future development heights

– These decisions can have 50-100 year consequences!

Optimised High Rise design – South Korea

Who are the stakeholders?

ASSET OWNERSHIP Building & infrastructure Insurance,

Building Owners & Developers, Investors, Financiers, Valuators

DESIGN & BUILDING SOLUTIONS Architects, Engineers, Building Construction,

Energy efficiency & Distributed Energy Technology companies

Electric Vehicle fuel and storage solutions

EXISTING SERVICE PROVIDERS Building Services & Equipment, Utilities, Network Providers, Centralised power

generation, transportation fuel

PLANNING CONTROLS & SAFEGUARDS Urban Planning, Building Standards, Fire & Emergency Provision

BUILDING OCCUPANTS Business Lessee, Officer workers, Facilities managers, Maintenance providers

Reduce operational costs

Clean energy investment

Social responsibility

Public Infrastructure

Provision

Aim = accurate surface shading masks using ray tracing

to produce a sky obscuration factor

Feed SAM orthographic sky shading factors

Ray tracing – Hemispherical Sky

Obscuration Factor Analysis

AutoDesk Ecotect overshadowing blocks

and surface shading mask mapped onto a

stereographic sun-path diagram

Dome surface divided into degree segments = sky sub-divisions

Sample points proportional to overshadowing accuracy and processing time

SAM caters for 4 sub-arrays

Ray tracing – accuracy

3-D Raytracing – interactive sky model

Model java applet produced by: Andrew Marsh

3-D Raytracing – AAM K2Vi software

3D web mapping • Faster JavaScript implementation, computer processing, APIs and OpenGL are bringing

3-D web mapping alive

• Three.js, WebGL, X3D, HTML 5, CSS3, OSG (C++ Open GL)

– Import models from CAD/GIS eg. (from Sketchup, Blender, AutoCAD) as an .obj file

using Collada, JSON etc and rendering the 3D scene using Three.js

– Web Workers (allows Javascript to run more efficiently)

– WebSocket (uses persistant 2-way communication (TCP) between server and client

Simple 3-D Solar Mapping Flow Chart

User output

• Simple results

• Parameter input based

Digital Surface

Model (DSM) and

GIS landuse

database

System Advisor Model

• Climate data input

• System parameters

• Geometry - shading

Graphic User Interface – visualisation & reporting

Urban Planning definition

Urban planning (urban, city, and town planning)

a technical and political process concerned with the control of the use of land

and design of the urban environment, including (utilities and) transportation

networks, to guide and ensure the orderly development (and renewal) of

settlements and communities.

It concerns itself with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture,

urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation

and management.

Source: Taylor, Nigel (2007). Urban Planning Theory since 1945, London, Sage

Where does solar energy fit in the order of

priorities urban planners consider?

How is it considered?

What are the needs and knowledge products

required to make informed decisions?

Urban Planning definition and context for Task 51








and management.









and management.


How is it considered? How well is it considered?

Subtask A - Context

Solar Energy in Urban Planning – SubTask A

National imperatives & priorities

State/ Regional requirements

Local level resource needs

Market mechanisms & existing Infrastructure

Exposure to increase costs for services

Cities being smarter by using their assets

• Municipal buildings & facilities

• Urban development & renewal

• Landscapes

Opportunities for Australia

Reduce exposure to increased energy prices through onsite generation

Reduced Thermal stress and HVAC Cooling needs

Maximise and preserve solar access assets of Buildings

Utility infrastructure value to the grid to temper “hot spots” – defray grid augmentation

Zero Energy Buildings should = healthy/productive buildings

Innovative product development that become mainstream and accepted by BCA

Showcase projects demonstrating client value proposition

What is holding back the BiPV market in Australia?

What could be done to accelerate development of this

important market?

THANK YOU for your ATTENTION

Questions......

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