Biomolecules Pre-AP

By Mr. Simonds

How are the structure and functions of the biomolecules similar and different?

Biomolecules

Biomolecules (AKA: Macromolecules) are carbon based molecules made by living things.

4 Types Carbohydrates Lipids Protein Nucleic Acids

Polymer vs. Monomer

Polymer- a molecule composed of many smaller units.

Monomer – the smaller unit contained in a polymer.

Monomer Polymer

Lipids: Fats, Oils, & Waxes

Fats store energy

Long CH chain Function:

energy storage Twice as much as

Carbohyhdrates cushion organs

insulates body think whale blubber!

Why do humanslike fatty foods?

Saturated fats

All C bonded to H No C=C double bonds

long, straight chain most animal fats solid at room temp.

contributes to cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) = plaque deposits

Unsaturated fats C=C double bonds in

the fatty acids plant & fish fats vegetable oils liquid at room temperature

the kinks made by doublebonded C prevent the molecules from packing tightly together

mono-unsaturated?poly-unsaturated?

Saturated vs. unsaturatedsaturated unsaturated

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O

carbo - hydr - ate

CH2O

(CH2O)x C6H12O6

ex: sugars, starches, cellulose -ose: means that something is a sugar.

Ex. Glucose, Fructose, Lactose

Function: Energy Source Energy Storage

C6H12O6(CH2O)x

Carbohydrates

Monomer: sugars Polymer: starch or Cellulose

sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar

Starch

Types of Carbohydrates

Simple Carbohydrates Single or Double sugar molecules Used quickly by the body

Complex Carbohydrates Long strands of sugars, such as starch

and “fiber” Used slower than simple carbs but faster

than other energy sources.

Proteins

Proteins Most structurally & functionally diverse group Function: involved in almost everything

enzymes (pepsin, DNA polymerase) structure (keratin, collagen) carriers & transport (hemoglobin, aquaporin) cell communication

signals (insulin & other hormones) receptors

defense (antibodies) movement (actin & myosin) [Muscle] storage (bean seed proteins)

Protein Structure and Function Monomer- Animo Acids Polymer – Protein

Made of: C,H,O,N

A protein’s specific shape determines how it functions.

Too much activation energy for life Activation energy

amount of energy needed to destabilize the bonds of a molecule

moves the reaction over an “energy hill”

Not a match!That’s too much energy to expose

living cells to!

glucose

Reducing Activation energy Catalysts

reducing the amount of energy to start a reaction

Pheeew…that takes a lot

less energy!

reactant

product

uncatalyzed reaction

catalyzed reaction

NEW activation energy

Catalysts So what’s a cell got to do to reduce

activation energy? get help! … chemical help…

ENZYMES

G

Call in the ENZYMES!

Proteins

Enzymes, another type of protein, controls the rate of reactions. -ase means that something is an enzyme Example: Protease, Lactase, Amylase Example: Lactase is an enzyme that

breaks down lactose, a sugar.

Nucleic acids

proteinsproteins

DNADNA

Nucleic Acids Function:

genetic material stores information

genes blueprint for building proteins

DNA RNA proteins transfers information

blueprint for new cells blueprint for next generation

Nucleic Acids Structure:

Made of: C,H,O,N,P RNA (ribonucleic acid)

single helix DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

double helix

Structure: monomers = nucleotides

Polymer =

RNADNA

Review Questions

Name the four Biomolecules: Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein, and

Nucleic Acid What are Carbohydrates used for?

To store energy for later use What are Nucleic Acids for?

To store genetic information

Review Questions

What do lipids do for you? The store energy and help keep you

warm. Give an example of a food where you

would find protein. Any meat

Review Questions

Give an example of a food where you would find a lot of carbohydrates. Potato, bread, pasta, etc

Give an example of food with a lot of lipids. Pizza, butter, any fatty food.

Lock and Key model Simplistic model of

enzyme action substrate fits into 3-D

structure of enzyme’ active site H bonds between substrate

& enzyme like “key fits into lock”

In biology…Size doesn’t matter…Shape matters!

Induced fit model More accurate model of enzyme action

3-D structure of enzyme fits substrate substrate binding cause enzyme to change

shape leading to a tighter fit “conformational change” bring chemical groups in position to catalyze

reaction