Biomechanics: An Biomechanics: An IntroductionIntroduction

Songning Zhang, Ph.D.Songning Zhang, Ph.D.

Biomechanics/Sports Medicine LabBiomechanics/Sports Medicine Lab

The University of Tennessee, USAThe University of Tennessee, USA

Selected Topic AreasSelected Topic Areas

Movement AnalysisMovement Analysis Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Industrial ApplicationsIndustrial Applications Entertainment ApplicationsEntertainment Applications

Movement Analysis/Movement Analysis/

Sports performanceSports performance EnhancementEnhancement Skill improvementSkill improvement

Other applicationsOther applications Footwear biomechanicsFootwear biomechanics Gait analysisGait analysis

                                                   

Movement AnalysisMovement Analysis

                                 

Movement AnalysisMovement Analysis

VideoVideo

Footwear BiomechanicsFootwear Biomechanics

In 1960s, running – In 1960s, running – most popular sportmost popular sport

Injuries: common in Injuries: common in runnersrunners

Running footwearRunning footwear Popular research topics Popular research topics

since 1970ssince 1970s

Shoe StructuresShoe Structures

Material TestingMaterial Testing

Force platformForce platform Coefficient of frictionCoefficient of friction

Shoes on diff. surfacesShoes on diff. surfaces

z

y

F

F

Where Fz – vertical forceFy – A/P force

Footwear BiomechanicsFootwear Biomechanics Mechanical factorsMechanical factors

Thickness of shoe solesThickness of shoe soles WearWear Midsole mechanical Midsole mechanical

propertiesproperties Other design issuesOther design issues

Heel counterHeel counter Flare Flare

Studies in footwearStudies in footwear Material testingMaterial testing Lab biomechanical subject Lab biomechanical subject

testingtesting

                          

                   

Footwear BiomechanicsFootwear Biomechanics

Comfort and cushion: most important factors Comfort and cushion: most important factors for footwear in sport activities (Nigg 1999)for footwear in sport activities (Nigg 1999)

Plantar pressure shown to be a good indicator Plantar pressure shown to be a good indicator of comfort (Chen & Nigg 1994)of comfort (Chen & Nigg 1994)

Lack of plantar sensory input may provoke Lack of plantar sensory input may provoke injuries, even in a well-cushioned shoe injuries, even in a well-cushioned shoe (Robbins 1991)(Robbins 1991)

RationaleRationale Perception of footwear: an Perception of footwear: an

important factor in selection important factor in selection of athletic footwear of athletic footwear

Material testingMaterial testing 500 miles running: 70% of 500 miles running: 70% of

impact absorption (Cook et al. impact absorption (Cook et al. 1985)1985)

Tanaka et al. (2001)Tanaka et al. (2001) A good correlation between A good correlation between

footwear wear (outsole) and footwear wear (outsole) and sensory evaluation sensory evaluation

Footwear BiomechanicsFootwear Biomechanics

Lab testingLab testing High-speed video/filmHigh-speed video/film Force platformForce platform And/or accelerometersAnd/or accelerometers

Plantar pressure Plantar pressure measuring systemmeasuring system More often usedMore often used

ExampleExample

Gait AnalysisGait Analysis

Normal and Normal and pathological patternspathological patterns

Return to normal gait Return to normal gait patterns patterns One of the most basic One of the most basic

but common tasks in but common tasks in rehabilitation/physical rehabilitation/physical medicinemedicine

One of most studied One of most studied areasareas

Gait Biomechanics VideoGait Biomechanics Video

Application

Physical Medicine & Physical Medicine & RehabilitationRehabilitation

Sports and physical Sports and physical activities: very popular activities: very popular

Sports-related injuries Sports-related injuries very commonvery common OrthopedicsOrthopedics Orthotics and ProstheticsOrthotics and Prosthetics Physical Medicine & Physical Medicine &

RehabilitationRehabilitation

Orthotists and Orthotists and ProsthetistsProsthetists

ApplicationsApplications

In our lab -In our lab - Costo 1999: effects of Costo 1999: effects of

ankle braces on walking ankle braces on walking biomechanicsbiomechanics

Two types bracesTwo types braces

Rodenback 2002: Rodenback 2002: effectiveness of effectiveness of patellotendon brace and patellotendon brace and taping in landing taping in landing biomechanicsbiomechanics

Other ApplicationsOther Applications

Knee bracesKnee braces ACL injuries preventionACL injuries prevention ACL injuries preventions ACL injuries preventions

(Devita 1992 & 1996)(Devita 1992 & 1996)

Physical Medicine & Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Rehabilitation

                                   

(CD/Video)

ACL Injuries and ReconstructionACL Injuries and Reconstruction

Knee Joint ComplexKnee Joint Complex Patellofemoral JointPatellofemoral Joint Tibiofemoral JointTibiofemoral Joint Tibiofibular JointTibiofibular Joint

Ligamentous SupportLigamentous Support Anterior Cruciate Anterior Cruciate

Ligament (ACL)Ligament (ACL) PCL, MCL & LCLPCL, MCL & LCL

ACL FunctionsACL Functions

Resist anterior tibia Resist anterior tibia translationtranslation

Resist medial/lateral Resist medial/lateral rotation of tibiarotation of tibia

Biomechanics Lab - UTKBiomechanics Lab - UTK

ACL Injury SurveyACL Injury Survey

Basketball (Gray et al. 1985)Basketball (Gray et al. 1985) Female: ACL - 25%Female: ACL - 25% Male: ACL - 3% Male: ACL - 3%

Volleyball (Ferretti et al. 1990)Volleyball (Ferretti et al. 1990) 1978 to 1988, 40 cases1978 to 1988, 40 cases Female: 80% Female: 80% 55% in competition55% in competition

Biomechanics Lab - UTKBiomechanics Lab - UTK

1990-93 NCAA (Hutchinson et al. 1995) 1990-93 NCAA (Hutchinson et al. 1995) female greater rate of injury per 1000 exposures female greater rate of injury per 1000 exposures gymnasticsgymnastics

0.52 (F) Vs 0.17 (M)0.52 (F) Vs 0.17 (M) soccersoccer

0.31 (F) Vs 0.13 (M)0.31 (F) Vs 0.13 (M) basketball basketball

0.23 (F) Vs 0.06 (M)0.23 (F) Vs 0.06 (M)

ACL Injury SurveyACL Injury Survey

Biomechanics Lab - UTKBiomechanics Lab - UTK

1989-93 NCAA (Arendt & Dick 1995) 1989-93 NCAA (Arendt & Dick 1995) Rate of injury per 1000 exposures Rate of injury per 1000 exposures SoccerSoccer

ACL: 0.31 (F) Vs 0.13 (M)ACL: 0.31 (F) Vs 0.13 (M) BasketballBasketball

ACL: 0.29 (F) Vs 0.07 (M)ACL: 0.29 (F) Vs 0.07 (M)

ACL Injury SurveyACL Injury Survey

ACL ReconstructionsACL Reconstructions

ACL ReconstructionsACL Reconstructions

Biomechanics Lab - UTKBiomechanics Lab - UTK

ACL Injury MechanismsACL Injury Mechanisms

Direct ContactDirect Contact Anterior Tibial TranslationAnterior Tibial Translation Posterior Femoral TranslationPosterior Femoral Translation Rotational stressRotational stress

Non-ContactNon-Contact Deceleration and change of directionDeceleration and change of direction Landing from a jumpLanding from a jump Pivoting/twisting Pivoting/twisting Straight leg landingStraight leg landing

Industrial ApplicationsIndustrial Applications

Robotic Control

Automobile

Video

Industrial ApplicationsIndustrial Applications

Vibration Analysis

Ergonomics Process Control

Entertainment ApplicationsEntertainment Applications

FilmsFilms TelevisionTelevision Computer and video Computer and video

gamesgames

AnimationAnimation

                                                       

Facial Caption

AnimationAnimation

AnimationAnimation

Video

                                                   

Video GamesVideo Games

                                                                

Movie/TelevisionMovie/Television Seamless and believable Seamless and believable

visual effectsvisual effects FilmsFilms

““Titanic“Titanic“ "Gladiator“"Gladiator“ "The Mummy Returns", "The Mummy Returns", "Star Wars Episode 1 - the "Star Wars Episode 1 - the

Phantom Menace”Phantom Menace” Crowd ScenesCrowd Scenes Stunt WorkStunt Work Photorealistic foreground Photorealistic foreground

characterscharacters

TopicsTopics

Brief history of BiomechanicsBrief history of Biomechanics Current developments in BiomechanicsCurrent developments in Biomechanics Other resourcesOther resources

Ph.D. Biomechanics Programs Ph.D. Biomechanics Programs (Hay 1978)(Hay 1978)

University of Illinois, Charles DillmanUniversity of Illinois, Charles Dillman Indiana University, John CooperIndiana University, John Cooper University of Iowa, Louis AlleyUniversity of Iowa, Louis Alley University of Maryland, David KelleyUniversity of Maryland, David Kelley University of Massachusetts, Stanley PlagenhoefUniversity of Massachusetts, Stanley Plagenhoef University of Oregon, Barry BatesUniversity of Oregon, Barry Bates Penn State University, Richard NelsonPenn State University, Richard Nelson Purdue University, Carol WidulePurdue University, Carol Widule Washington State University, Marlene AdrianWashington State University, Marlene Adrian University of Wisconsin, Elizabeth RobertUniversity of Wisconsin, Elizabeth Robert

International Society of International Society of Biomechanics (ISB)Biomechanics (ISB)

Founded at Penn State University in 1973Founded at Penn State University in 1973 The goal is to promote the study of all areas of The goal is to promote the study of all areas of

biomechanics at the international level, with special biomechanics at the international level, with special emphasis given to the biomechanics of Human emphasis given to the biomechanics of Human MovementMovement

Working GroupsWorking Groups Sport Biomechanics, Shoulder Biomechanics, Functional Sport Biomechanics, Shoulder Biomechanics, Functional

Footwear, 3-D Motion Analysis, Computer SimulationFootwear, 3-D Motion Analysis, Computer Simulation Current President, Sandra Olney, CanadaCurrent President, Sandra Olney, Canada More than 1,000 membersMore than 1,000 members

International Society of International Society of Biomechanics (ISB)Biomechanics (ISB)

Number Name Place,

1st , 1967 International Seminar on Biomechanics Zurich, Switzerland

2nd, 1970 International Seminar on Biomechanics Eindhoven, Netherlands

Rome, Italy

4th, 1973 International Seminar on Biomechanics Penn State Univ., USA

International Seminar on Biomechanics Penn State Univ., USA

1975 Vth ISB Congress Jyvaskyla, Finland

1973 Founded

International Seminar on Biomechanics3rd, 1971

American Society of American Society of Biomechanics (ASB)Biomechanics (ASB)

ASB: founded in October 1977ASB: founded in October 1977 The purposeThe purpose

provide a forum for the exchange of information and ideas provide a forum for the exchange of information and ideas among researchers in biomechanicsamong researchers in biomechanics

Annual conference: 1Annual conference: 1stst in 1971 in 1971 Current president: Andrew Biewener, Current president: Andrew Biewener,

Harvard University, USA Harvard University, USA More than 640 members More than 640 members

American Society of American Society of Biomechanics (ASB)Biomechanics (ASB)

Year Name Place

1975 Founded

United States Society of Biomechanics

Jyvaskyla, Finland

1976 American Society of Biomechanics

Chicago, USA

1st, 1977 Annual Meeting of ASB Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City

International Society of International Society of Biomechanics in Sport (ISBS)Biomechanics in Sport (ISBS) Annual conference/symposia: 1Annual conference/symposia: 1stst in 1982, in 1982,

San Diego, California, USASan Diego, California, USA The goal The goal

learn and study human movement in general, learn and study human movement in general, and sports in particular of applied sports and sports in particular of applied sports biomechanics biomechanics

Current president: Eugene Brown, USACurrent president: Eugene Brown, USA Members: ?Members: ?

International Society of International Society of Biomechanics in Sport (ISBS)Biomechanics in Sport (ISBS)

Year Name Place,

1978 Discussion

International Society of Biomechanics in Sport

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1982 Founded

International Society of Biomechanics in Sport San Diego, USA

1st, 1983 Annual Symposium of ISBS San Diego, USA

2nd, 1984 Annual Symposium of ISBS Colorado Spring, USA

Annual Symposium of ISBS

Univ. of Northern Colorado, USA

4th, 1986 Annual Symposium of ISBS

Dalhousie Univ., Nova Scotia

3rd, 1985

International Society of International Society of Biomechanics in Sport (ISBS)Biomechanics in Sport (ISBS)

SYMPOSIUM XIX: 2001 San Francisco SYMPOSIUM XIX: 2001 San Francisco SYMPOSIUM XVIII: 2000 Hong - KongSYMPOSIUM XVIII: 2000 Hong - Kong SYMPOSIUM XVII: 1999 - PERTH, SYMPOSIUM XVII: 1999 - PERTH,

AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA SYMPOSIUM XVI: 1998 - KONSTANZ, SYMPOSIUM XVI: 1998 - KONSTANZ,

GERMANYGERMANY

European Society of European Society of Biomechanics (ESB)Biomechanics (ESB)

ESB: founded at a meeting of 20 scientists from 11 ESB: founded at a meeting of 20 scientists from 11 countries in Brussels on May 21, 1976countries in Brussels on May 21, 1976

The primary goalThe primary goal To encourage, foster, promote and develop research, To encourage, foster, promote and develop research,

progress and information concerning the science of progress and information concerning the science of BiomechanicsBiomechanics

Bi-annual General MeetingBi-annual General Meeting The first scientific meeting, Brussels in1978The first scientific meeting, Brussels in1978

Current president: G. Van der Perre, BelgiumCurrent president: G. Van der Perre, Belgium > 300 members> 300 members

Canadian Society of Canadian Society of Biomechanics (CSB)Biomechanics (CSB)

CSB: formed in 1973 CSB: formed in 1973 The purposeThe purpose

To foster research and the interchange of information on To foster research and the interchange of information on the biomechanics of human physical activitythe biomechanics of human physical activity

Bi-annual conferences: 1Bi-annual conferences: 1stst 1974, Edmonton, Canada 1974, Edmonton, Canada Every 6 years: NACOB – combined with ASBEvery 6 years: NACOB – combined with ASB

Current president: François Prince, CanadaCurrent president: François Prince, Canada 82 members82 members

Biomechanics JournalsBiomechanics Journals

Year Name Place, Editor

1961 Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology Univ. of Louvain, Belgium

Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology U.K., Moshe Solomonow

1968 Journal of Biomechanics U.K., Huiskes & Brand

1985 Journal of Applied Biomechanics USA, Mark D. Grabiner

Sports Biomechanics USA, ??

1985 Clinical Biomechanics U.K., Burton

1991

2002

Other JournalsOther Journals Medicine and Science in Sports and ExerciseMedicine and Science in Sports and Exercise Journal of Biomechanical EngineeringJournal of Biomechanical Engineering Biomechanics - The Magazine of Lower Extremity Movement Biomechanics - The Magazine of Lower Extremity Movement American Journal of Sports MedicineAmerican Journal of Sports Medicine Motor Behavior Motor Behavior Human Movement ScienceHuman Movement Science Journal of Human Movement StudiesJournal of Human Movement Studies Gait and PostureGait and Posture Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical FitnessJournal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness The Orthopedic Clinics of North AmericaThe Orthopedic Clinics of North America American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation

Internet ResourceInternet Resource

Biomechanics World Wide Biomechanics World Wide www.per.ualberta.ca/biomechanics/bwwframe.htmwww.per.ualberta.ca/biomechanics/bwwframe.htm

ASB ASB asb-biomech.orgasb-biomech.org//

ISB ISB isb.ri.ccf.orgisb.ri.ccf.org//

ISBS ISBS www.uni-stuttgart.de/External/isbs/www.uni-stuttgart.de/External/isbs/

ESB ESB http://www.utc.fr/esb/http://www.utc.fr/esb/

Internet ResourceInternet Resource

Canadian Society of Biomechanics (CSB)Canadian Society of Biomechanics (CSB) www.health.uottawa.ca/biomech/csb/www.health.uottawa.ca/biomech/csb/

Biomch-l discussion forumBiomch-l discussion forum Biomechanics and Movement Science Listserv Biomechanics and Movement Science Listserv isb.ri.ccf.org/biomch-l/isb.ri.ccf.org/biomch-l/

To subscribe: send a messageTo subscribe: send a message Sub: Biomch-l <Last, First name>Sub: Biomch-l <Last, First name> To: LISTSERV@nic.surfnet.nlTo: LISTSERV@nic.surfnet.nl

Biomechanics Graduate Programs -Biomechanics Graduate Programs - asb-biomech.org/gradinfo/index.htmlasb-biomech.org/gradinfo/index.html

Commercial CompaniesCommercial Companies

Ariel Dynamics Inc.Ariel Dynamics Inc. Motion Analysis Motion Analysis Peak Performance Technologies, Inc.Peak Performance Technologies, Inc. QualisysQualisys Skill Technologies Inc. Skill Technologies Inc. Vicon Motion SystemsVicon Motion Systems

Motion Analysis CooperationMotion Analysis Cooperation

Founded in May of 1982 Founded in May of 1982 Located in Santa Rosa, Located in Santa Rosa,

CaliforniaCalifornia Largest manufacturer of Largest manufacturer of

high performance high performance video/computer-based video/computer-based instrumentation systems instrumentation systems

New systemNew system Digital Eagle 3-D systemDigital Eagle 3-D system

www.motionanalysis.com/www.motionanalysis.com/

Motion Analysis CooperationMotion Analysis Cooperation

Eagle digital systemEagle digital system Falcon analog systemFalcon analog system

3-D analysis3-D analysis Kinematic and joint Kinematic and joint

kineticskinetics SIMMSIMM

MusculoGraphics, Inc.MusculoGraphics, Inc. Modeling, animation and Modeling, animation and

analysis of 3D analysis of 3D musculoskeletal systemsmusculoskeletal systems

Peak PerformancePeak Performance

Founded in 1984Founded in 1984 Englewood, Colorado, USA Englewood, Colorado, USA Close ties with US Olympic Close ties with US Olympic

training centertraining center Video-based systemVideo-based system

Peak Motus® Motion Peak Motus® Motion Measurement SystemMeasurement System

www.peakperform.com/ www.peakperform.com/

QualisysQualisys

A publicly traded A publicly traded company in Sweden company in Sweden

Digital infra-Red Digital infra-Red measurement systemmeasurement system Up to 1000 HzUp to 1000 Hz High resolutionHigh resolution

www.qualisys.com/www.qualisys.com/

ViconVicon Founded in 1984 Founded in 1984

Oxford Metrics Oxford Metrics Oxford, UK Oxford, UK

Lake Forest, CA USA Lake Forest, CA USA DatastationDatastation

426 – max 6 cameras426 – max 6 cameras 612 – max 12 cameras612 – max 12 cameras 624 – max 24 cameras624 – max 24 cameras

Different camerasDifferent cameras V camV cam SV camSV cam MCam2MCam2

1.3 million pixels1.3 million pixels Up to 1000 HzUp to 1000 Hz

Vicon Motion SystemsVicon Motion Systems

SoftwareSoftware WorkstationWorkstation BodyBuilder BodyBuilder Polygon Polygon Plug-in gaitPlug-in gait

ViconVicon

Any Questions??Any Questions??