Biology, Tuesday, August 29

On a whiteboard answer these questions:

1. Molecules that contain carbon form the basis for what branch of chemistry?

2. A bat’s wing has the same bone structure as a human hand. This is an example of what characteristic of life?

3. Because water has an uneven distribution of charge, it is said to be ___________.

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What is organic chemistry?The study of all compounds containing the element CARBON

Natural elements:

▪make up 96% of the mass of

a human:

▪CARBON, HYDROGEN,

OXYGEN, NITROGEN

(C,H,O,N)

Trace elements:

▪only needed in small amounts,

called “minerals”

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What does a scientist do?

POE: With your neighbor

4

PREDICTPREDICTPREDICTPREDICT

OBSERVEOBSERVEOBSERVEOBSERVE

EXPLAINEXPLAINEXPLAINEXPLAIN

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Vocabulary

Important Words

Headings

What is a macromolecule?

▪ A giant molecule made up

of 100’s or 1000’s or smaller

units called MONOMERS

▪Monomers link together to

form large POLYMERS

▪ formed by polymerization

Monomers & Polymers

Monomer: one basic unit or subunit

Polymer: a chain of manybasic units

• Macromolecules are actually made up of smaller subunits called monomers.

• Macromolecules are called polymers, because they are made up of many of these subunits.

The types of Macromolecules:

CARBOHYDRATES TEXT P. 45

LIPIDS TEXT P. 46

NUCLEIC ACIDS TEXT P. 47

PROTEINS TEXT P. 47

CARBOHYDRATES▪ Made up of C,H,O

▪Used as main source of energy (2 types)

1. Sugars: quick source of energy

▪ Ex: glucose, lactose, fructose, sucrose

▪ Monosaccharide-simple sugar, not decomposable to simpler

sugars (fructose, ribose, deoxyribose, glucose)

▪ Disaccharide-any of a class of sugars (sucrose, lactose) that

comes from the combo of two monosaccharide molecules

▪ Polysaccharide- two or more molecules of

monosaccharides: one of the more complex carbohydrates

(cellulose, starch, or glycogen)

CARBS CONTINUED…

2. Starches:

▪ many sugars linked together

▪ source of energy BUT breaks down slower

▪ Used by plants for energy storage

▪ Ex: potatoes, pasta,bread, grains

Glucose

Starch

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Carbohydrates: Function• Provide body with energy!

– What should you eat before playing the big

game? Candy bar or pasta?• Candy bar: contains simple sugars, provides a short burst of energy

• Pasta: contains starch which takes longer to break down, provides longer-lasting energy

– *We can’t digest cellulose- it is used as fiber, or

roughage instead.• Ex. : corn

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Carbohydrates: Food Sources

• Simple carbs (simple

sugars) are found in most

candy and sweet drinks,

fruit, vegetables, and

milk. They are quickly

digested and give a short

burst of energy.

• Complex carbs (like

starches) are found in

pasta, bread, potatoes,

legumes & corn. They

take longer to digest, and

provide energy longer.

LIPIDS▪Made up mainly of C & H

▪Used to store energy, insulation

& protection.

▪Form the cell membrane

(lipid bilayer)

▪Insoluble in water

Saturated:

▪ has maximum number of

H bonds

▪ usually solid at room

temperature

Unsaturated:

▪at least one double bond

▪causes “kinks”/bends = makes

close packing much more difficult

▪usually liquid

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Lipids: Food Sources

• As you might have guessed, fatty foodscontain lipids.

• Lipids are found in meat and fish, oils, avacados, eggs & nuts.

PROTEINS▪ Made up of N,C,H,O

▪Made up of groups called: amino acids--(20 in nature)

▪proteins have a large variety of

sizes & shapes

▪If the shape changes→

it becomes a new protein

▪Ex: when you boil an egg, the

protein changes color, shape

▪Found in muscles & also in the

cell membrane

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Proteins do the work of the cell.Functions of proteins:

1. Storage: albumin (egg white)2. Transport: hemoglobin3. Regulatory: hormones4. Movement: muscles5. Structural: membranes, hair6. Enzymes: cellular reactions

Proteins being made by DNA

Amino acids attach to the other end of our translators

to form a chain. This chain is now a protein, and can

be used by the body.

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Proteins: Food Sources• Proteins are found in meat, fish,

legumes, nuts, milk, eggs, grains and soy products.

• There are 6 amino acids that our bodies cannot make- we can only get these from food.

Nucleic Acids▪ Made up of H,O,N,C & P

▪ Store and transmit genetic

information

▪ Made up of nucleotides

▪Two types:

▪DNA & RNA

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Nucleic Acids: Food SourcesWe get nucleic acid components from vitamins and minerals in our diet. These in turn, come from fruits, vegetables, grains,

meats, & almost anything else you can think of with some nutritional value (no junk food!).