BIOLOGY TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

INVERTEBRATES COURSE (BIO 201)

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BIOLOGY TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

INVERTEBRATES COURSE (BIO 201)

Invertebrates Theoretical Lectures will be every Tuesday at 11:00 in …… Hall.

Invertebrates Practical lectures will be every Thursday at ….. in Biology lab.

Lecturer: Dr. Duran Kala

Lab assistant: Yad Sirwan

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Exams and Grades:

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In Invertebrates course will be:- Midterm practical exams = 7%- Lab Manuals = 10 %- Theoretical Midterm exams = 30%- Presentations = 5 %- Final Practical exam = 8 %- Final Theoretical exam = 40%- Total = 100%

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BIOLOGY

The hierarchy ofbiological

classification's eight

major taxonomic ranks.

Kingdom Protozoa5

A summary of the different kinds of proposed classification

schemes presented in this article is summarized in the

table below.

Linnaeus

1735[1]

Haeckel

1866[29]

Chatton

1925[30][31]

Copeland

1938[32][33]

Whittaker

1969[22]

Woese et al.

1977[4][34]

Woese et al.

1990[35]

Cavalier-Smith

1993[36][37][38]

Cavalier-Smith

1998[39][25][40]

2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms 2 empires 4 kingdoms 5 kingdoms 6 kingdoms 3 domains 8 kingdoms 6 kingdoms

(not treated) Protista

Prokaryota Monera Monera

Eubacteria Bacteria Eubacteria

Bacteria

Archaebacteria Archaea Archaebacteria

Eukaryota

Protista Protista Protista

Eucarya

Archezoa

Protozoa

Protozoa

Chromista Chromista

Vegetabilia Plantae Plantae

Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae

Fungi Fungi Fungi Fungi

Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia6

Six kingdoms

Kingdom Protozoa7

Kingdom Protozoa8

The Protozoans

Ciliates

Amoeboid Protozoans

Flagellated Protozoans

Kingdom Protozoa9

Kingdom Protozoa

Defining Characteristics

– All are unicellular eukaryotes

– What is a prokaryote?

– Many species are both heterotrophic and

autotrophic simultaneously or at different stages of

the lifecycle

Eukaryote Cell

Prokaryote Cell

Kingdom Protozoa12

Adaptability

Protozoans are ecologically important primary

producers, consumers and as vital links in the

food chain

Humans are greatly effected by parasitic

protozoans either directly or indirectly

– Effects range from irritating - fatal

Malaria (Plasmodium spp.) worldwide epidemic

Kingdom Protozoa13

Reproduction

Asexual reproduction – Replication of chromosomes and the splitting of the

parent into two or more parts

– Binary fission

– Multiple fission

– Budding

Protozoans are problematic in their associations as colonial forms

Kingdom Protozoa14

Asexual Reproduction

Amoeba

CiliateFlagellate

Kingdom Protozoa15

Classification

Kingdom Protozoa

Phylum Ciliophora (Ciliates)

The Sarcodinids (Amoeboid

Protozoans)

Phylum Foraminifera

Phylum Radiozoa

The Flagellated Protozoans

Phytoflagellated protozoans

Zooflagellated protozoans

Kingdom Protozoa16

Phylum Ciliophora

Defining characteristics

– Body externally ciliated in at

least some lifecycle stages

Have the highest degree of

subcellular specialization

and are considered

advanced protozoans

Paramecium feces

Kingdom Protozoa17

Cilia

Cilia

– Hair-like structures by

which the organism

moves, collects food

and senses their

surroundings

Fastest of all the

protozoans

Cilia structure

Ciliate Biology

Oral groove

Cytostome

Cytoproct

Contractile vacuole

Paramecium

Kingdom Protozoa19

Ciliate Lifestyles

65% of all ciliate species are free-living and mobile

Some ciliates form colonial aggregations and have sessile habits

Other ciliates have symbiotic relationships in invertebrates and vertebrates

Vorticella

Kingdom Protozoa20

The Sarcodinids (Amoeboid Protozoans)

Contains 4 phyla:

Foraminifera,

Radiozoa,

Amoebozoa, and

Heliozoa

Most reproduce

asexually through

binary fission

Characterized by pseudopodia

Food is usually captured by phagocytosis

Body types range from free flowing to rigid with skeletal supports

Kingdom Protozoa21

Phagocytosis

Kingdom Protozoa22

Amebas and Humans

Kingdom Protozoa23

Phylum Foraminifera

Defining characteristics

– Individuals secrete multi-chambered tests (shell), generally made of calcium carbonate (CaCo3)

Foram. tests

Kingdom Protozoa24

Foraminiferans

Extremely abundant, most are benthic and marine

Feed on diatoms and algae, very slow movers

Organisms are extremely common and form ooze– White cliffs of Dover are foraminiferan tests

Kingdom Protozoa25

Phylum Radiozoa

Defining characteristics– Body is divided into distinct

zones separated by a perforated membrane or capsule

Have pseudopodia supported with thin microtubules that give a spiny rayed appearance

Kingdom Protozoa26

Radiolarians

Have shells made of silicon dioxide that can be very intricate

Feed on diatoms and other phytoplankton

Benthic individuals move by use of pseudopodia

– Can occur in large concentrations that form ooze as well

Kingdom Protozoa27

The Flagellated Protozoans

Characterized by the

possession of a

definite body shape

and the possession of

one or more flagella

Most species are

free-living and mobile

Noctiluca

Kingdom Protozoa28

Phytoflagellated Protozoans

Have chlorophyll and obtain energy directly

from the sunlight

Some are strictly autotrophic or heterotrophic

– Some are a combination of both

Both the Euglena and the dinoflagellates are

examples of phytoflagellated protozoans

Kingdom Protozoa29

Dinoflagellates

Know for bioluminescence and highly toxic red tides – Dense aggregations produce saxitoxin killing fish and

crustaceans

Also contaminates shellfish causing diarrheic shellfish poisoning

Some benthic dinoflagellates produce a neurotoxin that accumulates in tropical fish called Ciguatera

Kingdom Protozoa30

Kingdom Protozoa31

Phytoflagellated Protozoans

Noctiluca

Euglena

Ceratium

Chlamydomonas

Kingdom Protozoa32

Zooflagellated Protozoans

Free-living forms– Most individuals are sessile and have a single

flagellum that beats to obtain food and nutrients

Parasitic forms– 25% of zooflagellate spp. are parasitic in humans,

invertebrates, and other vertebrates

– Usually have complex lifecycles with intermediate hosts

– Malaria is caused by the genus Plasmodium technically a member of the phylum Sporozoa

Kingdom Protozoa33

Zooflagellated Protozoans

Choanoflagellates

Malaria (Plasmodium)