Biology TAKSMini Review

Contents

EcologyCells

GeneticsEvolution

ClassificationBacteria/Viruses

ProtistFungiPlants

AnimalsHumans

ECOLOGYECOLOGY

The producers: Autotrophs

• An autotroph or producer is an organism that uses light (sun) energy or energy stored in chemical compounds to make energy rich compounds

• Examples: grass, trees, green algae

• Organisms depend on autotrophs for nutrients and energy

The consumers: Heterotrophs

• Heterotrophs - incapable of producing their own food. They obtain nutrients by eating other organisms.

• Examples: humans, birds, dogs

1.1. Food Chain & Food Web Practice Food Chain & Food Web PracticeProducers 1. Grass

2. Plants

Primary Consumer

(1st order)

1. Grass hopper2. Rat 3. Squirrel4. Rabbit 5.

Secondary Consumer

(2nd order)

1.Fox2.Frog3. Rat 4.Snake 5.

Tertiary Consumer

(3rd order)

Snake

Owl

What is not shown in this food web?

Decomposers

• Complete African Grassland activity

• www.gould.edu.au/foodwebs/africa.htm

• Match the animal to the correct trophic level.

• To check their answers use the above website.

Direction of the arrows in a food chain/food webDirection of the arrows in a food chain/food web

The organism at the tip of the arrow is receiving the energy (through eating). The arrow is going towards the organism that is eating. Description of the Collared Peccary

This question is not on the student packet

Look at each food web closely.Look at each food web closely.

B. Peccaries are omnivorous

2.2. Biological Pyramids Biological Pyramids – – As you go As you go upup the food chain, the number of organisms, the food chain, the number of organisms,

amount of energy and mass amount of energy and mass decreasedecrease

As food chain goes to each level, the energy level decrease. 90% is given off through heat and activity. The 10% of energy is passed on.

For Example: The grass = 100% energy. Grasshopper = 10% energy of the grass. Frog = 10% energy of the grasshopper.

3.3. Symbiosis Symbiosis – – The relationship in which there is a close and The relationship in which there is a close and permanentpermanent

association between organisms of association between organisms of differentdifferent species species 3 Types of Symbiosis: Definition of

Symbiosis Example of Symbiosis

Mutualism a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit

flower and a bee

(flower gets pollinated and bee gets food)

Commensalism a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited

barnacles carried on the backs of whales

(barnacles are carried to different areas to reproduce and whales are not affected)

Parasitism a symbiotic relationship in which a member of one species derives benefit and the other is harmed

Tick on a dog (tick has a food source the dog is harmed)

• Play Symbiosis Matching game

• Match each scenario with the type of symbiotic relationship

B. Parasitism

Sample Ecology TAKS QuestionsSample Ecology TAKS Questions1. Energy used by producers in a grassland food web is provided by a. sunlight b. photosynthesis c. oxygen d. carbon dioxide 2. In this food chain, the spiders are

a. producers b. primary consumers c. competitors d. secondary consumers

Plants Aphids Spiders Sparrows

3.

1. A - Sunlight

2. D- Secondary Consumers

3. J. The direction of energy flow

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D. Producers C. Decomposers

Cells Cells Animal CellAnimal Cell Plant Cell Plant Cell

1.1. Important Organelles Important Organelles

NucleusNucleus – site of DNA, control center, contains – site of DNA, control center, contains blueprints for lifeblueprints for life

MitochondriaMitochondria – ENERGY – “powerhouse” of the – ENERGY – “powerhouse” of the cellcell

Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane (a.k.a. - cell membrane) – (a.k.a. - cell membrane) – Outer protective layer that allows water and Outer protective layer that allows water and small molecules to move in and out of the cell.small molecules to move in and out of the cell.

ChloroplastChloroplast – site of photosynthesis (autotrophs – site of photosynthesis (autotrophs only)only)

Cell Matching ActivityCell Matching Activity Match the name of the cell organelle to the Match the name of the cell organelle to the

picture.picture. Match the function to the cell part.Match the function to the cell part.

Directions: Use the words on the left to fill in the Venn Diagram

round shape

cell wall

chloroplast

nucleus

cell membrane

square shape

mitochondria

eukaryotic

Animal Cell

VS.

Plant Cell

Animal CellRound Shape

Nucleus

Cell Membrane

Mitochondria

Eukaryotic

Plant CellCell Wall

Chloroplast

Nucleus

Cell MEMBRANE

Square Shape

Mitochondria

Eukaryotic

Diffusion and Osmosis

• 1. Diffusion – movement of 1. Diffusion – movement of particlesparticles from from an area of high concentration to an area of an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.low concentration.

• 2. Osmosis – movement of 2. Osmosis – movement of waterwater from an from an area of high concentration to an area of low area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.concentration.

• 1. When a sea urchin egg is removed from 1. When a sea urchin egg is removed from the ocean and placed in freshwater, the egg the ocean and placed in freshwater, the egg swells and bursts. Which of these causes swells and bursts. Which of these causes water to enter the egg?water to enter the egg?a. coagulationa. coagulationb. sodium pumpb. sodium pumpc. active transportc. active transportd. osmosisd. osmosis

Sample Cell TAKS Questions

D. OSMOSIS

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J. DNA Contains the blue print for producing the whole organism

B. Water balance is maintained in the blood.

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B. Mitochondria

D. The cells of the salt water fish would gain too much water

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A. They have a large number of mitochondria.

GeneticsThe sequence of DNA Bases gives you your

traits.Replication PracticeBases: A – Adenine Base Pairs: A - T

T – Thymine C - G C – Cytosine G - Guanine

Replicate this strand of DNA:Replicate this strand of DNA:DNA strand - ATG GTC AAT GGC TTA

What is the Replicated Strand? (complementary strand) -

TAC CAG TTA CCG AAT

Transcription - DNA code leaves the nucleus with the help from mRNA

Bases: A – Adenine Base Pairs: A - U

U – Uracil C - G

C – Cytosine

G - Guanine

DNA strand - ATG GTC AAT GGC TTA

mRNA strand -

What is transcription?UAC CAG UUA CCG AAU

Translation – The code from the nucleus has to be carried to the ribosome and translated into an

amino acid.

DNA strand - TAC GCC CTG TGG ATG

mRNA strand -

(transcription)

Amino Acid -

(use chart)

AUG CGG GAC ACC

Met Arg Asp Thr

• Students complete DNA/RNA Puzzle– Give them the middle square– Complete the components of the square

where each side (term) matches with its corresponding characteristic.

– The final product will be a 3X3 table.

• Codon Chart Activity– Match the DNA strands with the correct

mRNA strands. (strand 1 does not necessarily match strand A – see key)

– Match each protein strand with its correct mRNA/DNA strand.

Karyotype – Used to show genetic mutations involving chromosome number.

A normal karyotype is 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Normal Karyotype

Abnormal Karyotype – Can you find what Chromosome number the

disorder involves? What disorder is this?

21 - Down Syndrome 23

Sample Genetics TAKS Questions

H. Between the four nitrogen base pairs.

G. An unexpressed recessive trait.

D

G

D

A

A

Evolution – change in an organism over time due to its specific need for adaptation.

• Adaptation –a structure, behavior, or internal process that allows an organisms to live and survive in its environment.

• Camouflage – an adaptation that allows species to blend in with their surroundings

Because of this animal’s adaptations, it would be most successful at

a. competing with birds

b. making it own food

c. hiding from predators

d. running very rapidlyC.

Taxonomy - Classification

• Classification of living things• Placing organism in groups based on similar characteristics

Levels of ClassificationBROAD Kingdom

PhylumClass

OrderFamily

GenusSPECIFIC Species

KPCOFGSKPCOFGSGood way to remember: Good way to remember: KKing ing PPhillip hillip CCame ame

OOver ver FFor or GGood ood SSpaghetti. paghetti.

Scientific Name

• Made up of the genus and species name. Ex. Homo sapien

• First word is capitalized and second word is lower case

• Both words are underlined or italicized

I mportant Vocabulary Words Definitions Unicellular Made of one cell Multicellular Made of more than one cell Prokaryotic No nucleus Eukaryotic Nucleus Heterotroph Cannot make their own f ood Autotroph Can make their own food

Archaebacteria Simplest Kingdom .

Prokaryotic-Do not contain a nucleus or membrane bound organelles.

Live in extreme conditions

Eubacteria Prokaryotic-Do not contain a nucleus or membrane bound organelles.

Unicellular – Made of one cell

Harmful/Helpful

Are helpful as decomposers

Live in digestive system to aid in digestion.

Example E.coli

Cause strep throat , dental cavities and food poisoning

Protist Eukaryotic – Contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Many live in ponds and other water sources

Unicellular / Multicellular

Many contain structures to aid in movement •Cilia – Short Hair like structures – Paramecium•Flagella – long whip like structures used for movement – Euglena

Pseudopod - Extension of the cytoplasm – Amoeba

Fungus Mostly Multicellular- Composed of more than one cell.

Eukaryotic – Have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Decomposers – Break down dead organic material

Heterotrophic – Cannot produce their own food must consume other organisms

Sessile- Cannot move from place to place

Examples – Mushroom , Yeast , Athletes foot

Plants Autotrophic – Can make their own food through photosynthesis.

Sessile – Cannot move from place to place

3 Main parts of a plant •Stem – transports nutrients through the plant .•Leaf – traps the sunlight used for photosynthesis , Contains stomata for gas exchange .•Root – Absorbs nutrients from the soil

Reproduction – Some plants produce cones or flowers

Seeds are used by many plants for reproduction

Dispersal by wind water and animals

AnimalsInvertebrates

Vertebrates

•Multicellular•Heterotrophs•Eukaryotic•Mobile- Can move at some stage of life

Invertebrates – No backbone present

Porifera – Sponges

Cnidarians –Jellyfish ,sea anemone

Platyhelminthes-Flatworms

Nematoda – Roundworms

Mollusca- Snails, Octopus, Clams

Annelida- Segmented worms

Echinodermata- Starfish

Arthropoda-Spiders, insects, crustaceans

• Vertebrates –Backbone present

• Fish-sharks, salmon, tuna

• Amphibians-frogs, salamanders

• Reptiles-Snake ,lizard

• Birds-dove, robin

• Mammals –have fur, dogs, cats, humans

• Kingdom Matching Activity– Match the kingdom card with the correct

organism and characteristic.

Humans-• Organ Systems – each system has

a specific job to carry out in order to live.

• Digestive – Mouth, teeth, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine

» breaks down nutrients to be absorbed by the body

• Endocrine» works with the brain and reproductive

organs to keep a steady balance of HORMONES in your system

• Integumentary» Skin, used to protect the body from

invasion by bacteria .» Helps maintain homeostasis

• Reproductive» Used to produce offspring» Male and female

• Respiratory - Lungs»Used to breathe»Inhale Oxygen and exhale

Carbon Dioxide

• Excretory - Kidney» liquid waste products

• Nervous – brain, spinal cord»Sensory system»Internal and External stimuli

• Circulatory - heart» circulates blood throughout

the body

• Muscular - muscles» moves the bones and is

contained in most body systems (cardiac muscles)

• Immune - Lymph» helps to fight against

infections and foreign bodies that enter the body

• Skeletal - bones» support system and contains

all the bones

• Body System matching activity– Match the correct body system with the

correct picture and description.

Viruses –

Not living so they don’t fit into a Kingdom!

• Non-living»Must have host cell to

replicate

»HIV and many STDs are viruses

»HIV affects the T cells in your body

2 main parts to a VIRUS

»Capsid-protein coat

»Nucleic Acid- DNA or RNA•

• Lytic Cycle Activity– Place the stages of the lytic cycle in the

correct order.– Do not follow directions on board, just put the

stages in the correct order.

Sample Kingdom TAKS Questions

C.Genus

C. Poecile Gambeli

They have the same genus name

D. A host cell to replicate the virus DNA

G. Bacterium

H. The presence of nutrients makes the mouth a favorable habitat.

Cholera causing bacteria have a single flagellum that allows those bacteria to

A. Move

B. Reproduce

C. Excrete Water

D. Produce Sugar

A. Move

H. Dental cavities

D. Flu is caused by a virus.

• The kingdom Animalia includes all these except

A.JELLYFISH

B.SPONGES

C.AMOEBAS

D.ROUNDWORMS

C. Amoeba - it is a protist

F. It limits water loss through transpiration.

Human Systems Questions

1.Because chewing begins the breakdown of food before it is swallowed ,digestion starts in the mouth and throat which of the following system aids most in this early stage of digestion?

A. Immune System

B. Excretory system

C. Muscular System

D. Respiratory System

C. Muscular System

A. Fit in more than one organ system

B. Nervous and Muscular Systems

• Research shows that levels of a certain protein are elevated in the blood of people with a bacterial infection . People with a viral infection show only trace amounts of the protein . The level of the protein can be determined in about an hour after a blood test.

Which of these is a benefit of knowing whether a person with a respiratory infection has an elevated level of this protein in the blood ?

F. A set of aerobic exercises can be recommended .

G. A diet of essential nutrients can be recommended

H.A decision can be made about whether to take an X Ray

J. A decision can be made about whether to use antibiotics

J. A decision can be made about whether to use antibiotics

B. Distribution

G. Hormones can trigger asthma attacks