Name__________________________Per_____

PreAP Biology Spring EOS Review

Introduction to Biology

Distinguish among the following:independent variable and dependent variable -The independent variable is one the scientist determines to change. It is not dependent on anything else. The dependent variable is being measured and depends on the value of the independent variable. Independent is on the x-axis; the dependent is on the y-axis.

control set-up and constant -The control setup you do nothing to. It is not altered from natural conditions. The constant is every factor that must remain the same to be sure that the independent variable is causing the resulting dependent variable.

Review laboratory safety rules. Be sure you can apply them to situations described for you. For example, what is the first rule in case of an accident? When do you have to wear goggles (be specific, don’t just say “always”)? If there is an accident, immediately tell the teacher. Wear goggles anytime you are working with chemicals, sharp objects, heat or anything that could potentially harm your eyes.

Draw and identify the function of the following pieces of laboratory equipment. If it is used for measuring identify what is being measured and the unit. Ex) metric ruler - measures length in centimeters or provides a straight edge when creating scientific drawings

Forceps- Picking up or moving very small items

Beaker-Hold, heat or mix chemicals. Not for measuring.

Ehrlenmeyer flask-Hold, heat or mix chemicals. Not for measuring.

graduated cylinder-Measure liquids with accuracy. Not for heating.

balance (not a scale!)-For measuring the MASS of an object with accuracy.

Thermometer-For measuring heat with accuracy, always in Celsius.

Six hundred plants were divided into 6 groups of 100 each. Each group was placed in lights of different colors for 600 hours. Group I was kept in red light, Group II in yellow light, Group III in green light, Group IV in blue light, Group V in white light and Group VI in ultraviolet light. Every 60 hours the number of leaves on the plants were counted and the width of the leaf at its broadest point was measured.

4. Identify the components of the experiment.Independent variable: _color of light_______Dependent variable: __leaf width_Constants: _Type of plan, size of plant, soil, amount of water, time in light.___Hypothesis:If plants are grown under various colors of light, then plants will grow best in light.Describe a control set-up or control group: Plants in 5. Set up a graph. Label the X and Y axes. Title the graph. (You do not need to GRAPH anything, only set it up!)

Leaf Width of Plants Under Various Colors of Light for 600hrs.

1

Width ofLeaf (cm)

Hours Under Colors of Light

MicroscopesWhat can you NOT touch on the microscope once you have moved the 10X or 40X objective into place? ____The coarse focus knob. Why? Because you will break the slide or damage the lens.Explain how to make a wet mount slide of cheek cells using a glass slide and coverslip. Scrape the inside of your cheek with the end of a flat toothpick. Add one drop of Methylene blue to slide. Smear the toothpick in the drop and immediately cover with a cloverslip, placed at a 45 degree angle.

If you increase the magnification, can you see more or less of a specimen? _Less_ Explain. There is more of the specimen in view and less of the surrounding areas. It’s like getting closer. Review the parts of the microscope. Ocular lens (eyepiece), Revolving Nosepiece (houses objective lens), Objectives (4X, 10X and 40X), Stage (where slide is placed), Stage Clips (holds slide in place), Diaphragm (controls amount of light passing through the object), Coarse Adjustment Knob (used to focus under low power), Fine Adjustment Knob (Used to fine tune focus under any power).

Cells: Structure & FunctionDraw and label the following cell structures, including their infrastructure: chloroplast, mitochondria, nucleus

Distinguish among the following terms:

active transport-Energy (ATP) required to move molecules from low to high concentration; up/against the concentration gradient. Ex. endo & exocytosis; Na+/K+ pump; H+ pump

Diffusion-Process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration to low without requiring energy; down/with the concentration gradient; a type of passive transport

Endocytosis-Substances are moved INTO a cell by a vesicle that pinches off from the cell membrane; requires

2

energy (ATP) so is a type of active transport

Exocytosis-Substances inside a vesicle are released OUT OF a cell as the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane. (requires energy = active transport)

facilitated diffusion-Moves substances down the concentration gradient w/o using cell’s energy, using channel/carrier proteins located in the membrane. (passive transport)

Osmosis-The diffusion of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane without requiring energy. (passive transport)

passive transport- movement of molecules from high to low concentration without requiring energy. ex. Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and Osmosis.

Phagocytosis-A type of active transport/endocytosis when the nutrient particles are solid; (Cellular eating.)

Pinocytosis- A type of active transport/endocytosis when the nutrient particles are dissolved in a liquid; (cellular drinking.)

Illustrate the terms hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic using the beakers and cells shown below. Explain what you would expect to happen if the cell membrane is semipermeable (selectively permeable).

HYPOTONIC HYPERTONIC ISOTONIC

Solvent = water; solute = dissolved particles

Isotonic-Concentration of solution outside the cell is the same as the concentration of the solution inside. Water is moving out and in at equal rates.

Hypertonic-There are more solute molecules in the solution outside the cell compared to the concentration inside the cell. Water will move out of the cell and the cell will shrink.

Hypotonic-There are less solute molecules outside the cell than inside the cell. Water will move into the cell and the cell will swell

BiochemistryWhat inorganic molecule is required for most reactions involving large polymers such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides? Water

What does organic mean? A molecule containing Carbon (except CO and CO2)

Review the terms hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis (use word parts). Which one of these produces water (so removes water)? Which one requires water as a reactant? Dehydration-Produces water(so removes water.) Hydrolysis-Requires water as a reactant.

Identify the monomer for the polymer:

carbohydrate - Monosaccharidesnucleic acid - Nucleotidesstarch – Glucose (monosaccharides)

protein –Amino AcidsDNA – Nucleotide= deoxyribose sugar + phosphate + Nitrogen base Glycogen-Glucose(monosaccharide)

3

RNA – Nucleotide= ribose sugar + phosphate + Nitrogen base

4

Draw and label a nucleotide. (sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base)Note: Nitrogen bases only connect to sugar. Sugars and phosphates alternate and make up the sides of DNA; nitrogen bases connect in the middle by hydrogen bonds. A-T, G-C

DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis (Gene Expression)

Review the process of gene expression:What are the two parts or processes involved in gene expression? Transcription;TranslationWhere in the cell does each occur? Transcription(Nucleus,) Translation (cytoplasm @ ribosome)What is the role of each molecule involved? mRNA carries a message it got from DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. tRNA brings the appropriate amino acid to the Ribosome(made of rRNA) that mRNA is coding for.

What is the product of each part of the process? The product of Transcription is mRNA. The Product of Translation is a newly formed protein (made from a chain of amino acids).

DNA replication – tell all you know! DNA replication takes place in the Nucleus of a cell. Helicase unwinds and unzips the double helix of DNA, by breaking the hydrogen bonds. DNA Polymerase brings free nucleotides to the DNA molecule that compliment, (A-T) (C-G), those on the unzipped strand. This occurs in the direction of the replication fork (5’ to 3’) and happens easily on the leading strand. Because the lagging strand is (3’-5’) it must add nucleotides in short (5’-3’) segments called Okasaki fragments. These fragments are joined together by ligase. The overall direction of growth is toward the replication fork. Two new molecules are completed and must to wound back up. Both molecules are identical, each having one parent and one new strand.

List the 5 nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids. Identify the one unique to RNA by circling its name. Show how the bases pair. Which ones are pyrimidines and which are purines?

Adenine and Guanine are purines Thymine, cytosine and (uracil—only in RNA) are pyrmidines

(A-T) and (G-C) in DNA (A-U) and (G-C) in RNA

Create a table comparing DNA and RNA. DNA RNASugar deoxyribose riboseNitrogen Bases A, T, C, G A, Uracil, C, GShape double helix single strand

BiotechnologyWhat is a genetically modified organism? When a genome of a living cell is altered for medical or industrial use. How could one be created? It may involve building recombinant DNA made from two or more different organisms. DNA fragments from a vector of interest may be added to another organisms DNA and are helped to bond with an enzyme called DNA ligase.

What is a clone? An organism that is produced by asexual reproduction and that is genetically identical to its parent.

How can you determine if two people are related using a DNA fingerprint? Each individual has a unique pattern of banding. The banding patterns from two individuals can be compared to establish whether or not they are related. A similar pattern will be noted if they are related.

Does a “match” to crime scene DNA mean the person is guilty? No. Explain. DNA can be found in bone, semen, blood or hair. Just because a person’s DNA is present at the scene of the crime doesn’t necessarily mean they committed the crime. They may have just been present at the scene at some point.

Cell CycleBelow is a somatic cell in interphase about to undergo mitosis. First, draw an arrow and label it with the name of the process that must occur before mitosis, then draw and label a cell in each stage of mitosis. Be sure you show the correct number of chromosomes at each stage as well as the correct number of cells at the end of the process.

Interphase (G1, S, G2) Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

Protein Synthesis (Gene Expression) occurs in the G1 phase of interphase)

DNA Replication (occurs in S phase of Interphase)

What kind of cells are produced by mitosis? Circle the words that apply (answers in BOLD* below).asexual*diploid* (chromosomes in pairs=2 of each chromosome; humans 23 pair or 46 total)gamete (sex cells, like eggs & sperm)haploid (1 of each chromosome; humans is 23)identical*sexualsomatic*(body cells, like skin cells)unique

What are the purposes for mitosis? It is the process of nuclear division that occurs in somatic cells. It is an ordered set of events of cell growth and division resulting in two daughter cells which then start the process again. (Growth, Repair, Reproduction)When control of the cell cycle is lost, what results? A tumor or cancer

Which words in the list in question 2 apply to meiosis? Gamete, haploid, sexual and unique.

What is the purpose of meiosis? A form of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes forming specialized reproductive cells such as gametes; produce gametes/sex cells = eggs or sperm

What are the sources of variation found in the gametes after meiosis? (DNA mutation is not what we’re talking about!) Independent Assortment, Crossing-over, and Random Fertilization.

If a leaf cell of a poplar tree has 36 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would you expect to find in a sperm cell in a grain of pollen? 18

If a sea urchin has 14 chromosomes in an ovum, how many will it have in an epidermal cell? 28

GeneticsIf traits are passed down from parent to offspring through gametes formed during meiosis, how are mutations passed down? From parents to offspring through gametes; mutation MUST occur in the DNA of gametes (egg or sperm) to be passed to offspring.

Differentiate between the following terms.dominant and recessive-When two different alleles occur together, one of them may be completely expressed, while the other has no observable effect on the organism. The expressed form of the character is dominant (R) while the character that was not expressed is described as recessive (r)

homozygous and heterozygous-If two of the same alleles of a particular gene are present in an individual they are said to be homozygous (RR or rr) for that character. If the two alleles of a particular gene are different, the individual is heterozygous (Rr).

genotype and phenotype-The set of alleles that an individual has for a character is called its genotype (RR, Rr, rr). The physical appearance of a character is called its phenotype (red or white).

incomplete dominance and codominance- In incomplete dominance an individual displays a phenotype that is intermediate between the two parent (RR red, Rr pink, rr white). In codominance two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time. In this case, both forms of the character are displayed (RR red, Rr red & white, rr white).

autosomal and sex-linked inheritance-If a gene is autosomal, it will appear in both sexes equally. An autosome is a chromosome other than an X or Y sex chromosome. If a trait is sex-linked, its effects are usually only seen in males and the gene is located only on the X or Y chromosome; in this class we only studied X-linked sex-linked traits (only on the X chromosome, therefore females can be carriers, males cannot)

Review monohybrid and dihybrid crosses by making up 2 to 3 problems of each and working them out in the space provided. Be sure you include genotypic and phenotypic ratios in the monohybrid crosses and phenotypic ratios in the dihybrid.

Rr x Rr (R = red, r= white)

R r

Genotypic Ratio: 1:2:1 (RR, Rr, rr)Phenotypic Ratio: 3:1 (red , white)

Y = yellow, y = green; R = round, r = wrinkled

Phenotypic Ratio:9:3:3:1

Yellow, round =9Yellow, wrinkled = 3Green, round = 3 green, wrinkled = 1

RR Rr

Rr rr

YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr

YYRr YYrr YyRr Yyrr

YyRR YyRr yyRR yyRr

YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr

YR

Yr

yR

yr

YR Yr yR yr

R

r

Energy in Biological Systems

1.What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration? The process that allows organisms (heterotrophs) to get energy from food. The process produces ATP providing cells with energy that is needed to carry out the activities of life.What is the overall purpose of photosynthesis? This is the process by which light (sun) energy is converted into chemical energy (= glucose). Organisms that carry out this process are called autotrophs.

2.What gaseous by-product(s) (waste products) are produced in photosynthesis? Oxygen In cellular respiration? Carbon Dioxide

3.What organelle is involved with photosynthesis? Chloroplast

4.What organelle is involved with part of the cellular respiration pathway? Mitochondria

5.The law of conservation of energy says that energy cannot be created or destroyed. However, we know that energy is captured by plants in photosynthesis. What form of energy is being captured and to what form of energy is it being converted? _Light (Radiant) energy from the sun Chemical energy in glucose

6.Write the equation for photosynthesis/ cellular respiration in the space below. Be sure you include energy in your equation and balance it. Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H20 Light C6H12O6 + 6O2 Cell. Resp. C6H12O6 + 6O2 Enzymes 6H20 + 6CO2 + Energy (ATP)

7.What kind of biological molecule are enzymes typically? Proteins

8.Draw and label an enzyme with its substrate. Include a label for the active site as well.

9.List the functions of enzymes. Enzymes function to increase the speed of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. They help organisms to maintain homeostasis. Without enzymes chemical reactions would not occur quickly enough to sustain life.

10. Are enzymes changed or used up in a chemical reaction? No

11.How can enzymes be denatured? Any factor that changes the shape of the enzyme can cause it to become denatured. Most common are a change in temperature or a change in pH.

Evolution3. Define Evolution. Change of species over time.

4. What are the two goals for evolution? Survival and Reproduction

Musca domesticusFelis leoFelis domesticusPan troglodytesHomo sapiensSCIENTIFIC NAME

domesticusleodomesticustroglodytessapiensSPECIES

MuscaFelisFelisPanHomoGENUS

MuscidaeFelidaeFelidaePongidaeHominidaeFAMILY

DipteraCarnivoraCarnivoraPrimatesPrimatesORDER

InsectMammalMammalMammalMammalCLASS

ArthropodaChordateChordateChordateChordatePHYLUM

AnimaliaAnimaliaAnimaliaAnimaliaAnimaliaKINGDOM

HOUSEFLYLIONHOUSE CATCHIMPANZEEHUMAN

ORGANISMGROUP NAME

5. Define natural selection. Organisms best fit to their environment will be able to survive and reproduce. What else is it called? Survival of the Fittest.

6. Define the 4 sources of scientific evidence for evolution.fossil recordfossil—Traces of dead organismsrelative dating—Based on rock layers-older are deeper

comparative anatomyhomologous structures (and ex.)—similar origin and structure, not function (limbs of human, whale, bat)analogous structures (and ex.)—similar function, not origin/structure (butterfly wing and bird wing)vestigial structures (and ex.)—no useful function (whale pelvis)

embryology—the study of organisms in their earliest stage of development

biochemical evidence—similar DNA sequence/amino acids=more closely related; more differences=least closely related.

7. Answer the following questions based on the diagram to the right.Which layer contains the newest fossils? A

Which layer has the oldest fossils? E

Based on the fossils, this area was most likely what type of environment in the ancient past? Ocean

8. Differentiate between convergent and divergent evolution and give examples. Convergent= unrelated species become similar because of similar environments. (ex. Birds and butterflies both able to fly; analogous structures) Divergent=common ancestors give rise to many new species. (ex. Front flipper on a whale, a bats wing, a cats forelimb; homologous structures)

Use the table below to answer the following question:

A

AB

C

D

E

9. Which two animals are most closely related according to the chart? House cat and lion (same Kingdom through genus)

10. Use the diagram to the right to answer the following questions:

Does the phylogenetic tree represent convergent or divergent evolution? Divergent Why? Evolved from a common ancestor

What is the scientific name of the species most closely related to the woodpecker-like finch?C. heliobatesAre the insect-eating finches related to the cactus-eating finches? Very distant

Study the phylogenetic tree shown below.

Which group of vertebrates did the amphibians most recently share a common ancestor with? _______Fishes______________________Are insects more closely related to arachnids or to mollusks? __Arachnids_____________ How do you know? They are closest in proximity

Does a phylogenetic tree reflect analogousrelationships or homologous relationships? homologous Explain. This shows how species havediverged from a common ancestory

Classification, Kingdoms, & Simple Organisms

11. What is binomial nomenclature? It is a two namednaming system developed by Linnaeus, Why is it important? Universal naming system in Latin12. How are genus and species correctly written? Italics/underlined; Genus (1st word)= caplitalized; species (2nd word)=lower case

13. What is the genus name of Canis familiaris?_____Canis_________What is the species name of Canis familiaris?___familiaris____________

14. If 2 organisms are in the same order, they must be in the same Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, and Class, but do NOT have to be in the same Family, Genus, or Species. Two different organisms can NEVER have the same Genus and Species (= scientific name)_

Use the dichotomous key below to identify the aliens 15 and 16:

15. Broadus tritops 16. Broadus hairus1a. The creature has a large wide head............................go to 21b. The creature has a small narrow head..........................go to 112a. It has 3 eyes ................................................go to 32b. It has 2 eyes ................................................go to 73a. There is a star in the middle of its chest....................go to 43b. There is no star in the middle of its chest ..................go to 64a. The creature has hair spikes .................................Broadus hairus4b. The creature has no hair spikes...............................go to 55a. The bottom of the creature is arch-shaped ....................Broadus archus 5b. The bottom of the creature is M-shaped .......................Broadus emmus6a. The creature has an arch-shaped bottom .......................Broadus plainus6b. The creature has an M-shaped bottom...........................Broadus tritops

coccus

17. What are the names and shapes of bacteria? Draw the shapes off to the side_coccus________________ is _sphere_____shaped. Picture: bacillus _bacillus______________ is _rod________shaped. Picture: _spirillum______________is _spiral______shaped. Picture:

spirillum

18. When bacteria are arranged in chains it is called: strepto When bacteria are arranged in clusters it is called: staphylo

19. Bacteria typically reproduce through binary fission. Is this considered to be asexual or sexual? ___asexual Explain. It involves a single bacteria splitting into two bacteria (identical)What is conjugation? Sexual Reproduction in bacteria (bacterial plasmids (sm. circular DNA pieces) are transferred to another bacterium via the pilli What are the two functions of pili? Sexual reproduction and attachment to surfaces

20. Identify how Escherichia coli can be beneficial to us and how they can be harmful to us. It is beneficial because it helps synthesize vitamin K. The wrong strain can result in food poisoning.

21. Draw an amoeba and label with the name of the structure that allows it to move:- What other function does this structure perform? The pseudopodia is also used to

engulf food.

pseudopodia

22. Draw a paramecium and label the structure that allows it to move: cilia23. Draw euglena and label the structure that allows it to move:

flagella

24. What are the 3 organelles that plant cells have that animal cells do not have? _____Chloroplast, Large Central Vacuole, Cell Walls

25. List 2 organelles that animal cells have that plant cells don’t have. Lysosomes & Centrioles

SIX KINGDOMS CHARACTERISTICS CHART

Complete and STUDY the chart below.KINGDOM

Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protist Fungi Plantae Animal

Cell Type Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic

Number of Cells unicellular unicellular most unicellular most multicellular multicellular multicellular

Level of Organization cell cell most cell most tissue systems systems

Cell Wall & Composition

Cell wallWith peptidoglycan

contains uncommon lipids

pectin or none(green algae: cellulose)

Cell walls of chitin; no chloroplasts

Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts

No cell walls; no chloroplasts

Mode of Nutrition

auto/heterotroph auto/heterotroph Heterotrophic only Autotrophic only Heterotrophic

onlyReproduction asexual asexual sexual/asexual sexual/asexual sexual/asexual sexual/asexual

Motility some motile nonmotile motile/nonmotile most nonmotile nonmotile motile

Symbiotic Relationship

fix nitrogen;many pathogenic;aid in human digestion

XXXXXXXXXXXXXX

many pathogenic (malaria, African sleeping sickness, amoebic dysentery)cellulose digestion

many pathogenic (athlete’s foot, yeast infection, ringworm)lichen; mycorrhizae

epiphytemycorrhizae mistletoe

parasitic worms, barnacles, clownfish

Ecological Importance

1.decomposers 2. Fix nitrogen

decomposersalgae major aquatic oxygen & food producersalgal bloom

Fix nitrogen; decompose

Produce oxygen; producers

human impact on environment; food chains

Othergave rise to eukaryote organelles

can live in extreme conditionsancestors of eukaryotes

toothpaste teeth whiteners

fermented food productsfood sourceantibiotics

can’t live without ‘emmedicine source

invertebratesvertebrates

ExamplesEscherichia coliStreptococcus

methanogens algae, diatoms, amoebas,

lichen, yeast, mushrooms

treesflowersgrass

sponges

mammals

Plants

28. Write the equation for photosynthesis, then write the equation for respiration. Don’t forget energy. Circle the reactants for photosynthesis and the products of respiration. What do you notice? Same (except for type of energy)Underline the products of photosynthesis and the reactants for respiration. What do you notice? Same

Can you relate this to the water, oxygen, and carbon cycles? Water is a necessary ingredient (a reactant) for photosynthesis to take place, plants are involved in the water cycle through intake of ground water into roots and releasing water vapor through transpiration. Oxygen is a key ingredient (a reactant) for cellular respiration to take place. Living organisms fix and release carbon in the form of carbon dioxide. The process that fixes (removes from the atmosphere) carbon dioxide is photosynthesis. The process that releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is cellular respiration.Can you relate the energy in the reactions to energy flow through an ecosystem? The ultimate source of all energy is the sun. Autotrophic organisms capture energy from the sun and convert CO2 and H2O into glucose. The foods we eat contain energy stored in the form of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Before the energy can be used it has to be transferred to the bonds between the phosphates in ATP molecules. This is cellular respiration.

6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (Sun) C6H12O6 + 6O2 photosynthesis

C6H12O6 +6O2 6CO 2 + 6H20 + energy (ATP) cellular respiration

27. Identify all of the structures in the leaf diagram AND put their function. A. waxy cuticle - Prevents desiccation/drying outB. upper epidermis- ProtectionC. palisade layer - Site of most photosynthesis/many chloroplastsD. spongy layer - provides space for gas/water to move; site of some photosynthesisE. guard cells - opens and closes the stomata F. xylem - transports water up plant G. vein - houses vascular bundles (xylem & phloem)H. phloem - transports glucose down plantI. stomata - pore that allows for transpiration and gas exchange

29. Which kingdoms have cells that perform photosynthesis? Plantae, Protista (many) and Eubacteria (some)

30. Which kingdoms have cells that perform cell respiration? ALL: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria (bacteria just don’t have mitochondria for it to occur in, just happens in their cytoplasm)

31. What gas (waste/bi-product) do plants release during photosynthesis? Oxygen_ What gas (waste/bi-product) do all organisms release during cellular respiration? Carbon Dioxide

32. What adaptations did plants make to allow them to live on land (there were 3 main problems, what were the solutions)? The adaptations include a waxy cuticle, a specialized leaf and stomata. The problems that needed to be overcome included desiccation/drying out, reproduction and transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant. A waxy cuticle, specialized leaves and stomata helped plants to maintain a proper water balance (osmoregulation.) Vectors like insects and bees along with wind replaced the water for pollination. Most plants developed xylem and phloem to transport nutrients and water throughout the plant.

33. Complete the following chart comparing monocots and dicots.

34. How are non-vascular plants different from vascular plants? Vascular plants or tracheophytes have xylem and phloem to carry water and glucose throughout the plant. Non-vascular plants or bryophytes do not have vascular bundles (no xylem or phloem) and so must absorb nutrients and water through osmosis.

35. How are gymnosperms different from angiosperms? The reproductive structure of a Gymnosperm is a cone, seeds in cones. The reproductive structure of an angiosperm is a flower, seeds in fruit.

36. Where are the sugars made in plants and what vascular tissue transports it? Glucose is the sugar made in the leaf through the process of photosynthesis. It is transported to the rest of the plant through the phloem.

37. What 2 things are absorbed by roots and what transports them? Water and minerals are absorbed through the roots and are transported up the plant through the xylem.

38. From the demonstration of water movement in celery or carnations, what are the definitions of adhesion and cohesion?

Adhesion: The attractive force between two bodies of different substances that are in contact with each other; water to sides of xylem.

Cohesion: The force that holds molecules of a single material together; water to other water molecules

39. Label the parts of the plant and give the function of each part:

40. What flower parts are the male and female parts of the plant? Female parts are the stigma, style, ovary (= pistil). The Male flower parts include the filament and anther (= stamen).

41. What are 3 ways that seeds are dispersed away from the mother plant? Water, Animals and wind.

42. How are the following fruits or seeds dispersed?

Dispersed by ___wind________________ Dispersed by animals

Function of Flower Parts

Petals-attract pollinatorsAnthers-produce pollen (pollen contains sperm)Filament-hold anthers highSepal-protects flowerReceptacle-holds the ovaryOvules-female gameteOvary-Holds ovulesStyle-Tube for sperm to reach ovulesStigma- sticky place of pollinationPistil- Stigma, style and ovary (female)Stamen- anther and filament (male)

43. What are some plant adaptations that plants use as defense mechanisms? Thorns, spines and leaves that close, poison/bad taste

Human Systems/Comparative Anatomy & Animals

44. What is the purpose of villi in the intestines & root hairs in plants? Villi are tiny projections in the lining of the small intestines, increasing surface area for the lining for absorption. Root hairs also extensions the root epidermis that increase surface area for the plant root providing for better absorption of water and nutrients.

45. Relate the following plant parts to the corresponding animal systems (you might use some more than once and not use others at all):

____I__a. flowers I. reproductive __II & III_b. stems II. skeletal

__ II c. roots III. muscular____IVd. leaves IV. digestive

46. What system does the human body use to fight off viral infections? immune47. What system does the human body use to process nutrients? digestive48. What system does the body use to move gases and nutrients around? Circulatory49. What system does the body use to move the bones? muscular50. What system does the body use to protect itself from drying out? integumentary

51. Plants make sugar and store it in the form of a polysaccharide called. Starch 52. Animals eat sugar and store it in the form of a polysaccharide called Glycogen (in the liver).

53. What are some characteristics of water that make it so good for the human body? It has a high specific heat; it has a set molecular structure; it is polar; it exhibits capillary action; it is known as the universal solvent; cells are filled with water and surrounded by water;2/3 of the molecules in your body are water molecules.

54.How does the integumentary system help the body maintain homeostasis? It is important in thermoregulation. Layers of adipose tissue act as insulators. Skin often contains sweat gland that increase heat transfer. Sweat is a body fluid that helps remove certain wastes.

55. The human urinary (excretory) system consists of the kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra. Sketch these organs in the box to the right and describe what each of them does in the system. Kidneys filter the bloodand produce urine; the uteters are tubes that carry the urine from the kidneys tothe urinary bladder; the urethra is the tube that carries urine out of the body.

56. Complete the following set of words that describe the increasing complexity of organisms.Atoms, molecules (like DNA), cells, tissues, organs, systems, organisms

57. Describe how each of the following sets of animal systems work together:skeletal and muscular- the skeletal system interacts with the muscular system for movement.

digestive and circulatory- the circulatory system carries nutrients absorbed by the digestive system to the rest of the body.

circulatory and respiratory- the circulatory system carries oxygen (taken in by respiratory system) to the cells in the red blood cells and carries carbon dioxide from cells back to respiratory system to be exhaled.

Endocrine (all glands) and reproductive- The Testes are glands that produce hormones such as testosterone and also produce sperm. The ovaries are glands that produce hormones such as estrogen and progesterone and also store eggs.

58. What animal organ system would you put the following organs in:malpigian tubules, kidneys, green gland __Excretory/Urinary System_ tympanic membrane, eardrum, lateral line system _Nervous System (hearing)

59. Use the nutritional label to answer the questions in the box.

ECOLOGY60. Define ecology. The study of the interactions of living organismas with one another and with their environment.

A. How many calories would one get if he ate the whole container of this food?500

B. How many fat grams are in 2 servings? 24g

C. How many calories would a person consume if they ate enough to receive 100% of the RDA for calcium?1250

D. If a person ate 2 servings of this food, what percent of their daily sodium level would they consume? 40% E. What percent of their daily Vitamin C would they get by eating 2 servings? 4%

61. What is the difference between abiotic and biotic factors. List two examples of each. An abiotic factor is an environmental factor that is not associated with the activities of living organisms. Examples would include soil, air, sun, rocks and water. A biotic factor is an environmental factor that is associated with or results from the activites of living organisms. Examples would include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants and animals.

62. Define ecosystem. A community of organismas and their abiotic environment.

63. What are 5 limiting factors in an ecosystem? Competition, predation, parasitism, crowding stress and disease.

64. What does the term carrying capacity mean? K (carrying capacity) is the maximum population size that an environment can support.

65. Draw an example of a food chain that starts with grass and ends with a coyote. Then connect it to two other food chains, making a food web.

66. Compare Producers, Primary consumers, Secondary consumers, Tertiary consumers and decomposers and list examples of organisms for each. (Draw them in an energy pyramid).

Producers are autotrophs, which include plants and protists.

Primary consumers are herbivores that eatproducers and include rabbits and grasshoppers.

Secondary Consumers are omnivores or carnivoreswhich eat primary consumers and/or producers and include frogs and mice.

Tertiary consumers eat primary and/or secondary consumers and/or producers and include

carnivores like lions and wolves or omnivores. Decomposers like

fungi and bacteria eat all other organisms returning nutrients to the environment.

coyote

67. Give examples of at least three predator-prey relationships. Deer and Grass; Wolf and Rabbit; and Bear and Salmon.

68. Fill in the chart below for the three types of symbiosis. Use + = benefits; - = harms; ~ = neutral.

a. armadillos- protective shellb. monarch butterflies- bitter taste

c. poison dart frog-poisonousd. porcupine-spiny quills

77. What is the best way to sample the following populations:a. flock of geese approximate count by arial view of traps (catch/release)b. pack of coyotes approximate count by arial view or traps (catch/release)c. field of pine trees randomly or in a pattern around entire field

78. What are the differences among an omnivore, herbivore, carnivore, and detrivore? Omnivores –eat plants and animals; herbivores eat plants; carnivore-eats animals; detritivore eats dead organisms and organic wastes.

79. Compare a J Curve and an S curve.

J curve= exponential growth (not seen in nature) S curve= logistic growth curve (population tends to level off at carrying capacity, then oscillates near carrying capacity).

80. There are three cycles that circulate Water, Carbon, and Nitrogen. Briefly describe each one and its major steps. Water Cycle - Water is the most important, non-living (inorganic) component of the ecosysten

- Nonliving cycle: involves condensation (gas to liquid-how clouds form), precipitation (liquid falling to Earth), and evaporation (liquid to gas).

- Living cycle: involves plants in a process called transpiration (evaporation of water out of the stomata of the plant leaves).

Carbon Cycle- Remember photosynthesis (sunlight, carbon dioxide and water converted into glucose and oxygen), respiration (converts carbon compounds and oxygen into ATP energy, carbon dioxide, and water) & combustion (burning of fossil fuels.)

Nitrogen Cycle- Atmospheric nitrogen cannot be used by plants and animals.

- Remember bacteria, such as Nitrogen fixing, nitrifying, and denitrifying, are involved in converting nitrogen into a usable form then sending it back to atmosphere.

Virus 81. The Sabin vaccine is a liquid containing weakened polio viruses. What does the body of the individual who receives the vaccine do in order to “protect” it from polio? It produces antibodies that recognize and fight off the virus when it “attacks”

82. Why does a virus require a host cell? Because they must have a host to reproduce.

83. How are viruses similar to cells? Contain nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and protein (make up the capsid); can evolve/mutate; can have receptor proteins

84. Why do most scientists today consider viruses to be nonliving? (hint: what do they not have or what can they not do) No metabolism, cannot maintain homeostasis, cannot grow, and cannot reproduce on their own, they need a host.

85. Many viruses have glycoproteins that project spikes from its envelope. Different viruses

have different glycoproteins. What is the purpose of these spikes? To mimic the proteins on the outside of the cells, to trick the cells into taking the virus inside. They fit like a puzzle piece to the cell receptors.

Virus Cell

86. Identify whether the diseases/conditions are caused by Viruses (V), Bacteria (B), Protists (P), or Fungi (F).

Influenza __V_Athlete’s Foot __F__Malaria ___P_Ebola __V__

Common cold __V__African Sleeping Sickness P_Ringworm ___F_Tobacco Mosaic __V__

Dental cavities __B_Acne __B__Toxoplasmosis __P_

87. Discuss the HIV virus by answering the questions below.

A. What shape and type of virus is it? Spherical RNA retrovirus

B. What disease does it cause? AIDS

C. What body system does it attack? Immune

D. What specific type of cells does it attack? Helper T Cells (type of white blood cell)

88. Can you take antibiotics for viral infections? _No_ Why or why not? _Antibiotic (“against life”) can only treat living cells, (viruses are nonliving) usually by damaging the cell walls or cell membranes causing the bacteria, protist, etc. to die or by interrupting metabolism—viruses have neither of these

89. Draw the 5 shapes of viruses, label them with their shape name, label the capsid and nucleic acid, and give an example for each of a virus that has that shape.

Capsid—protein coat that SURROUNDS the nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) core. Binal Filovirus (ebola) Polyhedral (Adenovirus) Spherical (HIV,Flu)(Bacteriophage) Helical (TMV)

Capsid nucleic acid