biology review for taks taks objective 2 & 3 review of taxonomy, classification, organization,...
TRANSCRIPT
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BIOLOGY REVIEW FOR TAKS
TAKS Objective 2 & 3 Review of Taxonomy, Classification, Organization, cell parts and functions and Ecology and Genetics
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Biology Review Objective 2 - The
student will demonstrate an understanding of the organization of living systems.
Objective 3 - Demonstrate an understanding of the interdependence of organisms and the environment.
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Take the 5 question quiz that follows If you get a question wrong, follow the
directions to the section of slides that reviews that information.
If you get it correct, you move to the next question.
At the end of each section there are 3 more questions to check that you have understood the review.
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According to the information above, what is the complementary strand of this section of a DNA molecule?A GTCB ATGC CAGD CGT
Answer: C Review begins at slide #34
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The diagram shows one of the processes that occurs in vertebrates. According to this information, which two body systems work together during this process?
A Skeletal and respiratory systems
B Circulatory and excretory systems
C Respiratory and circulatory systems
D Skeletal and excretory systems
Answer: C Review begins at slide # 9
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The relationship between a desert bat and a giant saguaro cactus is considered mutualistic because the cactus provides food for the bat and because —A the cactus needles protect the bat from predatorsB the bat transfers pollen between cactus flowersC the cactus’s flowers attract bugs to the bat D the bat prevents moisture from reaching the plant
Answer: B Review begins at slide # 46
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According to this phylogenetic tree, which organism is most closely related to Organism V?
A Q
B U
C W
D X Answer: C Review begins at slide # 49
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The diagram above shows relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. What would be the most likely result if the number of shrews in the ecosystem were reduced? A The grasshopper population would decrease.B The cattail population would increase.C Snakes would eat more grasshoppers.D Hawks would eat more snakes.
Answer: D Review begins at slide #46
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Living things are . . . Organized into cells. Grow and develop. Respond to the
environment. Use energy Reproduce
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Biological Organization begins with cells . . . Cells which
work together form tissues
Tissues layer to form organs
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And .. . . . Organs that work
together form an ORGAN SYSTEM
Organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis for the organism
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Homeostasis This means the maintenance of the
normal operating conditions of an organism.
Control of body temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, urine output, digestive absorption, metabolism rate, growth rate and hormone levels all need to be maintained.
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Structural System - 1 Bones are to
Support & structure
Make blood cells Allow movement Provide muscle
attachments Ligaments hold
joints together
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Structural System – 2 3 types of muscles
Smooth, involuntary Striated, voluntary Cardiac, heart muscle
somewhat like both above Allow for movement and
are attached by tendons above and below joints
Ligaments hold bones to bones and stabilize joints
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Nervous System - 1 Consists of brain and
spinal chord Somatic, you control
and choose Autonomic, allows
parts to keep functioning without you knowing
Nerve cells send and receive information . .
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Nervous System - 2
Nerve cells have 3 parts Axon – Sends signal Cell Body – controls
cell functions Dendrite – Receives
signal from another Synapse – space
between cells Neurotransmitters
cross the synapse to carry messages
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Endocrine System Chemical messages sent through the blood Slow change and response compared to
nervous system Long term maintenance or scheduling in
the organism such as mating patterns Chemicals, hormones and enzymes are
released from glands as chemical messages
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Digestive System – 1 This is how we intake
all the vitamins, minerals, protein, lipids, carbohydrates and water we need.
Mechanical Digestion begins in the mouth, it is grinding and breaking food up
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Digestive System – 2 Saliva has enzymes that begin
digestion of carbohydrates The mouth connects to the
esophagus, then to the stomach, which churns the food with acid to help break it up
The stomach dumps into the small intestine where 90% of digestion takes place.
Enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver and gall bladder break down the food into useable parts.
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Digestive System – 3 Absorption of the
amino acids to make proteins, glycol and fatty acids to make lipids occur in the small intestine
Water is reabsorbed in the large intestine which stores solid waste
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Respiratory System - 1Nose
Sinus
Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea Lungs Bronchi
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Respiratory System - 2 The diaphragm contracts, expanding the chest to
fill the lungs with air, rich in O2. Lungs are full of little sacs called alveoli, which
have lots of blood vessels with high levels of CO2.
Oxygen diffuses in, carbon dioxide diffuses out, and the diaphragm relaxes causing you to exhale.
Air is filtered, warmed and moistened in the nose, mouth and pharynx.
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Excretory System This system is responsible for cleaning the blood and getting rid of liquid wastes.
The kidneys, located near the lower back, are the primary filters, taking out excess water and wastes.
Ureter tubes connect the kidneys to the bladder, which stores urine until it is passed out through the urethra.
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Circulatory System - 1This system helps to connect many other systems as it provides the transport of substances from one organ to another.
Every cell must touch a blood vessel to take in what it needs and get rid of waste.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry it back to the heart.
The heart pumps the blood
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Circulatory System - 2 The top parts of the heart
receive blood – Atrium The bottom two are very
muscular and pump the blood – Ventricles
Two contractions, right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps to the body and brain.
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Immune System - 1 Your immune system
protects you from infections and illness
Your first line of defense is mucus, hair, and skin
It protects you in a general way nonspecific
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Immune System - 2 Two main types of
immunity Natural – you got
sick, and now your body recognizes it. This is permanent.
Acquired–vaccination or immunization shot this is temporary
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Let’s Review: All organ systems work together to maintain
HOMEOSTASIS, or the normal conditions for the organism.
The main transport system is the circulatory system with the heart as its pump.
The main control and monitoring system is the nervous system, with the brain and senses monitoring all systems and incoming information.
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Eukaryotic Cells
This is a typical animal cell with its organelles labeled.
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Cell Part Function Cell membrane Controls what enters and leaves
the cell
Nuclear membrane Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus
Nucleus Control center of the cell
Chromosomes Genetic information in the nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum Transport system in cell
Ribosome Organelle makes proteins
Golgi Body Organelle packages proteins
Vacuole Stores water and/or waste
Lysosome Breaks down old cell parts
Mitochondria Organelle for cellular respiration – provides energy
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Plant Cells have, Animal Cells don’t
Chloroplasts – organelle responsible for photosynthesis
Cell Walls – a structure outside of the membrane to provide support
Very large vacuoles to store extra water
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This is a typical plant cell
It contains a cell wall, chloroplasts, a very large vacuole.
Why do plants need large vacuoles?
•ANSWER: This is where food and water are stored.
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Cell Reproduction
The Cell Cycle is the life cycle of a cell. It has two parts. Mitosis is the process of cell division and Interphase is the process of growing and functioning.
During mitosis the chromosomes are separated into two new identical sister cells.
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Genetic Code
All of the information to make a new organism is contained in the chromosomes of the cell.
Chromosomes are made of tightly coiled DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
Chromosomes contain genes each of which codes for a single protein. There are hundreds to thousands of genes on each chromosome.
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DNA
DNA is composed of nucleotides, each has 3 parts.
A sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen base make up a nucleotide.
There are 4 different nitrogen bases in DNA, Adenine and Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine. They always pair to form the rungs of the ladder.
The process of copying DNA is called Replication
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The Stuff of Life The structure of DNA
is called a double helix, or twisted ladder
The base Guanine always pairs to Cytosine. Adenine pairs to Thymine.
Mutations are caused when these pairings are not made.
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DNA is so important, it doesn’t leave the nucleus. So RNA acts as a note taker and messenger by carrying the instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome where the proteins are made.
RNA has no Thymine, it has Uracil as its 4th base.
When its time to make a new cell part . . . .
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Transcription . . . Transcription is when
messenger RNA reads the DNA in the nucleus and then leaves the nucleus to take the information to the ribosome.
The DNA then wraps back up until next time.
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Translation . . . Code into words mRNA takes the code
from the nucleus to the Ribosome where it pairs with tRNA to put Amino Acids into chains called proteins.
mRNA (codon) pairs to tRNA (anticodon) in the ribosomes This protein building is called TRANSLATION.
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Transcription and Translation
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Genetics – How traits are inherited Father of Genetics is Gregor Mendel, he
experimented with pea plants. Dominant traits always are visible, and are
represented by capital letters. Recessive traits only show up when both
alleles are the recessive one (Homozygous) At least one pair of alleles determines the
trait in genetic inheritance.
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Punnett Squares
D D
d Dd Dd
d Dd Dd
d d
D Dd Dd
d dd dd
D d
D DD Dd
d Dd dd
D d
D DD Dd
D DD Dd
Homozygous recessive x Heterozygous Heterozygous x Heterozygous
Homozygous dominant
x Heterozygous
Homozygous dominant x
Homozygous recessive
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Phenotype is what you see Phenotype refers to
what is visible – the dominant trait or the recessive trait.
How do you know the phenotype?
LOOK!!
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Genotype – actual combination of alleles
Only 3 possibilities BB = Homozygous
Dominant Bb = Heterozygous bb = Homozygous
recessive Must look at
inheritance pattern to find out.
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Pedigree shows the Family Tree
C olo rb lin d n ess In h eritan ce
M ale F em ale
M ale
M ale C o lo rb lin d M ale N orm a l
M a le F em ale
M ale C o lo rb lin d F em ale
F em ale ?
M ale P aren t F em ale P aren tC arrie r
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Ecology – The study of the relationships among living things Symbiosis is a close relationship between two living things. When both are helped it is called mutualism When one is helped and there is no effect on the other it is called
commensulism When one is helped and the other is harmed it is called parasitism
All energy on the earth comes from the sun.
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10% Rule: Only 10% of the energy moves to the next level
Omnivore
Carnivores
Herbivores
Producers - Plants
Decomposers
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Food Chains – One of many feeding relationships in a community
Arrows in a food chain show the direction of energy flow.
This is not the only feeding relationship for these organisms.
When several or all of the food relationships are shown it’s a FOOD WEB.
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Taxonomy B io log ica l C lass ifica tion
Genus Genus
Genus
Family
Order
Family
Order
C lass
Genus Genus
Family Family
Order
C lass
Phylla
Genus Genus
Genus Genus
Family
Order
Genus
Family
Order
C lass
Family
Genus Genus
Genus Genus
Family
Order
C lass
Phylla
K ingdom
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Binomial Classification Living things are given a two-part scientific name.
The first part is the Genus which is capitalized, and the second part is the species which is never capitalized.
Scientific names are used because the same plant or animal in different places may have different common names.
Only those in the same genus can viably breed. Your scientific name is Homo sapien
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Kingdoms – Largest groupings of living things
Animalia Plantae
Fungi
Protista Eubacteria Archaebacteria
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Animal Kingdom Multicellular
heterotrophic This kingdom
includes all vertebrates (one major phylum) and invertebrates (several phyla)
Insects, jellyfish, people are all animals
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Kingdom Plantae Multicellular and
autotrophic Means that all plants
perform photosynthesis This kingdom includes
mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants (grasses, fruit trees, shrubs, most garden plants, most crops, wildflowers)
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Kingdom Fungi Multicellular and some
single-cells
Most of these organisms are decomposers
Includes mushrooms, yeasts and infections like athelete’s foot
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Kingdoms of Single Cells Kingdom
Protista: largest source of food and oxygen for the entire planet. Includes plankton, amoeba, and ciliates. Described as Unicellular Eukaryotes
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Prokaryotic Kingdoms Kingdom Eubacteria:
normal bacteria found everywhere. Some are helpful(are important decomposers) and some cause illness. Described as Unicellular Prokaryotes
Kingdom Archeobacteria: bacteria found in extreme environs such as ocean floor volcanos, hot water geyser vents, or salty or low oxygen places. Described as Unicellular Prokaryotes from extreme environments.