BIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW PACKET Name:__________________

1. What are the steps of the scientific method? List and describe each step in order: observation, state a problem, make a hypothesis, design an experiment, conduct the experiment, analyze results, conclusions, repeat.

2. Define the following: experiment, testing a hypothesis controlled experiment a single variable is changed, all other factors are kept the same. hypothesis,a testable educated guess analysis, using numbers to draw a conclusion conclusion, -accepting or rejecting a hypothesis variable, factor in an experiment independent variable, manipulated variable, what is changed on purpose “I changed it” dependent variable,responding variable, what is measured as a result of the IV control, comparison group in an experiment constants.factors kept the same in the control and experimental group

3. What is the benefit of performing a controlled experiment?it isolates the valid factor in a hypothesis.

4. How is an independent variable different from a dependent variable? IV is what is tested or changed, DV is what is measured as a result of that change. Be able to identify the independent variable and the dependent variable in example experiments.

5. What is a quantitative observation? Using numbers Give examples. 10 minutes, 55 cm, 22 cardinals

6. What is a qualitative observation?using descriptions Give examples. Smooth, shiny, red

7. Why is it important to use a control group in an experiment? You need to have a comparison group to assure valid results

8. What does the study of biology include?the living world

9. Who was Redi? Italian scientist, in 1668 Worked to disprove spontaneous generation. What was his experiment? 2 jars of meat, covered, uncovered. What were the independent and dependent variables in his experiment?IV is covered jar, DV is the presence of maggots.

10. Who was Aristotle?Greek, one of the first people who studied the natural world What did he do? Lengthy studies of animals, Made classification systems (animals vs. plants),

11. Who was Spallanzani? Italian scientist, one of first to disprove spontaneous generation.What was his experiment? Two flasks with gravy, both boiled, What were the independent and dependent variables in his experiment?one flask was closed the other open, IV, the DV was the presence of microorganisms

12. Who was Pasteur? French scientist that finally disproved spontaneous generation What was his experiment?curved neck flask, break neck, gravy with microorganisms What were the independent (broken neck of the flask) and dependent variables (presence of microorganisms or not )in his experiment?

13. What does “spontaneous generation” mean? Life coming from nothing How was it proven or disproven? Redi’s, Spallanzani and Pasteur’s experiments

14. What are the characteristics of life (what characteristics do all living things share)? List and describe each characteristic.cells (uni or multicellular), response-(changing due to stimulus), homeostasis (maintaining balance), growth and development reproduction (asexual or sexual), Evolve/Adapt (change over time), DNA (universal genetic code)

15. What conditions are necessary for an individual organism to survive?maintaining homeostasis and the characteristics of life What conditions are necessary for a population of organisms to survive? Enough of the population (not all) reproduce

16. What does homeostasis mean? Maintaining balance within a living organism What happens to an organism if homeostasis is disrupted? Become ill or die

17. What is the basic unit of life?cells

18. Define the term “evolution.”change over time

19. What is the biosphere? part of the world where life exists. What does the biosphere include?atmosphere, land, water

20. In the metric system, what is the basic unit of length? Meter Of mass? Gram Of volume?liter

21. Know the different prefixes (kilo, milli, etc.) of the metric system and what those prefixes stand for. Be able to convert from grams to kilograms, milligrams to grams, etc. mili-.001, centi-.01, deci-.1 deca 10, hector-100, kilo-1,000 if going from larger to smaller move decimal to the right, from smaller to larger, move decimal to the left (remember the ladder!)

22. Know the different instruments used in a science lab, including graduated cylinders, Erlenmeyer flasks, triple beam balances, Bunsen burners, test tubes, etc. What are those instruments used for?grad. cylindars-measure liquids accurately, flasks-heating & measuring liquids, balances-measuring mass, etc.

23. Know the parts of a compound microscope. Ocular, low, mid, and high power objectives, arm, base, stage, stage clips,revolving nosepiece, diaphragm, light source. Calculating total magnification: multiply the eyepiece (ocular) by the objective power.

24. How does one properly make a wet mount slide? Obtain slide, place specimen, drop of water, coverslip How should the coverslip be lowered onto the microscope slide?dropped slowly at a 45 degree angle to prevent bubbles

25. Know the proper safety procedures and rules for the science laboratory. Goggles, electrical, glass rules, heat rules,chemicals, safety shower, eyewash, behavior, wash hands

26. What is taxonomy?study of classifying living things

27. Who was Linnaeus? Swedish Botanist –father of taxonomy What was his major contribution to the field of taxonomy?-developed 7 levels of taxons: K, P, C, O, F,G, and s , developed the system of binomial nomenclature

28. What does binomial nomenclature mean?-2 part naming-first part Genus, 2nd part species.

29. Be able to identify the genus and species parts of a scientific name. Which comes first? Genus Are both capitalized? Genus upper case, species lower case. Is the entire name italicized?yes, or underlined.

30. What are the seven taxonomic categories? Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species. Which is the most inclusive? Species The least inclusive? Kingdom (now we have Domains) Be able to list the taxonomic categories in order from kingdom to species.kids playing catch over freeways get squashed

31. What is a species?group of closely related organisms able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

32. List all of the current kingdoms and be able to identify examples of life that falls under each kingdom. Animalia (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, mollusks, arthropods, worm groups, Echinoderms, Cnidarians, Sponges) Plantae (bryophytes-moss, tracheophytes-ferns, Gymnosperms-naked seed, cone plants Angiosperms-flowering plants-Monocots-grass, Dicots-trees-study the 6 kingdom of Life notes!!!

33. What is a eukaryote? An organism with a membrane bound nucleus-Animalia, Plantae, Fungi and Protista What is a prokaryote? Cell with DNA but no membrane bound nucleus-Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. How do they differ? Euk: nucleus and other organelles, can be unicellular, most are multicellular , they are similar in that they both have cell membranes, cytoplasm, DNA and ribosomes. What are examples of each? See above

34. What is a heterotroph? Must obtain food –consumer –animals, fungi, some bacteria and protists What is an autotroph? Can create its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Plants, some bacteria, some protists, Provide examples of each.

35. What does “abiotic” mean? Nonliving factors in ecosystems What are some abiotic factors in an ecosystem?sunlight, water, soil, rocks, temperature

36. What does “biotic” mean? Living factors in an ecosystem What are some biotic factors in an ecosystem? Predators, prey, animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, protists

37. What is a food chain? Series of organisms that are linked through energy transfer, starting with autotrophs, primary consumers, secondary consumer, etc. just one thing eating one thing, simple What is a food web? A group of interacting food chains, more complex, more stable Be able to draw an example of a food chain or food web. In notes or textbook!38. Define the following: producer,makes its own food, autotroph, grass, trees, fruit primary consumer, heterotroph eating a producer in a food chain,grasshopper, some insects, some birds secondary consumer, a heterotroph eating a primary consumer, frogs, reptiles .herbivores, eating only plants-grasshopper, panda omnivore, eating both plants and animals, bears, humans carnivore eats only animals, hawks, wolf, tigers predators, at least a secondary consumer, feeds on prey, tigers, hawks . decomposer. Breaks down living things, returns nutrients to the earth- fungi, bacteria Be able to identify examples of each. At what trophic level in a food chain or web do you find those organisms? For instance, what organisms do you find at the first trophic level?autotrophs,producers The second trophic level? Primary consumers The third trophic level? Secondary consumers-10% rule, only 10% of energy is available to the next trophic level

39. What is a biogeochemical cycle?matter is transferred through abiotic and biotic factors.

40. What happens during the water cycle? the cycle of processes by which water circulates between the earth's oceans, atmosphere, and land, involving precipitation as rain and snow, drainage in streams and rivers, and return to the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration.

41. What happens during the carbon cycle? the circulation of carbon atoms in the biosphere as a result of photosynthetic conversion of carbon dioxide into  complex organic compounds by plants, which are consumed by other organisms: the carbon returns to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide as a result of respiration, decay by fungi, bacteria, etc., and combustion of fossil fuels.

42. What happens during the nitrogen cycle? a continuous series of natural processes by which nitrogen passes successively from air to soil to organisms and back to air or soil involving principally nitrogen fixation, nitrification, decay, and denitrification

43. What happens during the phosphorus cycle? The phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemicalcycle that describes the movement ofphosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.(doesn’t cycle through the atmosphere)

44. What is a limiting factor or limiting nutrient? A factor that tends to limit the population

45. Define the following: population-a group of the same species, community,a group of various species in a location ecosystem-all the abiotic and biotic factors in a location, biome,large geographic area, with similar abiotic and biotic factors. biosphere.where all life exists

46. What is the ultimate source of energy for Earth’s living things?the sun

47. How can human activities impact the water cycle? Pollution, deforestation The carbon cycle? Factories, pollution, cars, The nitrogen cycle? Deforestation, pollution The phosphorus cycle?pollution, overmining

48. What is symbiosis? Organisms interacting in close association

49. What does mutualism mean? Both organisms benefit Give an example.bees and flowers

50. What does commensalism mean? One benefits, the other not affected Give an example.barnacles and whales

51. What does parasitism mean? Give an example.one organism is harmed, one benefits, ticks and fleas on dogs

52. What is a predator-prey relationship? An animal hunts another animal Give an example. Hawk/mice tiger/gazelle

53. What is a biome?large geographic area with similar abiotic and biotic factors What two factors impact land biomes the most?precipitation, latitude

54. What is succession? Series of steps as ecosystems change-primary is slow, starts on bare rock, secondary succession-starts on soil, faster

55. When succession begins, the first species to arrive are known as what?pioneer species, lichen

56. Define the following: carrying capacity, maximum population that can be supported indefinitely logistic growth,S-shaped curve, starts out as exponential then levels off exponential growth, unlimited growth,J-shaped curve with unlimited resources population density, # of an individual species per unit area, emigration,-

organisms leaving an ecosystem –exit immigration.organisms moving into an ecosystem -in

57. A J-shaped growth curve indicates what type of growth? exponential A S-shaped growth curve indicates what type of growth?logistic 58. What is a renewable resource? A resource that can be replaced naturally through the course of time –water A nonrenewable resource? A resource that cannot be replaced naturally, fossil fuels, oil, etc. Give examples of both.

59. What does biodiversity mean?biological diversity made up of many different plants, animals and other organisms,important for stable ecosystems

60. What is an endangered species? A species at risk of extinction Give an example.pandas, many amphibians, mammals

61. What is an invasive species? A species that is not native and is harmful to an ecosystem, Give an example of an invasive species that is currently threatening the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem.blue catfish, zebra mussels, purple loosestrife

62. What are carbohydrates? Organic compound with Elements C, H, and O in a 1:2:1ratio,functions primary energy source, structure of cell walls 1 What are monosaccharides? Simple sugars, building block monomer of carbs, glucose, fructose. Disaccharides-2 monosaccarides –sucrose, maltose, lactose What are polysaccharides?polymers of carbs created from long chains of glucose, stored as glycogen in animals, starch in plants, also cellulose in cell walls

63. What are proteins? Organic compound with C, H, O, and N(sometimes sulfur) -many functions-biochemical control, structure, transport What are amino acids?monomer or building block of proteins, are 20 different ones, linked in different orders to form many proteins., linked by peptide bonds-polypeptides formed then forms proteins.

64. What are lipids?organic compounds with C, H, and sometimes a little O, NO ratio, functions in long term energy storage, hormones, cell membrane composition, waterproofing, waxes oils fats

65. What are nucleic acids?-organic compounds with C, H, O, N, and P (phosphorous), functions in the genetic information, DNA and RNA, made up of nucleotides (5-carbon sugar, Nitrogen base, and a Phosphate group)

66. What are monomers building block molecules and what are polymers? Macromolecules formed from monomers. What are the monomers and polymers for carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids? See above 62-65

67. What are the functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids?see 62-65

68. What is the pH of a neutral solution? 7 What is the pH of an acidic solution? below 7 What is the pH of a basic solution? above 7 a scale of 0-14

69. What are enzymes? Proteins that speed up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy Why are they important? Reactions would be too slow to sustain life What types of things can affect enzymatic activity (the rate of enzyme activity)? pH, temperature, amount of substrate

70. What makes up an atom’s nucleus? Protons, neutrons What is found outside the nucleus of an atom?electrons

71. Which element is found in organic compounds (that distinguishes it from inorganic compounds)? CARBON!!!!

72. What is a covalent bond? Electrons are shared What is an ionic bond?electrons are transferred

73. What is DNA? –nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid

74. What is the most abundant compound in most living things?water

75. How do enzymes affect reactions in living cells? Speeds up chemical reaction by lowering the Activation energy What does the term “lock and key” mean when related to the shape of an enzyme and how it fits with a substrate molecule?fits like a puzzle piece, if shape changes it won’t function, the enzyme is denatured, also induced fit, where it will adjust to the shape

76. Know the different cell organelles and their functions, including the nucleus, control center, DNA mitochodria,powerhouse,energy as ATP is created ribosomes,protein synthesis cell membrane,all cells have, selectively permeable endoplasmic reticulum, transport, with ribosomes-RER-proteins, without ribosomes, SER-lipids chloroplasts, photosynthesis Golgi apparatus,packaging and shipping vacuoles,storage of food and water, large central one in plants cytoskeleton support and transport made of microtubules and microfilaments , and cell wall.protection, not in animal cells,nucleolus –makes ribosomes lysosomes-digestive enzymes, aid in apoptosis (hey, we just did this!)

77. How do animal cells differ from plant cells?centrioles, no chloroplasts, or cell walls

78. What is diffusion? Movement of substance from high to low concentration-Does it require energy?-no, it is Passive

79. What is osmosis?-diffusion of WATER (passive)

80. What is active transport? Transport of substances from a low to high concentration Does it require energy?-YES

81. What is endocytosis?- active transport of materials INTO a cell

82. What is phagocytosis?-“cell eating” solids moving in- pinocytosis-cell drinking

83. What is exocytosis?-active transport of materials outside the cell

84. When energy is not used, how do substances tend to move across a cell membrane- from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration or from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration? If a cell is in a isotonic solution water will move both ways at an equal rate. If a cell is in a hypertonic solution (a solution with lots of solute), water will move out of the cell and the cell shrinks , if a cell is in a hypotonic solution (a solution with little solutes, like distilled water), water will move into the cell, the cell swells, animal cells will burst-no cell wall

85. What is the cell theory? A set of statements describing cells as a characteristic of life. What three things does it state? Cells are the basic unit of life, all living things have cells, new cells, come from cells. What invention was key to the development of the cell theory?microscope

86. Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek?-invented microscopes/lenses, saw microscopic life in pond water-called them animalcules

87. What cell organelle contains chlorophyll?chloroplast

88. What is required for photosynthesis to occur?-sun, water, carbon dioxide, chlorophyll

89. What are the products of photosynthesis?-oxygen and glucose

90. What is cellular respiration?-breakdown of glucose into useable energy (ATP)

91. What is needed for cellular respiration to occur?-glucose and oxygen for aerobic respiration, in the mitochondria. Glucose for anaerobic respiration, in the cytoplasm, not as efficient

92. What is ATP? Adenosine triphosphate What is ADP? Adenosine diphosphate-they act like a rechargeable battery

93. What is mitosis? Cell division-asexual creates identical cells.What happens during mitosis? Cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells. Explain each step in the process. Interphase-75% of cell cycle, divided into G1, S, and G2-grows during G1, DNA divides in S, G2-gets ready for mitosis. Prophase-start of mitosis, chromosomes condense, Metaphase-chromosomes line up in the middle, Anaphase-chromosomes split into chromatids, Telophase, chromatids move to either end, 2 new nuclei are

formed. Cytokinesis-cytoplasm splits to form 2 identical daughter cells, with Plants a cell plate is formed, in animal cells a cleavage furrow pinches in.