biology - chp 8 - photosynthesis - powerpoint
TRANSCRIPT
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Picture Guide to Chapter 8
Photosynthesis
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8-1 Energy and Life
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Objectives• Explain where plants get the
energy they need to produce food
• Describe the role of ATP in cellular activities
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Q: Where does energy come from?
A: Our food, but originally the energy in food comes from the sun
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Autotrophs• Make their own food
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Heterotrophs• Cannot make their own food
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Chemical Energy and ATP
• The principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy is called ATP adenosine triphosphate
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Storing Energy• ATP stores energy in the third
phosphate
• ATP is like a fully charged battery
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Releasing EnergyQ: How is the energy in ATP released?
A: Break bond between the second and 3rd phosphates
ADP
2
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Using Biomechanical Energy
• Active Transport
• Movement of organelles throughout cell
• Sythesis of proteins and nucleic acids
• Produce light– Blink of firefly caused by an enzyme
powered by ATP
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ATP Availability
• Most cells only have enough ATP for a few seconds of activity
• Why?– Not good at storing energy over the long term– Glucose stores 90 times the chemical energy
of ATP– Cells generate ATP from ADP as needed by
using the energy in foods like glucose
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8-2 Photosynthesis:
An Overview
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Photosynthesis• The process in which plants use
the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates – sugars and starches – and oxygen as a waste product
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Photosynthesis
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The Photosynthesis Equation
CO2 + H2O +C6H12O6 O2light
(Carbon Dioxide) (Water) (Sun) (Glucose) (Oxygen)
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Chlorophyll• The plants principal pigment,
absorbs light energy in the blue-violet and red spectrum of visible light
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Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll bAbsorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
V B G YO R
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
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Because light is a form of energy…
• Anything that absorbs light also absorbs the energy from that light
• When chlorophyll absorbs light, much of the energy is transferred to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule, raising the energy level of these electrons
• These high-energy electrons make photosynthesis work
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8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis
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Thylakoids• Sac-like photosynthetic
membranes arranged in stacks
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Grana• Stacks of thylakoids
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Stroma• The region outside the thylakoid
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Scientists describe the reactions of photosynthesis in two parts
1. Light – dependent reactions (takes place in the thylakoid membranes)
2. Light – independent reactions (takes place in stroma)
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Carrier Molecule• Compound that can accept a pair
of high energy electrons and transfer them along with most of their energy to another molecule
• Ex.) NADP+
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Q: What does this do?• NADP+ NADPH
A: this traps sunlight in chemical form
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Light Dependent Reactions
• Uses energy from light to produce
1. Oxygen gas
2. ATP
3. NADPH
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The Calvin Cycle• The ATP and NADPH formed by the light-
dependent reactions contain an abundance of chemical energy, but they are not stable enough to store that energy for more than a few minutes.
• The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH from light – dependent reactions to produce high energy sugars
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The Calvin Cycle• These reactions don’t require
light, therefore these reactions are called
• Light – independent reactions
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Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
• Not enough water
• Temperature
• Light intensity
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THE END