biology as a science. the scientific method – the universal scientific approach to problem-...
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BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD– THE UNIVERSAL
SCIENTIFIC APPROACHTO PROBLEM-SOLVING
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM– A SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM
IS PHRASED IN THE FORM OF A QUESTION
– EXAMPLE??
• FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS– A HYPOTHESIS IS AN
EDUCATED GUESS (*POSSIBLE EXPLANATION*)
– “IF, THEN” STATEMENT– NEVER IN THE FORM OF
A QUESTION!!!!!– EXAMPLE???
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS – EXPERIMENTATION– SCIENTISTS WILL SET UP A SITUATION WHERE A
PARTICULAR OBSERVATION CAN BE MADE– OFTEN SCIENTISTS USE CONTROLLED
EXPERIMENTS• TWO, OR MORE, EXPERIMENTS ARE SET UP WHERE
ONLY A SINGLE FACTOR IS DIFFERENT BETWEEN THEM• THAT SINGLE FACTOR IS CALLED A VARIABLE
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• CONTROLLEDEXPERIMENT– CONTROL
GROUP VS.EXPERIMENTALGROUP
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• OBSERVE AND RECORD DATA
• ANALYZE DATA• DRAW CONCLUSIONS• RETEST / RETEST /
RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST
• SCIENTIFIC THEORIES– EXPLANATIONS THAT
APPLY TO A BROAD RANGE OF PHENOMENA AND THAT ARE SUPPORTED BY EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE
• SCIENTIFIC LAWS– A STATEMENT THAT
DESCRIBES SOME ASPECT OF A PHENOMENA THAT IS ALWAYS TRUE…NOT AN EXPLANATION!!!
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• SI SYSTEM
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• TOOLS OF THE BIOLOGIST– THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE
• THE SIMPLE MICROSCOPE• THE COMPOUND
MICROSCOPE• THE PHASE-CONTRAST
MICROSCOPE• THE STEREOMICROSCOPE• THE ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
• LABORATORY TECHNIQUES– CENTRIFUGATION– MICRODISSECTION– CHROMATOGRAPHY– ELECTROPHORESIS– SPECTROPHOTOMETERS
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE– MAGNIFICATION
VS.RESOLUTION
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPES
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• STEREOMICROSCOPES– HELPFUL TO SEE
EXTERIOR SURFACES, USUALLY PROVIDES A MORE 3-D IMAGE
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• ELECTRON MICROSCOPES– TRANSMISSION VS SCANNING– 1,000,000x MAGNIFACTION, BUT…
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• ELECTRON MICROSCOPES– TRANSMISSION VS SCANNING– 1,000,000x MAGNIFACTION, BUT…
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• LABORATORY TECHNIQUES– CENTRIFUGATION– CHROMATOGRAPHY– ELECTROPHORESIS
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• LET’S KEEP LEARNING…SO YOU ARE ALL SMART ENOUGH TO AVOID DOING…