biology 666 animal behavior - northern arizona …shuster/shustercourses/bio...
TRANSCRIPT
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PAST – PRESENT – FUTURELee C. Drickamer
November 2009
BIOLOGY 666ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
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PLAN OF ACTIONINTRODUCTORY THOUGHTS
HISTORY OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
RECENT DECADES AND THE PRESENT
FUTURE PATHWAYS
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INTRODUCTION
Personal HistoryLadder of LifeSources of QuestionsModel SystemTinbergen’s Four Questions
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PERSONAL HISTORY
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FAMILY OF ACADEMICS – UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
UNIVERSITY HIGH SCHOOLOBERLINMICHIGAN STATENORTH CAROLINA STATEPUERTO RICOWILLIAMS COLLEGESOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITYNORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY
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LADDER OF LIFE - I
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CHEMISTRYORGANELLESCELLSTISSUESORGANSORGAN SYSTEMSORGANISM – ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
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LADDER OF LIFE - II
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ORGANISM – ANIMAL BEHAVIORPOPULATIONCOMMUNITYECOSYSTEMBIOSPHERE (BIOMES)
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SOURCES OF QUESTIONSOBSERVATION – NATURAL HISTORYTESTING THEORYTECHNOLOGY CHANGESAPPLIED
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OBSERVATIONS
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DUCKLINGS FOLLOWING MOTHERTWO SPECIES OF PEROMYSCUSMOBBING BEHAVIOR IN BIRDS
SPEND TIME WITH SUBJECT ANIMAL(S) IN THEIR NATURAL ENVIRONMENTUMWELT CONCEPT
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TESTING THEORY
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FORAGING THEORY
KIN SELECTION THEORY
SEXUAL SELECTION
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NEW TECHNOLOGIES
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RADIO-TRACKING
DNA TECHNOLOGY
HORMONES – COLLECTIONS & ASSAYS
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APPLIED
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AGRICULTURE
PETS
CONSERVATION
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Systems & Animal Behavior
Genes
Nervous
Endocrine Immune
Organism
Environment
Environment
Environment
Environment
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TINBERGEN’S FOUR QUESTIONS
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ULTIMATE QUESTIONSFUNCTIONEVOLUTION
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TINBERGEN’S FOUR QUESTIONS
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PROXIMATE QUESTIONSPHYSIOLOGY-
MECHANIMSDEVELOPMENT
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G. STANLEY HALL
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CHARLES OTIS WHITMAN
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C. LLOYD MORGAN
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Douglas Spalding
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George John Romanes
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WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER
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NIKO TINBERGEN
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NIKO TINBERGEN
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KONRAD LORENZ
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KONRAD LORENZ
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Wolfgang Schleidt
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JOHN B. WATSON
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B.F. SKINNER
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WILLIAM H. THORPE
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R.A. Fisher
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T.C. SCHNEIRLA
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John Paul Scott
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GERARD BAERENDS
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VINCENT DETHIER
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ROBERT HINDE
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Frank Beach
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Daniel Lehrman
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AUBREY MANNING
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Iraneus Eibl-Eibesfeldt
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HARRY HARLOW
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PETER MARLER
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E.O. WILSON
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John Maynard Smith
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W.D. HAMILTON
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JOHN A. KING
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RICHARD ALEXANDER
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George C. Williams
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AMOTZ ZAHAVI
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Robert Trivers
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JEANNE ALTMANN
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FRANS DE WAAL
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JOHN KREBS
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MARIAN DAWKINS
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SARAH HRDY
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RICHARD DAWKINS
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STEPHEN EMLEN
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MARY JANE WEST-EBERHARD
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JOE WHO?
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HISTORY OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
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ANCIENT HISTORY
GREEKS AND ROMANS
10TH- 18TH CENTURIES
19TH CENTURY
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ANCIENT HISTORY
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Early HumansFood – HuntingPredators
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ANCIENT HISTORY
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Early HumansArtwork and ArtifactsDomesticationCompanion AnimalsLivestock
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DOMESTICATION
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(1) COMPANIONSHIP & PROTECTION
(2) FOOD
(3) ANIMAL PARTS FOR CLOTHING &UTENSILS
(4) TRANSPORTATION
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ANCIENT HISTORY
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Early HumansAgriculture*Pest Organisms – Rodents & Insects & Birds
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GREEKS
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(1) Anatomy –Understanding the Human Body
(2) Natural History –Systematic Observations
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SCIENTIFIC ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
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(1) ARISTOTLE – Marine Biology, Birds, FishFirst Real Ethograms
(2) SYSTEMATIC RECORDED NATURAL HISTORY - Consistent Methods of Observing & Recording
(3) USE OF COMPARATIVE METHODReproductive Systems
(4) APPLIED ASPECTS OF BEHAVIORDomestic Stocks
(5) CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
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ROMANS
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(1) EMPHASIS ON ANATOMYGalen – Relating Anatomy to Function (Locomotion)
(2) NATURAL HISTORYPliny – 37 Volumes on Natural History
(3) TRAVEL – EXPLORATIONMore Exotics Brought to Rome
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MIDDLE EAST & ASIA
66
(1) RELIGIONS Animal Depictions, Myths, Deities
(2) ARAB AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
Food ChainsStruggle for ExistenceEnvironmental Determinism
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10TH – 16TH CENTURIES
67
MIDDLE AGES – Plague, Not Much Else
RENAISSANCE – Renewal of ScienceAGE OF EXPLORATION – Late 15th
CenturyNATURAL PHILOSOPHY – Splits Into
DisciplinesBELIEF IN SOME VITAL SPIRIT OR
CREATOR
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17TH TO 19TH CENTURIES
68
(1) NATURAL HISTORY & EXPLORATION
(2) SYSTEMATICS – LINNEAUS
(3) SHIFT AWAY FROM RELIGION AS
FOUNDATION
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17TH & 18TH CENTURIES
69
(4) Descartes – Discourse on Method
Divide the Problem into Separate Parts and Work on Those Individually
Conduct Investigation in Stepwise Fashion
All Information Must Be Factual and Objective
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17TH & 18TH CENTURIES
70
(1) ZOOLOGICAL PARKS –
Private Until 1860s
(2) MUSEUMS
(3) SOCIETIES
(4) JOURNALS – Really Shared Papers
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17TH & 18TH CENTURIES
71
LamarckBuffonLinneausErasmus DarwinMalthusGilbert WhiteJohn Bartram
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ANIMAL BEHAVIOR BEGINS
72
Charles G. Leroy – Versailles Menagerie1750s – 1780sGame KeeperWrote on Animal Intelligence
DescribesEthogramLife History TraitsCompares Herbivores & Carnivores
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19TH CENTURY – FIRST HALF
73
Cuvier – St. Hillarie DebateNature-Nurture Discussion
Charles Lyell – GeologyContinual Changes Over Time Slow & Gradual
Notions About Populations & Communities
Physiology Comes of Age
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19TH CENTURY – SECOND HALF
74
Darwin and Evolution DominateDouglas Spalding
Experimental ApproachBird FlightInstinct Guides Learning
George John RomanesInvertebrates and PhysiologyAnimal Intelligence & Mental Evolution in
Animals
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19TH CENTURY – SECOND HALF
75
Charles Otis Whitman (MBL Founder)PigeonsZoology as Independent DisciplineEvolutionary Bases for Behavior
C. Lloyd MorganMorgan’s CanonAnimal Behavior – First ‘Textbook’ in this
FieldComparing Animal and Human Minds
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19TH CENTURY – SECOND HALF
76
Jacques Loeb – Animal Movements, Tropisms
Jakob von Uexkill – Umwelt ConceptWilliam Morton Wheeler – Social Life of
AntsJean Henri Fabre – Insect Behavior &
Descriptions
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THREE THREADS EMERGE
77
PSYCHOLOGY – AMERICAN
ETHOLOGY – EUROPEAN
ZOOLOGY – AMERICA & EUROPE
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20TH CENTURY ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
78
1900-1950s – BEGINNING OF MODERN ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
1950s-1970s – GROWTH OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AS A DISCIPLINE
1970s – 1990s – MATURATION OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AS A DISCIPLINE
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1900 – 1960 - BEGINNINGS
79
PSYCHOLOGY –ThorndikeWatsonSkinnerYerkes
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1900 – 1960 - BEGINNINGS
80
ZOOLOGYW.C. AlleeSewall WrightG.K. Noble
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1900 – 1960 - BEGINNINGS
81
ETHOLOGYOskar HeinrothWilliam ThorpeKarl von FrischGerard BaerendsNiko TinbergenKonrad Lorenz
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1950s-1970s – GROWTH
82
JOURNALSBEHAVIOURANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
SOCIETIESASABABS (from ESA and ASZ)IECAPA – Section 6
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1960s – 1990s – MATURATION
83
TEXTBOOKSMarler & Hamilton – Mechanisms of
BehaviorHinde – BehaviourManning – Patterns of Animal BehaviourAlcock – Animal BehaviorDrickamer & Vessey – Animal Behavior
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1970s – 1990s – MATURATION
84
Peak in Positions for Animal Behaviorists
MANY More Journals
More Societies & Meetings
KEY – Maturation Means Specialization
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BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY
85
G.C. WilliamsE.O. WilsonRobert TriversJohn Maynard SmithW.D. Hamilton
These and Others – Underpinnings of the Surge in Behavioral Ecology
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NEUROBIOLOGY
86
1990s – Decade of the Brain
Physiological Psychology
Brain Imaging
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JOINING APPROACHES
87
Behavioral Ecologists – Started to ask about what is happening inside the animal
Neurobiologists – Started to ask about the meaning of their findings in the whole animal and in nature
Simplified View – But, connections have begun and are growing
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FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
88
INTEGRATIONIMMUNOLOGYPHENOTYPIC FLEXIBILITYMATHEMATICS FOR MODELS AND
THEORYNEW TECHNOLOGIESSTRONG INFERENCE WITH
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES
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INTEGRATION
89
FIELD & LABORATORY
PROXIMATE & ULTIMATE CAUSATION
Wingfield – birds and stress
Bass – neurobiology and fish
communication
Ryan – frog calls and mating systems
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IMMUNOLOGY
90
STRESS & IMMUNE FUNCTIONGood and Bad Aspects
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR & IMMUNE FUNCTION
IMMUNE FUNCTION, DISEASE RESISTANCE & MATE SELECTION
IMMUNE SYSTEM, CNS, & ENDOCRINESANIMAL WELFARE ISSUES
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PHENOTYPIC FLEXIBILITY
91
ALTERNATE NAMESPhenotypic PlasticityDevelopmental Plasticity
EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGYEco-Evo-Devo
EPIGENETICS – WADDINGTONEpigenetic Landscape PathwaysCanalization
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Types or Levels of Evolution
92
NATURAL SELECTIONSEXUAL SELECTIONKIN SELECTION & RECIPROCAL
ALTRUISMGROUP SELECTIONCOMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM
SELECTIONOTHERS?
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MODELS - I
93
WORD MODELSLearning Processes
MATHEMATICAL MODELSShuster Foraging BehaviorMate Choice – Mate Selection
COMPUTER MODELSInput Information Iterations & Output
Populations of House MiceSIMULATION MODELS
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MODELS - II
94
ROBOTICS – Models of Sensory System
ANIMAL MODELS
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NEW TECHNOLOGIES
95
FREE-RANGING TELEMETRY& SATELLITES
DNA ANALYSESGENETIC RELATIONSHIPSPOPULATION GENETICS
FREE-RANGING SAMPLE COLLECTIONHORMONES
BRAIN IMAGING
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METHODS – STRONG INFERENCE
96
RETURN TO TESTABLE HYPOTHESESTOUGHTFUL EXPERIMENTAL
MANIPULATIONSBUILD ANSWERS IN STEPSUSE OF MODELS FOR GENERATING
IDEAS AND PREDICTIONS
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RESEARCH ANIMALS
97
CONTINUED INTEREST IN PRIMATES & HUMANS
OTHER VERTEBRATES
CONSERVATION EFFORTS
INVERTEBRATES, INVERTEBRATES, INSECTS
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CLOSING THOUGHTS
98
COLLABORATIONSMULTI-DISCIPLINARYCOMBINING LABORATORY
AND FIELD WORKTRAINING STUDENTS – BROADER VIEW
MODELINGSTATISTICSEXPERIMENTAL DESIGNKNOWLEDGE OF ALL ASPECTS OF
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR