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BIOLOGY 30 The Endocrine System

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COMPARISON OF NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 2 Long lasting Lasts a short while Slow acting Fast acting Hormones travel through blood to their target Direct cell to cell communication Produceshormones Produces neurotransmitters Endocrine System Nervous System

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GENERAL THINGS TO KNOW Endocrine = Hormone System Hormones are chemicals produced in minute amounts All hormones in body together weigh less than 5 ounces. 3

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GENERAL THINGS TO KNOW Control the slow processes in our bodies Rate of growth Metabolism Development before birth Pregnancy, birth process, lactation Initiation of puberty & sexual maturity Storing & breakdown of food Maintaining water & mineral levels 4

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GENERAL THINGS TO KNOW Hormones are chemical messengers Produced in a gland Travel through the blood stream Act on a target cell. Hormones are created in glands called ENDOCRINE glands (ductless glands) Because the glands secrete into the blood stream, not into a body cavity (exocrine). 5

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TYPES OF HORMONES 1. Local Hormones Not typical hormones Act immediately on area near secretion Action is local and rapid Example = histamines Released by tissues when affected by a foreign substance pollen Increases blood flow and fluid leaks into tissues Inflammation, redness, swelling 6

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TYPES OF HORMONES 2. Circulating Hormones Typical Produced by endocrine glands Travel through blood To target cell Combine with receptor on or in the target cell Receptor site is either on the membrane or in cytoplasm Initiates a change in the target cell 7

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CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF HORMONES We are concerned with 2 types 1. Protein or Peptide Hormones Made up of peptide chains or long proteins Water soluble / lipid insoluble Cannot cross phospholipid bilayer Includes hormones from 1. Hypothalamus 2. Pituitary 3. Pancreas 8

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2. Steroid Hormones Chemically related to cholesterol Water insoluble / lipid soluble Can pass right through the cell membrane Includes Sex hormones Thyroxin Hormones from the adrenal cortex 9 Chemical Structure of Hormones

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ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ASSIGNMENT Identify the following endocrine glands on a diagram of a human 10 Pituitary Gland Hypothalamus Pineal Gland ThyroidParathyroidTestesOvaries Adrenal Glands PancreasThymus

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LETS ZOOM IN ON THE HEAD.

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ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Hypothalamus hormones produced here are secreted into the blood through the posterior pituitary. 15

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SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS 17 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Posterior Pituitary

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SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS 18 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Posterior Pituitary

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SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS 19 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Posterior Pituitary

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SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS 20 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Uterus, Mammary Posterior Pituitary

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SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS 21 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion Uterine contraction, milk secretion Posterior Pituitary

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SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS 22 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion Uterine contraction, milk secretion Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Posterior Pituitary

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SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS 23 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion Uterine contraction, milk secretion Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) ADH Posterior Pituitary

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SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS 24 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion Uterine contraction, milk secretion Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) ADHKidney Posterior Pituitary

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SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS 25 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion Uterine contraction, milk secretion Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) ADHKidney Water reabsorption Posterior Pituitary

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 26 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 28 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin)

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 29 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) General

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 30 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) General Stimulates body growth Stimulates body growth

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 31 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) General Stimulates body growth Stimulates body growth Ant. Pituitary

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 32 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) General Stimulates body growth Stimulates body growth Ant. Pituitary Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 33 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) General Stimulates body growth Stimulates body growth Ant. Pituitary Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Thyroid

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 34 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) General Stimulates body growth Stimulates body growth Ant. Pituitary Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Thyroid Stimulates release of thyroxine from thyroid

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 35 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 36 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Adreno- corticotropic Hormone ACTH

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 37 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Adreno- corticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 38 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Adreno- corticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex Stimulates Stress Hormone Release

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 39 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Adreno- corticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex Stimulates Stress Hormone Release Cortisol Ant. Pituitary

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 40 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Adreno- corticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex Stimulates Stress Hormone Release Cortisol Ant. Pituitary Prolactin

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 41 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Adreno- corticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex Stimulates Stress Hormone Release Cortisol Ant. Pituitary ProlactinMammary

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 42 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Adreno- corticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex Stimulates Stress Hormone Release Cortisol Ant. Pituitary ProlactinMammary Milk production & Secretion

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 43 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 44 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 45 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 46 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 47 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm Ant. Pituitary

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 48 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm Ant. Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone LH

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 49 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm Ant. Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone LH Ovary & Testes

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SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 50 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm Ant. Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone LH Ovary & Testes Stimulates ovulation, production of testosterone

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SOURCE = PINEAL GLAND 53 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pineal Gland

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SOURCE = PINEAL GLAND 54 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pineal Gland Melatonin

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SOURCE = PINEAL GLAND 55 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pineal Gland MelatoninGeneral

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SOURCE = PINEAL GLAND 56 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pineal Gland MelatoninGeneralBiorhythms (sleep vs. wake) (summer vs. winter) Length of days

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SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 58 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland

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SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 59 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland Thyroxin

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SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 60 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland ThyroxinGeneral

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SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 61 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland ThyroxinGeneral Stimulates metabolism, growth, development

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SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 63 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland

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SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 64 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland Calcitonin

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SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 65 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland CalcitoninBone

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SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 66 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland CalcitoninBone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown

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SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 67 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland CalcitoninBone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Parathyroid Gland

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SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 68 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland CalcitoninBone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid Hormone

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SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 69 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland CalcitoninBone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid Hormone Bone

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SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 70 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland CalcitoninBone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid Hormone Bone Raises calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown

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SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 73 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Cortex

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SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 74 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone

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SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 75 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Cortex AldosteroneKidney

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SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 76 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Cortex AldosteroneKidney Reabsorbs sodium and water

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SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 77 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Cortex AldosteroneKidney Reabsorbs sodium and water Adrenal Cortex

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SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 78 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Cortex AldosteroneKidney Reabsorbs sodium and water Adrenal Cortex Cortisol

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SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 79 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Cortex AldosteroneKidney Reabsorbs sodium and water Adrenal Cortex CortisolGeneral

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SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 80 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Cortex AldosteroneKidney Reabsorbs sodium and water Adrenal Cortex CortisolGeneralStimulates Glucose Release Long term stress

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SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 81 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Medulla

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SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 83 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine(Adrenalin)

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SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 84 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine(Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle

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SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 85 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine(Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle Stimulates Glucose release Short term stress

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SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 86 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine(Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle Stimulates Glucose release Short term stress Adrenal Medulla

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SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 87 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine(Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle Stimulates Glucose release Short term stress Adrenal Medulla Norepinephrine (noradrenalin)

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SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 88 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine(Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle Stimulates Glucose release Short term stress Adrenal Medulla Norepinephrine (noradrenalin) General Heart

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SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 89 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine(Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle Stimulates Glucose release Short term stress Adrenal Medulla Norepinephrine (noradrenalin) General Heart Constrict Blood Vessels Increase Heart Rate

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SOURCE = PANCREAS 91 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans

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SOURCE = PANCREAS 92 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Insulin

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SOURCE = PANCREAS 93 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans InsulinGeneral

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SOURCE = PANCREAS 94 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans InsulinGeneral Lowers blood glucose levels Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells

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SOURCE = PANCREAS 95 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans InsulinGeneral Lowers blood glucose levels Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells Pancreas Alpha Cells of Islets of Langerhans

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SOURCE = PANCREAS 96 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans InsulinGeneral Lowers blood glucose levels Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells Pancreas Alpha Cells of Islets of Langerhans Glucagon

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SOURCE = PANCREAS 97 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans InsulinGeneral Lowers blood glucose levels Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells Pancreas Alpha Cells of Islets of Langerhans Glucagon Liver & Fatty Tissue

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SOURCE = PANCREAS 98 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans InsulinGeneral Lowers blood glucose levels Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells Pancreas Alpha Cells of Islets of Langerhans Glucagon Liver & Fatty Tissue Raises blood glucose levels by stimulating liver to convert glycogen back into glucose

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SOURCE = OVARY 99 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ovary

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SOURCE = OVARY 101 SourceHormoneTargetEffect OvaryEstrogen

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SOURCE = OVARY 102 SourceHormoneTargetEffect OvaryEstrogenGeneralUterus

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SOURCE = OVARY 103 SourceHormoneTargetEffect OvaryEstrogenGeneralUterus Develop & Maintain secondary female characteristics Growth of uterine lining

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SOURCE = OVARY 104 SourceHormoneTargetEffect OvaryEstrogenGeneralUterus Develop & Maintain secondary female characteristics Growth of uterine lining Ovary

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SOURCE = OVARY 105 SourceHormoneTargetEffect OvaryEstrogenGeneralUterus Develop & Maintain secondary female characteristics Growth of uterine lining OvaryProgesterone

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SOURCE = OVARY 106 SourceHormoneTargetEffect OvaryEstrogenGeneralUterus Develop & Maintain secondary female characteristics Growth of uterine lining OvaryProgesteroneUterus

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SOURCE = OVARY 107 SourceHormoneTargetEffect OvaryEstrogenGeneralUterus Develop & Maintain secondary female characteristics Growth of uterine lining OvaryProgesteroneUterus Promotes continued growth of uterine lining

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SOURCE = TESTES 108 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Testes

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SOURCE = TESTES 110 SourceHormoneTargetEffect TestesTestosterone

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SOURCE = TESTES 111 SourceHormoneTargetEffect TestesTestosterone General & Reprod- uctive Structures

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SOURCE = TESTES 112 SourceHormoneTargetEffect TestesTestosterone General & Reprod- uctive Structures Develop & Maintain secondary male characteristics Promotes spermatogenesis

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VIDEO TUTORIALS ON HORMONES AND GLANDS Teacher Video Crash Course Video

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NOW THAT YOU KNOW WHAT THEY ARE Lets find out how and when they are produced and how the system can be shut off when things are fine.

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HORMONES & FEEDBACK Hormone levels are regulated through a process called negative feedback When the brain detects an inappropriate level of a certain hormone, it will do things to fix the problem. When the problem is solved, the brain stops trying to fix it. Lets look at an example. 115

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HORMONES & FEEDBACK When insufficient levels of thyroxin in body 1. the pituitary releases TSH 2. Thyroid then produces Thyroxin 3. Soon thyroxin levels are high enough for pituitary to stop releasing TSH. 4. As a result, thyroxin release stops. 116

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HORMONES & FEEDBACK

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A DIPLOMA EXAM DIAGRAM 122

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HORMONAL CONTROL ASSIGNMENT Using your textbook and class notes, describe each the following disorders by 1. indicating the symptoms 2. identifying the hormones involved 3. identifying if this hormone is in hypersecretion or hyposecretion. 123 1. hypothyroidism 2. hyperthyroidism 3. goiter 4. diabetes mellitus 5. gigantism 6. dwarfism 7. acromegaly