biology 1282 – lecture 2 recap instructor: alie patrick koroma office: life science blg rm 466...
TRANSCRIPT
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BIOLOGY 1282 – LECTURE 2
• RECAP• INSTRUCTOR: ALIE PATRICK KOROMA• OFFICE: LIFE SCIENCE BLG RM 466• OFFICE HOURS: 11:30 a.m.-12:30 P.M
Monday and 12 noon to 2 P.M on Fridays• EMAIL: [email protected]• 1282 web address: www.uta.edu/biology click on
syllabus and then 1282 for syllabus.• Powerpoints posted:
www.uta.edu/biology/alie/index.htm or
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TODAYS MENU
• ADAPTATION –ADAPTIVE COLORATION
NATURAL SELECTION (Video)
• READ PAGES 15-19
• Assignment 1 due
• Assignment 2: Questions 1-10 (pg 23)
• Summary of Lab (1)
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ADAPTIVE COLORATION
• Form and nature of color result of natural selection
• Types• 1. Cryptic Coloration a.k.a. camouflage• 2. Aposematic Coloration a.k.a warning
coloration• Flash Color a.k.a Startle coloration
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The sand dab nightjar bird
Cryptic Coloration a.k.a. camouflage
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A moth The leafy sea dragon
Florida treehopper insects
This cactus
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Camouflage assists predators
a cheetah a frogfish
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Warning coloration
The South American poison arrow frog
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Chemical warfare
The bombardier beetle
A monarch caterpillar
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Startle coloration
the false-eyed frog
The peacock mothcaterpillar larva of the swallowtail butterfly
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ADAPTIVE COLORATION AND MIMICRY
• Types of Mimicry• 1. Batesian mimicry: resemblance to an
unplatable or venomous species (the model)• 2. Mullerian mimicry: all mimic species have
similar warning coloration. Are usually toxic or harmful
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coral snake mountain king snake
monarch butterflyviceroy
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Visual and behavioral mimicry
a jumping spiderthe snowberry fly
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NATURAL SELECTION
THINGS TO WATCH FOR IN VIDEO
• Darwin• Evolution• Natural Selection• Species• Population• Adaptation• Fossils• Evidence of Evolution• Survival of the fittest
• Natural selection based on three conditions
• Natural selection acts on the population or species??
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Natural selection and observations
• Natural selection is based on three observations/conditions
• 1. more young are produced than can survive• 2. variation exists between individuals• 3. The variation is inherited
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How Does Natural Selection Work?
• Figure below: A flowchart of evolutionary reasoning
• Modern Genetics Confirmed Darwin’s Assumption of Inheritance
• Natural Selection Modifies Populations Over Time
•
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Relatively constant resourcesand population size over time
Potential forrapid reproduction
Competition for survivaland reproduction
Variability instructures and behaviors
NATURAL SELECTION:On the average, the fittest
organisms leave the most offspring
Some variabilityis inherited
EVOLUTION:The genetic makeup of the population
changes over time,driven by natural selection
Observation
Conclusion based on observation
SUMMARY OF EVOLUTION
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How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred?
• Fossils Provide Evidence of Evolutionary Change Over Time
• Comparative Anatomy Gives Evidence of Descent with Modification– Homologous Structures Provide Evidence
of Common Ancestry• Figure Homologous structures
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Pterodactyl
Bird
Bat
Dolphin
Seal
Dog
Sheep Shrew
humerus
ulna
metacarpalsphalanges
radiuscarpals
Human
GRASPINGRUNNINGSWIMMINGFLYING
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How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred?
– Functionless Structures Are Inherited from Ancestors
• Figure Vestigial structures
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Salamander
Baleen whale
Boa constrictor
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How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred?
– Some Anatomical Similarities Result from Evolution in Similar Environments
• Figure Analogous structures
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How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred?
• Embryological Similarity Suggests Common Ancestry– Figure Embryological stages reveal
evolutionary relationships
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Embryological stages reveal evolutionary relationships
lemur pig human
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How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred?
• Modern Biochemical and Genetic Analyses Reveal Relatedness Among Diverse Organisms
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What Is the Evidence That Populations Evolve by Natural
Selection?
• Evolution by Natural Selection Occurs Today– When Fewer Predators Are Present, Brighter Coloration
Can Evolve– Natural Selection Can Lead to Pesticide Resistance– Experiments Can Demonstrate Natural Selection– Selection Acts on Random Variation to Favor the Traits
That Work Best in Particular Environments
• Controlled Breeding Modifies Organisms
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KEY WORDS
• Batesian and Mullerian Mimicry
• Adaptive Coloration-Types
• Adaptation• Fossils• Evidence of Evolution• Darwin• Evolution• Natural Selection
• Species• Natural selection based
on three conditions• Natural selection acts
on the population or species??
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LAB
• Lab Exercise 1 pg 16-18.• The data should be graphed using a
spreadsheet. (Line Graph)• Write a short report on the lab. The following
format to be used: Title; Hypothesis/Purpose; Results; Conclusions.
• Summary Report and Assignment due next class.
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Summary
• Title: has to be appropriate (4 points)• Hypothesis (2 points)
– The frequency of the allele/individual that is most adaptive will increase in the population and eventually become dominant
• Results: (2 points for explanation, 2 points for tables & 4 points for graph)
– Include two tables and a two graphs (Refer to example in class).
– Explain your table and graph in words to show the trends or numbers obtained
– Frequency is calculated as number of individuals of a particular group divided by total population
•
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Summary Cont
• Discussion/Conclusion: (6 points: 2 points reject/accept hypothesis and 4 points explanation) – Reject and accept your hypothesis based on your
results– Explain your results. How do they fit with your
knowledge about your idea about how adaptive coloration affects predation rate.
– Think about the idea that populations and not individuals evolve. Also the prey with the color that is most adaptive will be hard to see and catch by the predator therefore survives and breeds.
– Draw conclusion