biological control of brazilian pepper and chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations ›...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow
Greg Wheeler 1, W. Overholt 2, F. Mc Kay 3 & J. Ding 4
1 Invasive Plant Research Lab, USDA/ARS, Ft Lauderdale, FL 2 University of Florida, BCRCL, Ft Pierce, FL3 FuEDEI, Buenos Aires, Argentina4 Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan, China
![Page 2: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Brazilian pepper distribution in the US
Classic tree invader damaging native habitats (Richardson & Rejmanek2011)
• Introduced for horticulture
• Bird dispersed• Invasive North America,
Australia, South Africa• In Greater Everglades
invades more area than Melaleuca, Lygodium,Casuarina combined
![Page 3: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Surveys of Brazil up to June 2015
Searches for biological control agents
• > 120 herbivores spp found• Did we find everything?
Species accumulation curve
![Page 4: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Aggregation of adult thrips
Thrips damage
Schinus biological controlTwo spp: Thrips & psyllid
Pseudophilothrips ichini Thrips - Petitioned USDA/APHIS/TAG Aug 2014 (in review)
Thripsadult
![Page 5: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Pseudophilothrips ichini Thrips life cycle
Life stages (scale 0.5 mm):Adult > 50 dEgg 4-5 dLarvae – 2 stages 6-7 dPupae – 3 stages 2-3 d
Feeding stages larvae & adults only. Stages to test
![Page 6: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Impact of 30 days thrips feeding 30% reduction in:• number of leaves • plant height
Impact of thrips feeding
![Page 7: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Brazilian pepper biocontrol: Psyllid Calophya latiforceps April 2016 (USDA/APHIS/TAG approved) *
Psyllid damage
Psyllid adults
Psyllid nymph
* Diaz, Manrique & Overholt
![Page 8: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Impact of Psyllid feeding
Impact of 90 days psyllid feeding reduction in:• Leaf area 70%• Plant growth 30%
![Page 9: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Aggregation of adult thrips
Thripsadult
Psyllid nymph
Psyllid damage
Review: Two agents for Brazilian pepperPseudophilothrips ichini
Calophya latiforceps
![Page 10: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Triadica sebifera(Chinese Tallow, Popcorn Tree, Tallowtree, Florida Aspen)
![Page 11: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Tallow distribution in China• Distributed in
China south of the Yellow river to Hong Kong
• Cultivated sp. • Possibly 200 spp
of herbivore pests that are potential biological control agents
![Page 12: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Tallow’s distribution US• The dominant woody sp
in many forests & wetlands
• Infestations impact endangered Whooping crane and Attwater’sprairie chicken populations
• Expanding range, $200-$400 million to control over next 20 yrs
• biological control is a sustainable, cost-effective alternative
EDDMapS 2012
![Page 13: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Tallow biological control agents
Heterapoderopsis bicallosicollis
Bikashacollaris
Gadirtha fusca Caloptilia triadicae
![Page 14: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Tallow biological control agents
Heterapoderopsis bicallosicollis
Bikashacollaris
Gadirtha fusca Caloptilia triadicae
![Page 15: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Tallow biological control agents
Heterapoderopsis bicallosicollis Bikasha
collaris Petitioned TAG April 2016
Gadirtha fusca Caloptilia triadicae
![Page 16: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Larval FeedingAdult Feeding
Damagedroots
Bikashacollaris
![Page 17: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Results (Larvae & Adults)• Larval no-choice testing complete (80 + species e.g. Euphorbia
spp, Poinsettia spp. etc) –– 10 replicates of closest relatives, 5 unrelated spp– Larvae quickly died except on Manchineel & Castorbean
• Larval choice tests completed 10 spp with no damage to non-targets
• Adult no-choice testing complete – nibbling on few spp– Eggs only produced when adults fed tallow –
– no reproduction on other spp• Adult choice tests is completed with no or little damage to
non-targets
Adult testing
Larval testing
![Page 18: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Results (Larval emerg. p 1 of 4)Genus species
N Larval emergence (%)
Non-target Tallow
Sapium laurifolium 10 0.0 30.0Sapium laurocerasus 10 0.0 37.1Ditrysinia (=Sebastiania) fruticosa 10 0.0 49.0Gymnanthes lucida 10 0.0 60.0Hippomane mancinella 15 4.0 69.0Sebastiania bilocularis 10 0.0 52.0Stillingia sylvatica 10 0.0 78.0Euphorbia (=Poinsettia) cyathophora 5 0.0 44.0Euphorbia (=Chamaesyce) deltoidea 2 0.0 70.0Euphorbia graminea 5 0.0 84.0Euphorbia graminea 'Diamond Frost' 5 0.0 56.0Euphorbia (=Poinsettia) heterophylla 5 0.0 48.0Euphorbia (=Chamaesyce) hooveri 5 0.0 60.0Euphorbia (=Chamaesyce) hypericifolia 5 0.0 60.0Euphorbia (=Chamaesyce) hyssopifolia 4 0.0 65.0Euphorbia (=Chamaesyce) maculata 4 0.0 65.0Euphorbia milii 5 0.0 80.0
![Page 19: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Results (Larval emerg. p 2 of 4)Genus species N Larval emergence (%)
Non-target Tallow
Euphorbia (=Chamaesyce) pinetorum 2 0.0 60.0Euphorbia (=Poinsettia) pulcherrima 5 0.0 65.0Euphorbia telephioides 5 0.0 40.0Euphorbia tirucalli 5 0.0 45.0Euphorbia (=Pedilanthus) tithymaloides 5 0.0 40.0Hura crepitans 5 0.0 68.0Acalypha arvensis 5 0.0 60.0Acalypha chamaedryfolia 5 0.0 55.0Acalypha gracilens 5 0.0 44.0Acalypha herzogiana 5 0.0 66.7Acalypha ostryifolia 5 0.0 52.0Acalypha wilkesiana 5 0.0 55.0Ricinus communis 10 4.0 54.0Caperonia castaneifolia 5 0.0 76.0Caperonia palustris 5 0.0 64.0Ditaxis argothamnoides 4 0.0 50.0Dalechampia scandens 5 0.0 52.0
![Page 20: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Results (Larval emerg. p 3 of 4)Genus species N Larval emergence (%)
Non-target TallowTragia saxicola 5 0.0 56.0Vernicia (=Aleurites) fordii 5 0.0 52.0Codiaeum variegatum ‘Mammy' 5 0.0 68.0Codiaeum variegatum ‘Petra’ 5 0.0 64.0Croton alabamensis 5 0.0 44.0Croton argyranthemus 5 0.0 60.0Croton glandulosus 5 0.0 35.0Croton humilis 5 0.0 64.0Croton linearis 5 0.0 40.0Croton punctatus 6 0.0 60.0Jatropha curcas 5 0.0 60.0Jatropha gossipyfolia 5 0.0 48.0Jatropha integerrima 5 0.0 64.0Jatropha multifida 5 0.0 55.0Jatropha podagrica 5 0.0 56.0Cnidoscolus urens (=stimulosus) 5 0.0 68.0Manihot esculenta 5 0.0 52.0Manihot grahamii 5 0.0 64.0Manihot walkerae 5 0.0 68.0
![Page 21: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Results (Larval emerg. p 4 of 4)Genus species N Larval emergence (%)
Non-target TallowBischofia javanica 5 0.0 80.0Heterosavia (=Savia) bahamensis 6 0.0 53.0Breynia disticha 5 0.0 35.0Flueggea virosa 5 0.0 60.0Glochidion puberum 5 0.0 72.0Phyllanthus acidus 5 0.0 48.0Phyllanthus amarus 5 0.0 40.0Phyllanthus pentaphyllus 5 0.0 72.0Phyllanthus tenellus 5 0.0 64.0Phyllanthus urinaria 5 0.0 44.0Phyllanthopsis phyllanthoides 5 0.0 80.0Drypetes diversifolia 5 0.0 36.0Drypetes lateriflora 5 0.0 50.0Prunus caroliniana 5 0.0 44.0Eriobotrya japonica 5 0.0 76.0Citrus x aurantium 5 0.0 64.0Citrus jambhiri 5 0.0 56.0Morella (=Myrica) cerifera 4 0.0 80.0Saccharum officinarum 5 0.0 48.0
![Page 22: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Bikasha egg production
Switching experiments:
Tallow - ~100 eggsStarvation – no eggsNon-targets w/o tallow
- no eggs2 & 4 weeks – eggs as starvedAdult Bikasha need a tallow
meal to produce eggs
![Page 23: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
New Insects on TallowGadirtha fusca larvae•Gadirtha fusca (Nolidae)
•Narrow host range from Chinese field surveys and lab tests
•Quarantine testing now (May 2016)
•Larvae are safe (55 spp tested)•Very damaging
Leaves fed to one late instar larva
Leaf damage of one larva after 2 days (135 cm2)
![Page 24: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
New Insects on Tallow -insects being developed
•Unidentified stem galling midges (3 spp?)
•Abundant in many areas of China
•Work continues in China and quarantine
Midge stem gall
Schizomyia n. sp.
![Page 25: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Adventive Biological Control
• Discovered nr Tampa & Gainesville in 2008
• From China (Caloptilia triadicae)
• Heavy damage to Tallow plants but not enough
• More agents needed
![Page 26: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Gadirtha fusca larvae
Bikashacollaris
Petitioned TAG April 2016
Two agents for Chinese tallow
![Page 27: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
AcknowledgementsFunding:Florida Fish Wildlife CommissionSFWMD USDA/ARS
Work:Kirsten Dyer, USDA/ARS/IPRLChawner, Rendon, Hernandez, Silverson, Fung, Jones, SCA/AmeriCorpsD. Williams, TCUD. Davis, SmithsonianJ Brown, M. Pogue, M. Gates, R. Kula, et al. USDA/ARS/SELC. O’Brien, Green Valley, AZL. Mound, CSIRO Canberra AustraliaJ.F. Landry, Ag Canada, Ottawa, CanadaM. Vitorino, Univ Blumenau, BrazilR. Barreto, Univ Fed Vicosa, Brazil
Southwest FloridaWater Management District
![Page 28: Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow › aw16 › presentations › ...Biological Control of Brazilian pepper and Chinese tallow. Greg Wheeler . 1, W. Overholt](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060421/5f18111dbbb1fa756c5e85fd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Questions?