BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY

Chapter 2 – Part 2

CP BiologyPaul VI Catholic High School

BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY

C, H, O, & N comprise 96% living matter

Organic compounds - carbon based compounds

Carbon atom - four valence electrons four covalent bondsable to form rings System/rules for naming

ORGANIC MOLECULES

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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY

BENZENE

BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYMACROMOLECULES

Formed by polymerizationAnabolic reactions (building)

Require energy inputDehydration synthesis

Degraded by:Catabolic reactions (breaking down)

Release energyHydrolytic reactions (Hydrolysis)

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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY

BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY

The Four Groups of Organic Molecules in living things:

CARBOHYDRATESLIPIDSPROTEINSNUCLEIC ACIDS

BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYCARBOHYDRATES:

Contain C, H, O1:2:1 Ratioformula CnH2nOn

Isomers: (“alternate” forms)Structural – atoms different arrangementGeometric – shape along a double bond

CisTrans

Enantiomers – mirror images

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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYGeometric isomers

cis – same side of double boundtrans – diagonally bonded across double bond

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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYCARBOHYDRATES:Monosaccharides – single sugars, may form rings

GlucoseFructoseGalactoseMannose

Disaccharides – two monosaccharide rings linked

SucroseLactoseMaltose

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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY CARBOHYDRATES:

Polysacchrides – many sugars linked together

GlycogenStarchAmyloseCellulose

β1,4 glycosidic linkageChitin

BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY

BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYLIPIDS: include fats, oils, waxes

all hydrophobic, nonpolar

Triglycerides (fats) a Glycerol (3 carbon alcohol)and three Fatty Acids (FA)

Fats may be:

Saturated

Unsaturated

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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYPhospholipids

Structure:GlycerolTwo Fatty Acid ChainsPO4 Group

Polar moleculeAmphipathic

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Amphipathic

Molecule

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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY

BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYSteroids: always 4 Carbon Rings

Examples:

Cholesterol

Steroid Hormonesestrogentestosteroneprogesterone

Adrenocortical Steroidsmineralocorticoidsglucocorticoids

Cholesterol

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Terpenes:

Long chain LipidsComponents of pigments

Carotenoidsβ carotene

Essential Oils of plants

BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYProstaglandins:

“Modified” form of fatty acidMediators of InflammationMultiple Functions in body

LeukotrienesSynthesized from “essential” fatty acids:

Linoleic AcidLinolenic AcidArachidonic Acid

BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYProteins:

Contain C, H, O, and Nitrogen

Polymers of AMINO ACIDS:Carboxyl Group (COOH) at one endAmino Group (NH3

+) at other end

“Essential” Amino Acids

linked via Peptide Bonds

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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY

Formation of Peptides Bonds

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Protein Structure:

Four levels of organization:

Primary – exact order of amino acidsSecondary – regional patternsTertiary – three dimensional shape of strandQuartenary – 2 or more tertiary structures

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Primary Structure of a

Protein

BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYSecondary Structure

BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYSecondary Structure

BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYGlobular ProteinTertiary Structure

BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYQuartenary Structure Protein

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FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS

1.ENZYMES (Catalysts)

Gibb’s Free Energy of ActivationExergonic (exothermic) reactionsEndergonic (endothermic) reactionsEnzyme-Substrate Complex

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ENZYMES FUNCTION BY:

Provide Template for substrateProper OrientationInduced Fit stresses moleculesLowers thermal energy needProvide conducive micro-environment

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ENZYME FUNCTION ALTERED BY:

Temperature - Ideal human temp. 35-40oC

pH - Optimal human pH 6-8

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ENZYME INHIBITIONCompetitive Inhibition

Noncompetitive Inhibition

Genetic Regulation

Activity RegulationAllosteric RegulationFeedback InhibitionCooperativity

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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYFUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS (continued)

1.ENZYMES (Catalysts)

2. DEFENSEGlobular ProteinsImmune Complex System

3. TRANSPORTMyoglobin/Haemoglobin

4. SUPPORTFibrous Proteins (Collagen)

BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY5. MOTION

Muscle ContractionActin, Myosin

6. REGULATIONHormonesRegulatory proteins

GenesEnzymes

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NUCLEIC ACIDS:

Macromolecules for informational storage

Polymers made of nucleotides

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

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DNA Molecule composed of nucleotide sequences

BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYNUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE:

Nucleotides:

Five Carbon Sugar

Ribose

Deoxyribose

Phosphate (PO4) Group

Organic N-Containing Base

BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYNucleotides are joined by Phosphodiester Bonds

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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC BASES:

PURINES:

Adenine

Guanine

PYRIMIDINES:

Cytosine

Thymine

Uracil (RNA only)