Suryavanshi NileshSanman ShahaDada varpe

By

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING S.V.P.M’sCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, Malegaon (Bk.)

Electrical and/or thermal energy

Biofertilizer

Organic wastes Anaerobic

digestion

Biogas

Solar energy

Animal husbandry

Crop harvesting

Industrial processing

Human consumption

Photosynthesis

H2O

CO2

Biogas Cycle

Energycrops

INTRODUCTION GENERATION PROPERTIES ADVANTAGESPURIFICATION UsesEMISSION REDUCTION ISSUES DISADVANTAGESCase STUDYFUTURE SCOPECONCLUSION

1.To create alternative for Petrol, Diesel.

2.Recycle organic waste energy.3.Generation of cheap Fuel.

For developing countries such as India, energy is at a premium due to the large dependence on crude oil imports.

At the same time substantial part of the rural population still does not have access to electricity. While fossil fuel usage increases it is only a matter of time before reserves run out.

The use of renewable energies would provide the benefit of alternative possibilities to future energy needs. One of the sources of renewable energy is biomass.

The microbial degradation of organic

compounds, in the absence of oxygen,

to biogas – a mixture of:

Methane (50 to 70%)

CO2 (30 to 50%)

H2

NH3

H2S

Other Trace gases

COMPLEXORGANICMATTER

SIMPLEORGANICS

ACETATEH2 / CO2

METHANE and CARBON DIOXIDE

LOW ODOR EFFLUENT

LIQUEFACTIONPHASE

GASIFICATIONPHASE

ACIDOGENS METHANOGENS

Animal manuresIndustrial wastewatersMunicipal wastewatersMunicipal solid wastesEnergy crops / crop residues

In its pure state, it is color less, odorless, tasteless. Methane is a simple hydrocarbon, a substance consisting

of carbon & hydrogenSpecific gravity of methane is .55 which is less than petrol

& LPG.The air to biogas (stoichiometric) ratio by volume for

complete combustion is 9.5:1 to 10:1.The Boiling point of biogas is above 300 degree Celsius

while the calorific value is 35.390 MJ/m3.Its autoignition temp is 730 degree celcius.

Direct Utilization (Heat / Steam)

Conversion to electricity

Vehicle fuel

Fuel Cells

Methanol

Biodiesel

Biogas can be used for running internal combustion engines. The different methods to use biogas in IC engines are

1. Dual-Fuel Operation (C.I. Engines)

2. C.I. Engine conversion

3. S.I. Engine conversion

Required gas quality = function of application

Purification methodsTraditional: scrubbing, pressure swing adsorption,

cryogenicsGas membranes

Application H2S CO2 H2O TracesGas heater (boiler) < 1000 ppm no no yes (e.g. siloxanes)

Electricity generation < 1000 ppm no

avoid condensation yes (e.g. siloxanes)

Vehicle fuel yes yes yes yesGas Grid yes yes yes yes

Removing CO2 leads to:Increased heating valueConsistent gas quality, similar to

natural gasRemoval options:

Absorption (scrubbing)Pressure swing adsorptionCryogenic separationMembrane technology

Concentration in gas can be limitedFe3+ additionActivated carbon catalystMicro-organisms

Desulphurisation of biogasAddition of oxygen (safety!)Biological removal by biofilmNaOH scrubbing

Mostly achieved byCondensationDrying over silicagel or Al2O3 if low dew points need to be

achievedAlternative

Absorption in glycol or hygroscopic salts

We are working on “Purification & testing of Biogas as an IC engine fuel”.

Engine: Kinetic GF

Type 4 Stroke, Air cooled, Single cylinder

Displacement IN CC 165.12

Max. Power 14.8 BHP @ 8000

Max. Torque 1.4 Kgm @ 6000

Pow. to wt. Ratio (Bhp/ton)

109.6

Bore x Stroke 60 x 58.4

Biogas has very high octane number approximately 130CO & NOx emissions are almost 60% of Diesel .Higher compression ratio can be used with biogas.Formation of soot is almost eliminated.Clean combustion reduces wear of engine parts.Only small amount of pilot fuel is needed.Biogas has a very slow flame velocity, only .290 m/s. at its

highest. The range of flammability is 4 to 14% which can give good combustion efficiency

The composition of bio gas is never constantNeeds purification plant which is costly.Low calorific value compared to Petrol.Difficult to store & transport.

Use of Biogas is ecofriendly.Cheaper fuel & needs purification.Biogas applicable as such in a limited number of

beneficiation methodsMostly a combination is necessary because of low

calorific value.

Singh. A., “Conversion of a 1.2 kW Genset for 100% biogas operation”. Jawuerk, H. H., Lane, N. W., Rallis, “Biogas/petrol dual fuelling of SI

engine for rural third use”, , Badr, O, Karim, G.A., Liu, B., “An examination of flame spread limits in a

dual fuel engine”, Mitzlaff, Klaus von, “Engines for Biogas”, A publication of Deutsches

Zentrum f r Entwicklungstechnologieű V. Ganeshan, Internal Combustion Engines, second edition.