biofuels in germany and in the u n i o n european union z
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Biofuels in Germany and in theEuropean Union
Technologies, Market Trends and PoliticalConditions
Dieter BockeyUnion zur Förderung von Oel- und
Proteinpflanzen e.V. (UFOP)
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• The work conducted by UFOP is divided into four main fieldsof work:– Political lobbying to national and international authorities.– Optimisation of agricultural production by promoting
research and supporting variety trials.– Development of new means of exploitation.– Public relations work to promote the sales of all end
products on indigenous oil and protein-bearing plants.
UNION ZUR FÖRDERUNG VON OEL- UND PROTEINPFLANZEN e. V.
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• Renewable Energy Law• Biomass ordinance• Programs supporting investments• Mineral oil tax exemptions for biofuels• R & D – Program
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2,0 Ct/kWh2,0 Ct/kWh2,0 Ct/kWh
0
2,0 Ct/kWh2,0 Ct/kWh2,0 Ct/kWh2,0 Ct/kWh
6 Ct/kWh6 Ct/kWh
2,5 Ct/kWh0
6 Ct/kWh6 Ct/kWh4 Ct/kWh
0
11,5 Ct/kWh9,9 Ct/kWh8,9 Ct/kWh8,4 Ct/kWh
Max. 150 Max. 500 max. 5 MWfrom 5 to 20 MW
biomass total
biomasstotal
biomasse.g. forest wood
biogas
techno-logy
additional
Heating-power –„fee“additional
bio-heating fuel
additional
Payment
basis1
plantCapacitykW/MW
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2,22 ct/kWhWheat 10,5 €/100 kg ≅≅≅≅10,5 ct/kg
3,4 ct/kWhWood Pellets: 170 €/t ≅≅≅≅ 17 ct/kg
4,6 ct/kWh <<<< 5.000 kWhNatural gas (July 05)
5,32 ct/kWhHeating oil: 53,5 ct/l
Price in ct/kWhEnergy source
Source: German Farmer‘s Association
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Economic factor bioenergy:
• Turnover 6.35 Billion €:1,7 bn € biodiesel market1,1 bn € electricity market0,5 bn € bio heat market
• Investments 3,05 Billion €:1,3 bn € electricitiy market1,25 bn € heat marketapprox. 0,5 bn € biofuel market
• Employment: 57.000 (“job-machine”)
Climate protection:CO2 - savings: 26 Million Tons
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Biomass(e.g. wood)
Cereals Rape seed
Investment costs foruse/conversion to
[solid] fuel
Potential/resources
�
Investment costs foruse/conversion to
liquid fuel(for cars)
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Gazoline – EN 228, ETBEE85
- Bioethanol:
filling stations, fleet owners- Rapeseed oil:
Diesel fuel – EN 590B 5:
filling stations, fleet owners- Biodiesel B 100 :
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DIN EN 228No standard as yet.
E DIN V 51605DIN EN 590
DIN EN 14214Standard
Serial vehicles
Some passenger car types are available internationally
Vehicle retrofitting required
Serial vehicles
Serial vehicles with factory approval for bio-diesel
Vehicle requirements
Admixture, max. 5% by volume
E85 (mixture of 15% petrol and 85% ethanol by volume
Pure fuel
Filling stationsFleet owners
Admixture, max. 5% by volume
Pure fuel.
Filling stationsFleet owners
Application
Grain, maize, sugar, also lignocellulose in future
Rape seedRapeseed, soya, other vegetable oils, biogenetically recyclable oils (from restaurants and households), animal fat in limited quantities
Basic raw materials
Fermentation of grain, 2-stage dehydration to result in absolute alcohol
Production with the help of cold-pressing or extraction mills, crude-oil refining
Interestification of vegetable oils with methanol in the presence of a catalyst to form fatty-acid methylester
Manufacture
EthanolRapeseed oilBio-diesel (FAME)
UNION ZUR FÖRDERUNG VON OEL- UND PROTEINPFLANZEN e. V.
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38 locationsTotal: 3,4 Mio. t
32.000
65.000
325.000
550.000
4100.000
11150.000
≥
No.Capacity
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600
20050
275
90
250
590
245
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Biodiesel Plantoil Bioethanol
1800 300 200
Fillingstations P.cars
Filling Stations hdv
Heavy DutyVehicles
Agriculture
Admixture
Total
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Price difference
incl. mineral oil tax
Source: UFOP * Free refinery/storage
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2,5 - 3,4
0,4
0,5
2. Biofuel
Biodiesel
pure Rapeseed Oil
Bioethanol
7,9
0,5
1.Raw Material (rape seed)
12 industriel crushing plants
>300 local, small crushingplants, size: < 20.000 t
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Country Production 2004 2004 2005
Capacity 2006 2007
Germany 1.035 1.205 2.016 3.603 4.033Italy 320 914 1.038 1.038 1.038Great Britain 9 31 517 660 910France 348 434 434 594 894Spain 13 91 151 322 422Austria 57 122 127 127 127Czech Republik 60 112 112 112 112Lativia n.a. 3 106 106 286Denmark 70 70 100 100 100Portugal n.a. 100 100 100 100Greece n.a. n.a. 80 80 80Slovakia 15 35 57 57 57Lithuania 5 n.a. 10 10 10Sweden 1 5 5 81 81Benelux n.a. n.a. 3 288 388Estonia n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 110Finland n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 170Ireand, Malta, Slovenia, Hungaria, Cyprus n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.Total 1.933 3.122 4.856 7.278 8.918% Germany 39% 42% 50% 45%
European Biodiesel- (FAME) Capacities (1000 Tons)
Source: Ufop and others
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• Biodiesel in Germany
1,43 Mio. ha(1,25 Mio. ha)
2,00 Mio. t
2,06 Mio. t
30,8 Mio. t
5,75 %
2010
2,64 Mio. ha(2,3 Mio. ha)
1,07 Mio. ha(0,94 Mio. ha)
Area demand 4
3,7 Mio. t1,50 Mio. tProduction capacity3
2,75 Mio. t0,70 Mio. tBiodiesel demand 2
29.6 Mio. t30,1 Mio. tDiesel demand 1
8,0%2 %Target Quantity
20152005
Source: D. Bockey, UFOP1 Petrol Association (MWV)2 Heating Value Diesel: 43 MJ/kg, / Biodiesel: 37 MJ/kg3 for 2015- Assumption: Capacity 20074 „Biodiesel Yield“: 1,4 t/ha (1,6 t/ha)
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12,72 Mio. ha
4,84 Mio. ha
9,7 Mio. t
113,6 Mio. t 47,88 Mio. ha
11,0 Mio. t
165,0 Mio. t 45,75 %
2010
11,92 Mio. ha2,63 Mio. haArea demand 3
105,0 Mio. t5124,8 Mio. tConsumption of Gazoline 1
12,44 Mio. t3,7 Mio. tDemand of Bioethanol 2
6,2 Mio. ha1,85 Mio. haArea demand 3
18,2 Mio. ha4,48 Mio. haTotal Area
16,7 Mio. t3,69 Mio. tDemand of Biodiesel 2
165,0 Mio. t5158,6 Mio. tConsumption of Diesel 1
8,0 %2 %Target Quantity
20152005
Source: UFOP, Euro Stat
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Warrenties for B 100:
Fendt, Case, Massey-Ferguson, Steyr
agricultures-vehicles(tractors):
DaimlerChrysler, MANEURO IV and V (incl. EURO III)
heavy-duty-vehicles(buses, lorries):
VW¹, Audi, Seat, Skoda¹Passanger cars:
Car/hvd- Manufactures, Diesel Fuel Injection Pump Manufactures
Automotive Industry:
1 EURO IV: Biodiesel Sensor available
Warranties for B 5: (Component in fossil Diesel: EN 590)
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DIN EN 14214nonoDIN EN 590Fuel standard
Warrantynecessary
yes/ warrantynecessary
probably(longterm)
noProblems with old vehicles
Hdv: yesPass. cars: EURO V notpossible(aftertreatmentsystem)
Incl. EURO III and EURO IV/V?P.cars: yes/noHdv: yes
Incl. EURO III and EURO IV/V?P.cars: yes/noHdv: yes
No problemfor P.cars and hdv,
Fulfillment of theemission requirements
yesno/yesno/yesyes Experiences
yesyespartlynoSpecial demands forthe material
------+OEMs (especiallyinjection pump manuf.)
++(+)--+Results of R&D
P.cars: ++/--hdv: ++/-
P.cars,hdv: no/yes
P.cars, hdv: no/yes
P.cars: ++hdv: ++
warranties
B100B20…B30B10B5
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Empowerment of the member states:Tax tariffs for energy products, electricity => reduction to zeroArticle 16:• Listing of biological fuels:
– Biodiesel according to CN codes 382490/55/80 or 99 for thebiomass proportion
• Definition of biomass– Biological waste (vegetable and animal wastes) from forestry
and corresponding industrial wastes, biologically degradableproportion of industrial and municipal wastes
• Tax credits must not exceed the mineral oil duty share of therespective complementary mineral oil fuel
• Tax credit to be adjusted in the case of overcompensation
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20,00
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GB D F INL DK IR S SK SF H B A CZ P
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1.4 EU-25 3 Sweden
n.a.aLuxembourg 1.2 Portugal
n.a. Cyprus 2.5 Austria
2 Slovakia 1.2 Netherlands
n.a.aSlovenia n.a. aItaly
0.6 Hungary 0.1 Ireland
2.6 * Czech Republic 0.3 Great Britain
n.a. aPoland 0.7 Greece
0.2 Malta 2 France
2 Lithuania 0.1 Finland
2 Latvia 2 Germany
0 Estonia 0 Denmark
2 Spain 2 aBelgium
Market Share
EU Memberstate Market Share
EU Memberstate
a No officicial Message to the Commission, * stepwise increasing to 2.9 % (2009)Source: EU-Commission (03/2005)
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Tax credits for biological vehicle or heating fuels
• Mineral oils with tax credits to the extent in which they are proven to contain biomass/biofuels until 31st December 2009– Proof is mandatory– Application as credit or refund
• Biological vehicle or heating fuels defined according to the BiomassOrdinance
• – The proportion of biomass is decisive for the tax creditexcemption (!): “Fatty acid methyl ester gained byesterification of vegetable or animal oils and fats applied asbiological vehicle or heating fuels”
– Bioethanol = alcohol content min. 99 percent non-denatured
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Tax credits for biofuels:
Condition: No overcompensation of the additional costs of manufactureBMF = Ministry of FinanceBMWA = Ministry for the Ecomony and LabourBMELV= Ministry for Agriculture, Nutrition and
Consumer Issues BMU = Ministry of the Environment
• Annual report to the German Parliament, first on March 31st 2005
• Content:– Price development of: biomass, crude oil, vehicle and heating
fuels– Adjustment recommendations if appropriate– Attention to the effects on: climate, environmental protection,
natural resources, external costs of fuels, ensured supplies,objectives of the Promotion Directive
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Year Biodiesel Pflant Oil
2006 u. 2007 9 Cent/l 0 Cent/l
2008 15 Cent/l 10 Cent/l
2009 21 Cent/l 18 Cent/l
2010 27 Cent/l 26 Cent/l
2011 33 Cent/l 33 Cent/l
ex 2012 45 Cent/l 45 Cent/l
Tax Rate
Energy Tax Law (01.08.2006)
Taxation of Biofuels 2006/2012
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• Taxation on biofuels:
• Biodiesel (B5) 15 Cent/l (till 31.12.2006)• Bioethanol 0 Cent/l
• Agriculture and Forestry: – Reimbursement System• Public traffic (buses): Reimbursement – 5 Cent/l on
the corresponding tax rate on biodiesel/plant oil
• Annual evaluation of the tax exemption/overcompensation
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• Precondition for a tax relief for:- Biodiesel – DIN EN 14214- Pure Plant oil – DIN V 51605
• No Taxation till 2015 on:- Synthetic Biofuels (biomass to liquid – btl)- Bioethanol from cellulosis- E85 => But: Annual report about over compensation
• Agreement necessary between the ministry of:agriculture, environment, traffic, and economics is necessaryabout the environmental advantages of biofuels: CO2- reductionpotential, sustainable cultivation of arable land
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• Introduction of mandatory bio fuel quotas:- Sellers of diesel and gazoline on the stage of tax ware houses - Biofuel producer (biodiesel, plant oil)
Mineraloil companies have to fullfil the following commitments:Diesel: 4,4 %Gazoline: 2 % (2007 - 2009), 3% till 2010
Additional „total qouota“ for diesel and gazoline market:Minimum portion: 5,7% 2009 and 6 % till 2010(all comitments on energetic basis !)
Precondition:Biodiesel - DIN EN 14214Pure plant oil - DIN V 51606Bioethanol - 99 Vol. % alcohol content
No charging of oil and fats which are used directly in the mineral oilrefinery process, but hydration process like „next btl“ will beacknowledged
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• The fast growing biodiesel (biofuel) market in Germany is a resultof comprehensive tax exemptions and warranties given by DC, VW
• Introduction of a quality management is necessary
• Level playing field: EN 14214
• Agreement of a world-wide standard of biodieseland non technical criteria on sustainable production of biofuels/crops
• Need of harmonisation of tax exemptions, mandatory systems in the EU (common market)
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Thank you for your attention!
Contact:
Dieter Bockey
UFOPUnion zur Förderung von Oel- und Proteinpflanzen e.V.(Union for the Promotion of Oil Seed and Protein Plants reg. Ass.)
Claire-Waldoff-Str. 710117 Berlin
Tel.: +49 (30) 31 90 42 15Fax: +49 (30) 31 90 44 35e-Mail: [email protected]