biofiltration of ammonia in closed...
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Stefan Richard, Dr. A Darlington & Dr. M. Dixon
Biofiltration of Ammonia in Closed Systems
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Ammonia (NH3)
Inorganic molecule
Nuisance gas Odor threshold = 0.043 to 53 ppm
Short-term exposure (<500 ppm) nasal/pharyngeal irritation (>500 ppm) irritation to the eyes, skin, nose, mouth, throat and lungs
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Ammonia (NH3)
Chronic exposure (40ppm) headaches, nausea and reduced appetite
Acute exposures (>2500ppm) life threatening
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Agriculture Livestock housing and mushroom farms
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Residential dwellings Americans spend 90% of their time indoors
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Industrial settings NH3 is one of the most extensively used industrial chemicals in North America1
1 WHO,1990. Ammonia Health and Safety Guide. WHO Health and Safety Guide No. 37. World Health Organization, Geneva. Pg.30.
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Mining
Shaft blasting using nitrogen-based explosives produces NH3
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Advanced life support systems (ALSS) SMAC1 values = 30 ppm/hour = 20 ppm/day = 10 ppm/week to 6 months
1Perry, J.L., NASA technical publication 1998-207978.
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Biofiltration vs. ventilation
Ventilation Not always possible Exchange of contaminated indoor air with “fresh” outdoor air
Outdoor air must be conditioned (heat & humidity)
Not energy efficient
Biofiltration is proposed as an alternative
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Biofiltration of ammonia
Microbial degradation of ammonia
H++NH3(gas) NH4+
(aq)
2NH4++3O2 2NO2
- +4H+
2NO2- + O2 2NO3
-
Nitrobacter
Nitrosomonas
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Plants and ammonia
Phytoremediation The use of plants to degrade, extract, contain or immobilize contaminates from soil, water or air
Plant-microbe interactions Symbiotically enhance microbial communities
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Mosses Shade tolerant Prefer moist conditions High surface area (1.6m2g-1) Porous Bioregenerative
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Study objective
Evaluation of plant based biofilters exposed to NH3 contaminated air streams (< 50 ppmv)
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Apparatus Pump
Flow meter
Injection point
Mixing bag
NH3 Sensor
Biofilter vessel
Solenoids
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Variables and calculations Measurements
Influent (Ci) & effluent (Ce) NH3 Biomass (fresh and dry)
Removal efficiency (RE) RE % = (1 – ((Ci – Ce)Ci
-1) )*100%
Elimination capacity (EC) EC = µgNH3g
-1biofilterh-1
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Biofiltration
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Biofiltration
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Biofiltration
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Influent/effluent NH3 post saturation
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EC and RE (Ci = 25ppmv)
Elimination capacity (µgNH3g
-1biofilterh-1)
16.7 ±3.21
Removal efficiency (%)
55.37 ±9.31
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Conclusion
• NH3 accumulations can be problematic in closed environments • Moss-based biofilters removed NH3 from air streams contaminated with 50 ppmv or less • NH3 adsorption to the biofilter was seen for the first several hours • Future work – long term studies of biofilters are needed in NH3 contaminated settings
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Acknowledgements
David Llewellyn Jeff Mallany Garth Munz Urbee Shome Thomas Graham Jamie Lawson
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Clean air
Pollutants degraded
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