Biodiversity

Genetic Mutations

• Change in base pairs• Affect sequence• May affect protein production• Can alter genetic makeup within species

Point Mutations

• Small-scale mutations• 4 main types:

– Substitution– Insertion– Deletion– Inversion

Large-Scale Mutation

• Amplified results• Multiple nucleotides affected

– Regions/genes affected• Duplication • Deletion• Frame shift• Translocation

Causes of Genetic Mutation

• Spontaneous – DNA replication

• Induced – Mutagens– Chemical– Radiation

Good Mutations

• Majority are neutral mutations • Survival of the fittest• Lactose intolerant • Sickle-cell anemia

Human Genome Project

• Over 200 scientists– Coding and non-coding regions

• <2% proteins• 24% introns• ~75% DNA

– >50% non-functional

Repeating Sequences

• Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) aka microsatellites• Telomeres • Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINES)• Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINES)

– Transposons– Pseudogene

• Dolphins

Homework

• Page 345 # 1, 2, 6• Page 349 # 1, 3, 5, 8