biodiversity conservation in the sacred landscapes of the ... · biodiversity conservation in the...
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Biodiversity conservation in the Sacred Landscapes of the Eastern Himalayas
Ghanashyam SharmaEnvironment & Sustainable Development Programme
Prof. Koji TanakaCentre for Integrated Area Studies, Kyoto University
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Outline
Biodiversity Significance
Farming Systems
Livelihood of the peoplePresent Research in the UNU and after
Some Outcomes
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World’s Biodiversity Hotspots
Biodiversity Hotspots in Red (Myers, et al, 2001)
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India Map
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The Eastern Himalayas
• The Sikkim Himalaya• Eastern Nepal• Bhutan• North-eastern States of India• Some parts China and Myanmar
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Sikkim Himalaya• Sikkim- A Himalayan state of India• Darjeeling Hills
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Map showing the land-use land-cover in SikkimSource: NBSAP for Sikkim 2002
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• 82.31% of the total geographical area is under the Government of Sikkim
• 15.69 is available for farming• 12.23% is cultivable
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Biodiversity Significance
• World's Ten Critical Centers for Biodiversity and Endemism
• Sikkim Himalaya is a part of biodiversity "hotspot"
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Red Panda150 species of mammals
Monal Pheasant552 species of birds
Butterflies690 species of butterflies
Rhododendrons36 species
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Some Important Medicinal Plants-Sikkim
Tulsi- Ocimum sanctum
Kurilo- Asparagus racemosus
Sarpagandha- Rauwalfia serpentina
Kalobehi – Solanum nigrum
Pipla- Piper longum
Jethimadhu- Glycyrrhiza glabra
Kutki- Picrorhiza kurooa
Kapisful, Kuth- Saussurea costus
Jatamansi – Nardostachys jatamansi
Ishabgol- Plantago ovata
Chutro- Berberis aristata
Garjo, Gurgau - Tinospora cordifolia
Chiraita- Swertia chirayata
Bel- Aegle marmelos
Bikh, Atish- Aconitum heterophyllum
Amla- Emblica officinalis
About 500 speciesare widely used
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Medicinal plants practitioner
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Takin (Budorcas taxicolor) Sikkim
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450 species of trees
Tropical Shorea forest to alpine Rhododendron-Birch forest
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515 species oforchids
About 26% total plant wealth ofIndian sub-continent
363 species fernsand allies
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• Sikkim is phytogeographically rich and houses about 4500 species of plants
• 60% of which are endemic• 48 species of fishes • 33 species of reptiles• 16 species of amphibians reported till
date
Meeting ground of Indo-Malayan & Indo-Chinese biogeographical realms
as well as Himalayan and Peninsular Indian elements that has given rise to a very rich
biodiversity both wildand in cultivated landscapes
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Lakes of Sikkim
Tsongu Lake
Khecheopalri Lake
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Perennial rivers and valleys
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Who conserves this Biodiversity• Diversity of ethnic communities• Traditional Institutions• Farmers
Biodiversity Conservation • Protected Areas
• Wildlife Sanctuaries• National parks• Biosphere Reserves
• Reserve Forests, Community Forests• Cultivated Systems
• Agricultural biodiversity
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Traditional Institutions
• Dzumsa System• MLAS• Other Community based traditional
institutions
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The Lachen Valley Dzumsa System (3000 m)
Motanchi Lom Al Szezum (MLAS),Lepcha traditional institution
• Resource allocation and utilization is controlled by Dzumsa
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Bhutia Lepcha
Nepali
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Farming systems
• The alpine agropastoralism• Traditional Agroforestry
systems• Upland Valley Rice cultivation
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Villages Blocks under traditionalFarming System in Sikkim
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Tibetan Nomadic agropastoralism
• Yak, sheep grazing in the main occupation
• The products are meat, wool, cheese, medicinal plants
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The
Lhon
akVa
lley
Challenges of the Dokpas• Difficult mountain specificity• Population decreased• Decrease of grazing land• External pressure• Livestock population reducing
What we intend to do• Documentation and dialogue in a
participatory manner
• Recognition of the system
• Conservation of Biodiversity
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Traditional Large Cardamom Agroforestry
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Production and Economics• Low volume high value non
perishable less labour intensive cash crop
• Net return range from US$ 714 to 1000 per hectare
• Good storing/keeping quality and does not require immediate marketing
• 53% of the total world production is produced by the farmers of Sikkim with an earning of about 15 million US dollars
• Basic resources such as fuel, timber and fodder are available in the system
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Advantages• Ecological Sustainability
• Cultivars• Ecological amplitude• Soil fertility maintenance
• Economic Return• Agronomic• Timber and NTFP
• Biodiversity
• High Carbon Sequestration Rates
• Comparative Advantage
• Absolute Advantage Resources
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Cardamom curing in the Bhatti
• Curing is traditional
• Quality maintenance (aroma and colour) for good market
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Mandarin Orange Mixed-tree Agroforestry
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Mandarin orchard and intercropping
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Production and Economics• High value, high volume, less labour
intensive, Net return range from US$ 500 to 750 per hectare
• Basic resources can be met in the system from the associated tree diversity
• Comparative advantage
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Ecological Ecological sustainabilitysustainability
•• Soil and nutrient loss Soil and nutrient loss are fairly high from the are fairly high from the system and nutrient system and nutrient exhaustiveexhaustive
•• Maintains tree and other Maintains tree and other associate biodiversityassociate biodiversity
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Mixed Farming Mixed Farming Agriculture SystemAgriculture System
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Slope management and agroforestrydevelopment
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Multiple intercropping and multipurpose tree management
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Agriculture and Education
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Upland Valley rice Cultivation
• Local landraces of rice are many• Pulses, beans and soybeans are
grown in the raised bunds• Introduction of landraces• Once rice is harvested farmers
grow wheat, potatoes, maize and other vegetables
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Some underutilized crops• Rich agrobiodiversity
• genetic diversity• Ecosystem diversity• Species diversity
• Crops such as pulses, finger millet, rice, buckwheat have good market
• Basic resources such as feulwood, fodder, timber etc.
• Maintain associated biodiversity Multiple values of traditional crops• Medicinal , nutritional• Other
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Farm-based agroforestry
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Mixed cropping
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A typical mountain village
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The Sacred Himalayan Landscape
• The Demozong Heritage• Ters• Beyuls• Beyuls Khenpalung
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Rumtek Monastery
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Biodiversity Products and Prospects
• Protected areas• Traditional Agriculture system• Ethnic diversity• Ecotourism destination• Ecological and ecosystem services• Sequestration of carbon
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Indigenous Knowledge, Traditional Food & socio-cultural Diversity
in the Sikkim Himalaya
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Source: JP Tamang 2006
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Turangbai in Arunachal Pradesh
Kinema
Hawaijar in Manipur
Source: JP Tamang 2006
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Source: JP Tamang 2006Women sell Kinema in the weekly markets
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Chhurpi a milk product
Source: JP Tamang 2006
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Fermented beverage Jdnar from finger millet
Source: JP Tamang 2006
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Edible Wild Plants
Urtica dioica ‘sishnu’ Tupistra nutans ‘nakima’
Source: JP Tamang 2006
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Marketing Edible Wild Plants in Sikkim
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Marketing Edible Wild Plants in Sikkim
Source: JP Tamang 2006
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Traditional Wood carving, Carpets etc. are good products
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Goal:
Mountain Agrobiodiversity Conservation focusing on Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Sustainable Livelihoods and related Policy Imperatives: A case study from the Eastern Himalayas
Main Objectives
1. Assessment• agricultural biodiversity
2. Management• innovative adaptive management practices, • traditional knowledge systems, • technologies and policies on agriculture on biodiversity
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3. Capacity• Strengthen the capacities of farmers • indigenous and local communities• stakeholders to manage sustainable agricultural biodiversity
4. Mainstreaming• Participation and consultation of all stakeholders a• Promote Agricultural biodiversity• mainstreaming in sectoral and cross-sectoral plans and
programmes
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Research in Sikkim• To investigate the Potential of Sustainable Agorecosystem
Management
• To find policy options to establish SAM to improve sustainability and livelihood
Join UNU PLEC at SEAMMR
• Study and understand the UNU PLEC project through specific site visits and sharing with various stakeholders in each country
• Compare and compile the relevant results which would be replicable to Sikkim and in the adjoining areas
Plan of Research
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Partnership and dialogue
• Visit of UNU team to Sikkim• A preliminary workshop was organized
• Government of Sikkim, ICIMOD, UNU, Kyoto University, NGOs and R&D Organizations participated
• Partnership and collaboration initiated
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• GIAHS Draft Proposal Reviewed by the Government
• GIAHS proposal submitted to the FAO
• We would discuss it with the Government of Sikkim during our visit to Sikkim in April
Recent Outcomes
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