biodiesel from algae: challanges, oppurtunuties and the...
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Biodiesel from Algae:
Challanges, oppurtunuties and the way forward
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Biofuels
• Effective
• Less harmful
• Renewable
• Can be used in many cars today
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Biodiesel
• Fatty acid and methyl esters originating from vegetable oils and animal fats are generally known as biodiesel.
• Biodiesel derived from oil crops is a potential renewable and carbon neutral alternative to petroleum fuels.
• Biodiesel has been in commercial use as an alternative fuel since 1988 in many European countries.
• Biodiesel usually costs over US$0.5/L, compared to US$0.35/L for normal diesel.
• Exploring ways to reduce the high cost of biodiesel is of much interest in recent biodiesel research
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• The bio-diesel engine can be used in usual engines of internal combustion as it is independent, and in a mix with usual diesel fuel, without modification in a design of the engine.
• Possessing approximately identical energy potential with mineral diesel fuel, the bio-diesel engine has a number of essential advantages: – It is not toxic, practically does not contain some sulfur and carcinogenic
benzene;
– Decays in natural conditions (approximately the same as sugar);
– Provides significant reduction in harmful emissions in an atmosphere at burning, both in engines of internal combustion, and in technological units; (biodiesel is carbon neutral- no net accumulation of CO’ in the atmosphere)
– Increases cetane number of fuel and its greasing ability, that essentially increases a resource of the engine;
– Has high temperature of ignition (more than 100 °С),
– Its source are renewed resources;
Bio-diesel Fuel
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Algae biomass Algae oil
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Storing the Sun’s Energy
(Photosynthesis) • What is needed
– Sunlight
– CO2
– Nutrients
• Storage of Energy
– Lipids and oils
– Carbohydrates
http://www.veggievan.org/downloads/articles/Biodiesel%20from%20Algae.pdf
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• Micro-algae grows within all year and has short life cycle;
• Micro-algae the most fast-growing plant on Earth - grows in 100 times faster, than trees. Usually the weight of micro-algae for a day is doubled;
• For micro-algae the readily available raw material is required: sunlight, water, carbon dioxide and nutrients (Р and N);
• From micro-algae it is possible to receive natural products: pigments, fibers, enzymes, sugar, fats, amino acids, vitamins.
• Depending on kinds of algae (exists more than 30.000 kinds) and conditions of its cultivation, the chosen algae makes about 40-60 % of oil.
• Micro-algae grows in all environments. Even if the temperature of water makes - 2°С.
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• There are many marine and
freshwater species
• High Lipid productivity
• High growth rate (45-180 times
canola)
Potential species
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MICROALGAE DIVERSITY
• 30 000 described species (< 10% of estimated)
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What affects oil production?
• Climate – Cold weather reduces algae oil production
– Overcast days reduce sunlight and lower oil production
• Nutrients – Depletion of Nitrogen and Silicate
• Biotic factors including pathogens, predation and competition by other algae
• Operational factors such as: shear produced by mixing, dilution rate, depth and harvest frequency
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The Algae Pond
http://www.veggievan.org/downloads/articles/Biodiesel%20from%20Algae.pdf
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Greenhouse The use of CO2 for
growing algae
Horizontal mode Vertical mode
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The technological circuit of installation of a bioreactor
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Example: High Rate Ponds in Florida
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Spirulina Production in India
(Parry Nutraceuticals Ltd. )
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Commercial Photobioreactor in Germany For Chlorella production. Over $10million/hectare! Went broke in short order
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Choosing an Algae
• Important characteristics of Algae – High % of total
biomass is oil
– Maintains a high % of oil even under stress
www.kluyvercentre.nl/content/ documents/Verslag2biodieselBaarnschLyceum.pdf -
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What Type of Algae
• Botryococcus braunii
– Converts 61% of its
biomass into oil
– Drops to only 31% oil
under stress
– Grows best between
22-25oC (71-77
oF)
www.kluyvercentre.nl/content/ documents/Verslag2biodieselBaarnschLyceum.pdf -
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Produced oxygen is toxic
High CO2 influx can decrease the pH
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Oil Collection and Refining
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Pressing oil from the algae
• Dry the algae and press the oil from it.
• Can retrieve up to 70% of the oil.
• While drying must prevent the algae from
becoming contaminated.
• Cheapest and simplest method
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http://forums.biodieselnow.com/to
pic.asp?TOPIC_ID=3414
Chemical Oil Extraction
• Use hexane solvents to remove the oil.
• Hexane is a neurotoxin.
• Must be careful when using.
• Removes oil out of almost all things.
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http://www.organix.net/organix/sup
ercritical.htm
Super Critical Oil Extraction
• Most efficient method.
• Uses carbon dioxide at critical pressure
and temperature (CO2 is almost a liquid).
• Carbon dioxide.
• Rapid diffusion of the oil.
• Very expensive process.
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Conclusion
• Algae is a very efficient means of
producing biodiesel
• The oil production from algae farms is
feasible and scalable
• Further research necessary to unlock full
potential of algae
• Contribute morethan 4% of fuel
consumption in USA by 2010