KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR

Tahun 3(Semester 6 )Group 9

SAIFUL ISLAM B MOHD NAJIB UK30275SITI MAZIDAH BT ABDULLAH UK31360

TARIKH 17052016

Content History of biodegradable polymer Biodegradable polymer Classification of biodegradable polymer

Biomass product From micro-organisms From biotechnology From petrochemical products

Mechanism of biodegradable polymer Biodegradable polymers in theory and practice Main type of polymer

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

References

History Biodegradable polymer began being

sparking interest during the oil crisis in 1970rsquos as oil prices increased so did the planning and creating of biodegradable materials The 1980rsquos brought items such as Biodegradable Film sheets and old forming materials Green materials or plant based materials have become increasingly more popular

Definition of Biodegradation The ASTM defines biodegradable as

ldquocapable of undergoing decomposition into carbon dioxide methane water inorganic compounds or biomass in which the predominant mechanism is the Enzymatic action of microorganisms that can be measured by standardized tests in a specified period of time reflecting available disposal condition

ASTM American Society of Testing and Materials

Biodegradable Polymers general scientific definition of a biodegradable

polymer A polymer in which degradation is mediated at least

in part by a biological system polymer that will fully decompose to carbon dioxide

methane water biomass and inorganic compounds under aerobic or anaerobic conditions

A vast number of biodegradable polymers (eg cellulose chitin starch polyhydroxyalkanoates polylactide polycaprolactone collagen and other polypeptide) have been synthesized or are formed in natural environment during the growth cycles of organisms

Classification biodegradable polymers from biomass such as agro-

polymers from agro-resources (eg starch or cellulose)

polymers obtained by microbial production such as the polyhydroxy alkanoates (PHAs)

polymers conventionally and chemically synthesized from monomers obtained from agro-resources eg the polylactic acid (PLA)

polymers obtained from fossil resources

Agro-Polymers

Main agro-polymers presented is polysaccharides proteins

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are the most abundant macromolecules in the biosphere

These complex carbohydrates constituted of glycosidic bonds are often one of the main structural elements of plants and animals exoskeleton

Examples of polysaccharides is Starch Chitin Chitosan Pectins

Proteins They are an important renewable resources

produced by animals plants and bacteria For example

In terms of potential sources soy protein corn protein (zein) and wheat proteins (gluten) are among the main plant proteins

Casein collagen protein or gelatin and keratin are important animal proteins Lactate dehydrogenase

chymotrypsin and fumarase constitute the main bacterial proteins

corn protein (zein)

Biopolyester is divided into 3 type

From micro-organism Polyhydoxy-Alkanoatae

From biotechnology Polyactides

From petrochemical product Polycaprolactones Others homo-polyesters Aliphatic Co-polyesters Aromatic Co-polyesters

Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates PHAs are a family of intracellular biopolymers

synthesized by many bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage granules

PHAs are mainly produced from renewable resources by fermentation

A wide variety of prokaryotic organisms accumulate PHA from 30 to 80 of their cellular dry weight

Generic chemical structure of the polyhydroxy-alkanoates

Polylactides Polylactic acid or Polylactides (PLA

Poly) is a biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources such as corn starch (in the United States and Canada) tapioca roots chips or starch (mostly in Asia) or sugarcane (in the rest of the world)

tea bags made of polylactide (PLA)

Polycaprolactone

This polymer is often used as an additive for resins to improve their processing characteristics and their end use properties (eg impact resistance) Being compatible with a range of other materials PCL can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase biodegradability or it can be added as a polymeric plasticizer to pvc)

Aliphatic Copolyesters

A large number of aliphatic copolyesters based on petroleum resources are biodegradable copolymers They are obtained by the combination of diols such as 12-ethanediol 13-propanediol or 14-butadenediol and of dicarboxylic acids like adipic sebacic or succinic acid

Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer

Mechanism

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Content History of biodegradable polymer Biodegradable polymer Classification of biodegradable polymer

Biomass product From micro-organisms From biotechnology From petrochemical products

Mechanism of biodegradable polymer Biodegradable polymers in theory and practice Main type of polymer

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

References

History Biodegradable polymer began being

sparking interest during the oil crisis in 1970rsquos as oil prices increased so did the planning and creating of biodegradable materials The 1980rsquos brought items such as Biodegradable Film sheets and old forming materials Green materials or plant based materials have become increasingly more popular

Definition of Biodegradation The ASTM defines biodegradable as

ldquocapable of undergoing decomposition into carbon dioxide methane water inorganic compounds or biomass in which the predominant mechanism is the Enzymatic action of microorganisms that can be measured by standardized tests in a specified period of time reflecting available disposal condition

ASTM American Society of Testing and Materials

Biodegradable Polymers general scientific definition of a biodegradable

polymer A polymer in which degradation is mediated at least

in part by a biological system polymer that will fully decompose to carbon dioxide

methane water biomass and inorganic compounds under aerobic or anaerobic conditions

A vast number of biodegradable polymers (eg cellulose chitin starch polyhydroxyalkanoates polylactide polycaprolactone collagen and other polypeptide) have been synthesized or are formed in natural environment during the growth cycles of organisms

Classification biodegradable polymers from biomass such as agro-

polymers from agro-resources (eg starch or cellulose)

polymers obtained by microbial production such as the polyhydroxy alkanoates (PHAs)

polymers conventionally and chemically synthesized from monomers obtained from agro-resources eg the polylactic acid (PLA)

polymers obtained from fossil resources

Agro-Polymers

Main agro-polymers presented is polysaccharides proteins

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are the most abundant macromolecules in the biosphere

These complex carbohydrates constituted of glycosidic bonds are often one of the main structural elements of plants and animals exoskeleton

Examples of polysaccharides is Starch Chitin Chitosan Pectins

Proteins They are an important renewable resources

produced by animals plants and bacteria For example

In terms of potential sources soy protein corn protein (zein) and wheat proteins (gluten) are among the main plant proteins

Casein collagen protein or gelatin and keratin are important animal proteins Lactate dehydrogenase

chymotrypsin and fumarase constitute the main bacterial proteins

corn protein (zein)

Biopolyester is divided into 3 type

From micro-organism Polyhydoxy-Alkanoatae

From biotechnology Polyactides

From petrochemical product Polycaprolactones Others homo-polyesters Aliphatic Co-polyesters Aromatic Co-polyesters

Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates PHAs are a family of intracellular biopolymers

synthesized by many bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage granules

PHAs are mainly produced from renewable resources by fermentation

A wide variety of prokaryotic organisms accumulate PHA from 30 to 80 of their cellular dry weight

Generic chemical structure of the polyhydroxy-alkanoates

Polylactides Polylactic acid or Polylactides (PLA

Poly) is a biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources such as corn starch (in the United States and Canada) tapioca roots chips or starch (mostly in Asia) or sugarcane (in the rest of the world)

tea bags made of polylactide (PLA)

Polycaprolactone

This polymer is often used as an additive for resins to improve their processing characteristics and their end use properties (eg impact resistance) Being compatible with a range of other materials PCL can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase biodegradability or it can be added as a polymeric plasticizer to pvc)

Aliphatic Copolyesters

A large number of aliphatic copolyesters based on petroleum resources are biodegradable copolymers They are obtained by the combination of diols such as 12-ethanediol 13-propanediol or 14-butadenediol and of dicarboxylic acids like adipic sebacic or succinic acid

Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer

Mechanism

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

History Biodegradable polymer began being

sparking interest during the oil crisis in 1970rsquos as oil prices increased so did the planning and creating of biodegradable materials The 1980rsquos brought items such as Biodegradable Film sheets and old forming materials Green materials or plant based materials have become increasingly more popular

Definition of Biodegradation The ASTM defines biodegradable as

ldquocapable of undergoing decomposition into carbon dioxide methane water inorganic compounds or biomass in which the predominant mechanism is the Enzymatic action of microorganisms that can be measured by standardized tests in a specified period of time reflecting available disposal condition

ASTM American Society of Testing and Materials

Biodegradable Polymers general scientific definition of a biodegradable

polymer A polymer in which degradation is mediated at least

in part by a biological system polymer that will fully decompose to carbon dioxide

methane water biomass and inorganic compounds under aerobic or anaerobic conditions

A vast number of biodegradable polymers (eg cellulose chitin starch polyhydroxyalkanoates polylactide polycaprolactone collagen and other polypeptide) have been synthesized or are formed in natural environment during the growth cycles of organisms

Classification biodegradable polymers from biomass such as agro-

polymers from agro-resources (eg starch or cellulose)

polymers obtained by microbial production such as the polyhydroxy alkanoates (PHAs)

polymers conventionally and chemically synthesized from monomers obtained from agro-resources eg the polylactic acid (PLA)

polymers obtained from fossil resources

Agro-Polymers

Main agro-polymers presented is polysaccharides proteins

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are the most abundant macromolecules in the biosphere

These complex carbohydrates constituted of glycosidic bonds are often one of the main structural elements of plants and animals exoskeleton

Examples of polysaccharides is Starch Chitin Chitosan Pectins

Proteins They are an important renewable resources

produced by animals plants and bacteria For example

In terms of potential sources soy protein corn protein (zein) and wheat proteins (gluten) are among the main plant proteins

Casein collagen protein or gelatin and keratin are important animal proteins Lactate dehydrogenase

chymotrypsin and fumarase constitute the main bacterial proteins

corn protein (zein)

Biopolyester is divided into 3 type

From micro-organism Polyhydoxy-Alkanoatae

From biotechnology Polyactides

From petrochemical product Polycaprolactones Others homo-polyesters Aliphatic Co-polyesters Aromatic Co-polyesters

Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates PHAs are a family of intracellular biopolymers

synthesized by many bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage granules

PHAs are mainly produced from renewable resources by fermentation

A wide variety of prokaryotic organisms accumulate PHA from 30 to 80 of their cellular dry weight

Generic chemical structure of the polyhydroxy-alkanoates

Polylactides Polylactic acid or Polylactides (PLA

Poly) is a biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources such as corn starch (in the United States and Canada) tapioca roots chips or starch (mostly in Asia) or sugarcane (in the rest of the world)

tea bags made of polylactide (PLA)

Polycaprolactone

This polymer is often used as an additive for resins to improve their processing characteristics and their end use properties (eg impact resistance) Being compatible with a range of other materials PCL can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase biodegradability or it can be added as a polymeric plasticizer to pvc)

Aliphatic Copolyesters

A large number of aliphatic copolyesters based on petroleum resources are biodegradable copolymers They are obtained by the combination of diols such as 12-ethanediol 13-propanediol or 14-butadenediol and of dicarboxylic acids like adipic sebacic or succinic acid

Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer

Mechanism

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Definition of Biodegradation The ASTM defines biodegradable as

ldquocapable of undergoing decomposition into carbon dioxide methane water inorganic compounds or biomass in which the predominant mechanism is the Enzymatic action of microorganisms that can be measured by standardized tests in a specified period of time reflecting available disposal condition

ASTM American Society of Testing and Materials

Biodegradable Polymers general scientific definition of a biodegradable

polymer A polymer in which degradation is mediated at least

in part by a biological system polymer that will fully decompose to carbon dioxide

methane water biomass and inorganic compounds under aerobic or anaerobic conditions

A vast number of biodegradable polymers (eg cellulose chitin starch polyhydroxyalkanoates polylactide polycaprolactone collagen and other polypeptide) have been synthesized or are formed in natural environment during the growth cycles of organisms

Classification biodegradable polymers from biomass such as agro-

polymers from agro-resources (eg starch or cellulose)

polymers obtained by microbial production such as the polyhydroxy alkanoates (PHAs)

polymers conventionally and chemically synthesized from monomers obtained from agro-resources eg the polylactic acid (PLA)

polymers obtained from fossil resources

Agro-Polymers

Main agro-polymers presented is polysaccharides proteins

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are the most abundant macromolecules in the biosphere

These complex carbohydrates constituted of glycosidic bonds are often one of the main structural elements of plants and animals exoskeleton

Examples of polysaccharides is Starch Chitin Chitosan Pectins

Proteins They are an important renewable resources

produced by animals plants and bacteria For example

In terms of potential sources soy protein corn protein (zein) and wheat proteins (gluten) are among the main plant proteins

Casein collagen protein or gelatin and keratin are important animal proteins Lactate dehydrogenase

chymotrypsin and fumarase constitute the main bacterial proteins

corn protein (zein)

Biopolyester is divided into 3 type

From micro-organism Polyhydoxy-Alkanoatae

From biotechnology Polyactides

From petrochemical product Polycaprolactones Others homo-polyesters Aliphatic Co-polyesters Aromatic Co-polyesters

Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates PHAs are a family of intracellular biopolymers

synthesized by many bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage granules

PHAs are mainly produced from renewable resources by fermentation

A wide variety of prokaryotic organisms accumulate PHA from 30 to 80 of their cellular dry weight

Generic chemical structure of the polyhydroxy-alkanoates

Polylactides Polylactic acid or Polylactides (PLA

Poly) is a biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources such as corn starch (in the United States and Canada) tapioca roots chips or starch (mostly in Asia) or sugarcane (in the rest of the world)

tea bags made of polylactide (PLA)

Polycaprolactone

This polymer is often used as an additive for resins to improve their processing characteristics and their end use properties (eg impact resistance) Being compatible with a range of other materials PCL can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase biodegradability or it can be added as a polymeric plasticizer to pvc)

Aliphatic Copolyesters

A large number of aliphatic copolyesters based on petroleum resources are biodegradable copolymers They are obtained by the combination of diols such as 12-ethanediol 13-propanediol or 14-butadenediol and of dicarboxylic acids like adipic sebacic or succinic acid

Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer

Mechanism

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Biodegradable Polymers general scientific definition of a biodegradable

polymer A polymer in which degradation is mediated at least

in part by a biological system polymer that will fully decompose to carbon dioxide

methane water biomass and inorganic compounds under aerobic or anaerobic conditions

A vast number of biodegradable polymers (eg cellulose chitin starch polyhydroxyalkanoates polylactide polycaprolactone collagen and other polypeptide) have been synthesized or are formed in natural environment during the growth cycles of organisms

Classification biodegradable polymers from biomass such as agro-

polymers from agro-resources (eg starch or cellulose)

polymers obtained by microbial production such as the polyhydroxy alkanoates (PHAs)

polymers conventionally and chemically synthesized from monomers obtained from agro-resources eg the polylactic acid (PLA)

polymers obtained from fossil resources

Agro-Polymers

Main agro-polymers presented is polysaccharides proteins

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are the most abundant macromolecules in the biosphere

These complex carbohydrates constituted of glycosidic bonds are often one of the main structural elements of plants and animals exoskeleton

Examples of polysaccharides is Starch Chitin Chitosan Pectins

Proteins They are an important renewable resources

produced by animals plants and bacteria For example

In terms of potential sources soy protein corn protein (zein) and wheat proteins (gluten) are among the main plant proteins

Casein collagen protein or gelatin and keratin are important animal proteins Lactate dehydrogenase

chymotrypsin and fumarase constitute the main bacterial proteins

corn protein (zein)

Biopolyester is divided into 3 type

From micro-organism Polyhydoxy-Alkanoatae

From biotechnology Polyactides

From petrochemical product Polycaprolactones Others homo-polyesters Aliphatic Co-polyesters Aromatic Co-polyesters

Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates PHAs are a family of intracellular biopolymers

synthesized by many bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage granules

PHAs are mainly produced from renewable resources by fermentation

A wide variety of prokaryotic organisms accumulate PHA from 30 to 80 of their cellular dry weight

Generic chemical structure of the polyhydroxy-alkanoates

Polylactides Polylactic acid or Polylactides (PLA

Poly) is a biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources such as corn starch (in the United States and Canada) tapioca roots chips or starch (mostly in Asia) or sugarcane (in the rest of the world)

tea bags made of polylactide (PLA)

Polycaprolactone

This polymer is often used as an additive for resins to improve their processing characteristics and their end use properties (eg impact resistance) Being compatible with a range of other materials PCL can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase biodegradability or it can be added as a polymeric plasticizer to pvc)

Aliphatic Copolyesters

A large number of aliphatic copolyesters based on petroleum resources are biodegradable copolymers They are obtained by the combination of diols such as 12-ethanediol 13-propanediol or 14-butadenediol and of dicarboxylic acids like adipic sebacic or succinic acid

Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer

Mechanism

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Classification biodegradable polymers from biomass such as agro-

polymers from agro-resources (eg starch or cellulose)

polymers obtained by microbial production such as the polyhydroxy alkanoates (PHAs)

polymers conventionally and chemically synthesized from monomers obtained from agro-resources eg the polylactic acid (PLA)

polymers obtained from fossil resources

Agro-Polymers

Main agro-polymers presented is polysaccharides proteins

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are the most abundant macromolecules in the biosphere

These complex carbohydrates constituted of glycosidic bonds are often one of the main structural elements of plants and animals exoskeleton

Examples of polysaccharides is Starch Chitin Chitosan Pectins

Proteins They are an important renewable resources

produced by animals plants and bacteria For example

In terms of potential sources soy protein corn protein (zein) and wheat proteins (gluten) are among the main plant proteins

Casein collagen protein or gelatin and keratin are important animal proteins Lactate dehydrogenase

chymotrypsin and fumarase constitute the main bacterial proteins

corn protein (zein)

Biopolyester is divided into 3 type

From micro-organism Polyhydoxy-Alkanoatae

From biotechnology Polyactides

From petrochemical product Polycaprolactones Others homo-polyesters Aliphatic Co-polyesters Aromatic Co-polyesters

Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates PHAs are a family of intracellular biopolymers

synthesized by many bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage granules

PHAs are mainly produced from renewable resources by fermentation

A wide variety of prokaryotic organisms accumulate PHA from 30 to 80 of their cellular dry weight

Generic chemical structure of the polyhydroxy-alkanoates

Polylactides Polylactic acid or Polylactides (PLA

Poly) is a biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources such as corn starch (in the United States and Canada) tapioca roots chips or starch (mostly in Asia) or sugarcane (in the rest of the world)

tea bags made of polylactide (PLA)

Polycaprolactone

This polymer is often used as an additive for resins to improve their processing characteristics and their end use properties (eg impact resistance) Being compatible with a range of other materials PCL can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase biodegradability or it can be added as a polymeric plasticizer to pvc)

Aliphatic Copolyesters

A large number of aliphatic copolyesters based on petroleum resources are biodegradable copolymers They are obtained by the combination of diols such as 12-ethanediol 13-propanediol or 14-butadenediol and of dicarboxylic acids like adipic sebacic or succinic acid

Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer

Mechanism

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Agro-Polymers

Main agro-polymers presented is polysaccharides proteins

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are the most abundant macromolecules in the biosphere

These complex carbohydrates constituted of glycosidic bonds are often one of the main structural elements of plants and animals exoskeleton

Examples of polysaccharides is Starch Chitin Chitosan Pectins

Proteins They are an important renewable resources

produced by animals plants and bacteria For example

In terms of potential sources soy protein corn protein (zein) and wheat proteins (gluten) are among the main plant proteins

Casein collagen protein or gelatin and keratin are important animal proteins Lactate dehydrogenase

chymotrypsin and fumarase constitute the main bacterial proteins

corn protein (zein)

Biopolyester is divided into 3 type

From micro-organism Polyhydoxy-Alkanoatae

From biotechnology Polyactides

From petrochemical product Polycaprolactones Others homo-polyesters Aliphatic Co-polyesters Aromatic Co-polyesters

Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates PHAs are a family of intracellular biopolymers

synthesized by many bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage granules

PHAs are mainly produced from renewable resources by fermentation

A wide variety of prokaryotic organisms accumulate PHA from 30 to 80 of their cellular dry weight

Generic chemical structure of the polyhydroxy-alkanoates

Polylactides Polylactic acid or Polylactides (PLA

Poly) is a biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources such as corn starch (in the United States and Canada) tapioca roots chips or starch (mostly in Asia) or sugarcane (in the rest of the world)

tea bags made of polylactide (PLA)

Polycaprolactone

This polymer is often used as an additive for resins to improve their processing characteristics and their end use properties (eg impact resistance) Being compatible with a range of other materials PCL can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase biodegradability or it can be added as a polymeric plasticizer to pvc)

Aliphatic Copolyesters

A large number of aliphatic copolyesters based on petroleum resources are biodegradable copolymers They are obtained by the combination of diols such as 12-ethanediol 13-propanediol or 14-butadenediol and of dicarboxylic acids like adipic sebacic or succinic acid

Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer

Mechanism

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are the most abundant macromolecules in the biosphere

These complex carbohydrates constituted of glycosidic bonds are often one of the main structural elements of plants and animals exoskeleton

Examples of polysaccharides is Starch Chitin Chitosan Pectins

Proteins They are an important renewable resources

produced by animals plants and bacteria For example

In terms of potential sources soy protein corn protein (zein) and wheat proteins (gluten) are among the main plant proteins

Casein collagen protein or gelatin and keratin are important animal proteins Lactate dehydrogenase

chymotrypsin and fumarase constitute the main bacterial proteins

corn protein (zein)

Biopolyester is divided into 3 type

From micro-organism Polyhydoxy-Alkanoatae

From biotechnology Polyactides

From petrochemical product Polycaprolactones Others homo-polyesters Aliphatic Co-polyesters Aromatic Co-polyesters

Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates PHAs are a family of intracellular biopolymers

synthesized by many bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage granules

PHAs are mainly produced from renewable resources by fermentation

A wide variety of prokaryotic organisms accumulate PHA from 30 to 80 of their cellular dry weight

Generic chemical structure of the polyhydroxy-alkanoates

Polylactides Polylactic acid or Polylactides (PLA

Poly) is a biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources such as corn starch (in the United States and Canada) tapioca roots chips or starch (mostly in Asia) or sugarcane (in the rest of the world)

tea bags made of polylactide (PLA)

Polycaprolactone

This polymer is often used as an additive for resins to improve their processing characteristics and their end use properties (eg impact resistance) Being compatible with a range of other materials PCL can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase biodegradability or it can be added as a polymeric plasticizer to pvc)

Aliphatic Copolyesters

A large number of aliphatic copolyesters based on petroleum resources are biodegradable copolymers They are obtained by the combination of diols such as 12-ethanediol 13-propanediol or 14-butadenediol and of dicarboxylic acids like adipic sebacic or succinic acid

Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer

Mechanism

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Proteins They are an important renewable resources

produced by animals plants and bacteria For example

In terms of potential sources soy protein corn protein (zein) and wheat proteins (gluten) are among the main plant proteins

Casein collagen protein or gelatin and keratin are important animal proteins Lactate dehydrogenase

chymotrypsin and fumarase constitute the main bacterial proteins

corn protein (zein)

Biopolyester is divided into 3 type

From micro-organism Polyhydoxy-Alkanoatae

From biotechnology Polyactides

From petrochemical product Polycaprolactones Others homo-polyesters Aliphatic Co-polyesters Aromatic Co-polyesters

Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates PHAs are a family of intracellular biopolymers

synthesized by many bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage granules

PHAs are mainly produced from renewable resources by fermentation

A wide variety of prokaryotic organisms accumulate PHA from 30 to 80 of their cellular dry weight

Generic chemical structure of the polyhydroxy-alkanoates

Polylactides Polylactic acid or Polylactides (PLA

Poly) is a biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources such as corn starch (in the United States and Canada) tapioca roots chips or starch (mostly in Asia) or sugarcane (in the rest of the world)

tea bags made of polylactide (PLA)

Polycaprolactone

This polymer is often used as an additive for resins to improve their processing characteristics and their end use properties (eg impact resistance) Being compatible with a range of other materials PCL can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase biodegradability or it can be added as a polymeric plasticizer to pvc)

Aliphatic Copolyesters

A large number of aliphatic copolyesters based on petroleum resources are biodegradable copolymers They are obtained by the combination of diols such as 12-ethanediol 13-propanediol or 14-butadenediol and of dicarboxylic acids like adipic sebacic or succinic acid

Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer

Mechanism

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

corn protein (zein)

Biopolyester is divided into 3 type

From micro-organism Polyhydoxy-Alkanoatae

From biotechnology Polyactides

From petrochemical product Polycaprolactones Others homo-polyesters Aliphatic Co-polyesters Aromatic Co-polyesters

Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates PHAs are a family of intracellular biopolymers

synthesized by many bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage granules

PHAs are mainly produced from renewable resources by fermentation

A wide variety of prokaryotic organisms accumulate PHA from 30 to 80 of their cellular dry weight

Generic chemical structure of the polyhydroxy-alkanoates

Polylactides Polylactic acid or Polylactides (PLA

Poly) is a biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources such as corn starch (in the United States and Canada) tapioca roots chips or starch (mostly in Asia) or sugarcane (in the rest of the world)

tea bags made of polylactide (PLA)

Polycaprolactone

This polymer is often used as an additive for resins to improve their processing characteristics and their end use properties (eg impact resistance) Being compatible with a range of other materials PCL can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase biodegradability or it can be added as a polymeric plasticizer to pvc)

Aliphatic Copolyesters

A large number of aliphatic copolyesters based on petroleum resources are biodegradable copolymers They are obtained by the combination of diols such as 12-ethanediol 13-propanediol or 14-butadenediol and of dicarboxylic acids like adipic sebacic or succinic acid

Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer

Mechanism

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Biopolyester is divided into 3 type

From micro-organism Polyhydoxy-Alkanoatae

From biotechnology Polyactides

From petrochemical product Polycaprolactones Others homo-polyesters Aliphatic Co-polyesters Aromatic Co-polyesters

Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates PHAs are a family of intracellular biopolymers

synthesized by many bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage granules

PHAs are mainly produced from renewable resources by fermentation

A wide variety of prokaryotic organisms accumulate PHA from 30 to 80 of their cellular dry weight

Generic chemical structure of the polyhydroxy-alkanoates

Polylactides Polylactic acid or Polylactides (PLA

Poly) is a biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources such as corn starch (in the United States and Canada) tapioca roots chips or starch (mostly in Asia) or sugarcane (in the rest of the world)

tea bags made of polylactide (PLA)

Polycaprolactone

This polymer is often used as an additive for resins to improve their processing characteristics and their end use properties (eg impact resistance) Being compatible with a range of other materials PCL can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase biodegradability or it can be added as a polymeric plasticizer to pvc)

Aliphatic Copolyesters

A large number of aliphatic copolyesters based on petroleum resources are biodegradable copolymers They are obtained by the combination of diols such as 12-ethanediol 13-propanediol or 14-butadenediol and of dicarboxylic acids like adipic sebacic or succinic acid

Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer

Mechanism

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates PHAs are a family of intracellular biopolymers

synthesized by many bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage granules

PHAs are mainly produced from renewable resources by fermentation

A wide variety of prokaryotic organisms accumulate PHA from 30 to 80 of their cellular dry weight

Generic chemical structure of the polyhydroxy-alkanoates

Polylactides Polylactic acid or Polylactides (PLA

Poly) is a biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources such as corn starch (in the United States and Canada) tapioca roots chips or starch (mostly in Asia) or sugarcane (in the rest of the world)

tea bags made of polylactide (PLA)

Polycaprolactone

This polymer is often used as an additive for resins to improve their processing characteristics and their end use properties (eg impact resistance) Being compatible with a range of other materials PCL can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase biodegradability or it can be added as a polymeric plasticizer to pvc)

Aliphatic Copolyesters

A large number of aliphatic copolyesters based on petroleum resources are biodegradable copolymers They are obtained by the combination of diols such as 12-ethanediol 13-propanediol or 14-butadenediol and of dicarboxylic acids like adipic sebacic or succinic acid

Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer

Mechanism

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Polylactides Polylactic acid or Polylactides (PLA

Poly) is a biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources such as corn starch (in the United States and Canada) tapioca roots chips or starch (mostly in Asia) or sugarcane (in the rest of the world)

tea bags made of polylactide (PLA)

Polycaprolactone

This polymer is often used as an additive for resins to improve their processing characteristics and their end use properties (eg impact resistance) Being compatible with a range of other materials PCL can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase biodegradability or it can be added as a polymeric plasticizer to pvc)

Aliphatic Copolyesters

A large number of aliphatic copolyesters based on petroleum resources are biodegradable copolymers They are obtained by the combination of diols such as 12-ethanediol 13-propanediol or 14-butadenediol and of dicarboxylic acids like adipic sebacic or succinic acid

Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer

Mechanism

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

tea bags made of polylactide (PLA)

Polycaprolactone

This polymer is often used as an additive for resins to improve their processing characteristics and their end use properties (eg impact resistance) Being compatible with a range of other materials PCL can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase biodegradability or it can be added as a polymeric plasticizer to pvc)

Aliphatic Copolyesters

A large number of aliphatic copolyesters based on petroleum resources are biodegradable copolymers They are obtained by the combination of diols such as 12-ethanediol 13-propanediol or 14-butadenediol and of dicarboxylic acids like adipic sebacic or succinic acid

Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer

Mechanism

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Polycaprolactone

This polymer is often used as an additive for resins to improve their processing characteristics and their end use properties (eg impact resistance) Being compatible with a range of other materials PCL can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase biodegradability or it can be added as a polymeric plasticizer to pvc)

Aliphatic Copolyesters

A large number of aliphatic copolyesters based on petroleum resources are biodegradable copolymers They are obtained by the combination of diols such as 12-ethanediol 13-propanediol or 14-butadenediol and of dicarboxylic acids like adipic sebacic or succinic acid

Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer

Mechanism

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Aliphatic Copolyesters

A large number of aliphatic copolyesters based on petroleum resources are biodegradable copolymers They are obtained by the combination of diols such as 12-ethanediol 13-propanediol or 14-butadenediol and of dicarboxylic acids like adipic sebacic or succinic acid

Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer

Mechanism

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer

Mechanism

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Mechanism

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

In principle all polymers that can be oxidised or hydrolysed should be ultimately biodegradable

Wood which is normally considered to be biodegradable may be highly resistant to biodegradation in some species of tree

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

The ideal behaviour of a degradable polymer used in commercial applications whether it be natural or synthetic is illustrated in Figure 52

First stage product initially strong and tough So it can withstand the stresses imposed

Second stage chemical and physical modification physically disintegrate after discard under the influence of

the environment chemically transformed to carboxylic acids alcohols

aldehydes and hydroxy acids normally found in nature Third stage the bulk of the polymer should be converted into

biomass CO and water by environmental microflora thus completing the biological cycle

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER

Four main types of polymer are currently accepted as being environmentally degradable

photolytic polymers peroxidisable polymers photo-biodegradable polymers hydro-biodegradable polymers

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

photolytic polymers The first degradable carbon-chain polymer was synthesised

by Brubaker of the Dupont Company as early as 1950 A copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (E-CO)

which has since been extensively studied by photochemists notably by J E Guillet and his co-workers at Toronto University

E-CO polymers fragment very rapid in UV light primarily by the Norrish type ii process and the rate

increases with the concentration of carbonyl groups E-CO polymers are used in packaging where a very rapid

rate of fragmentation is required but rapid mineralisation is not important

example in lsquosix-packrsquo collars which have been reported to entangle animals and birds when carelessly discarded in the countryside or in the sea

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

peroxidisable polymers Unsaturated carbon-chain polymers are very susceptible to

peroxidation and hence biodegradation In unstabilised form it photooxidises and thermooxidises

rather too rapidly to be very useful commercially Transition metal prooxidants cause problems during both

the manufacture and use of plastics products the polyethers are also very peroxidisable abiotically

abiotic peroxidation may also play a part in the overall process

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Peroxidation is a free radical chain reaction shown in summary in reactions 31 and 32

Peroxidation radical-chain reaction

PH + POO P + POOH31

P + 0₂ POO32

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Photo-biodegradable

Polymer

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Definition

Photo-biodegradationDegradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light and assisted by the presence of UV sensitisers In this process the polymer is converted to low molecular weight material (waxes) and in a second step converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Photo-biodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic

polymers Incorporated light-sensitive chemical additive or copolymer

for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Photodegradable plastics are design to become weak brittle when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods

Photosensitisers used include diketones ferrocene derivatives (aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species

These plastics degrade in a two-stage process with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that can further degrade from physical stress such as wave action or scarification on rocks

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

bull man-made macromolecule that is made of thousands of repeating units

synthetic polymer

bull type of plastic that changes properties when heated and cooled

bull become soft when heat is applied and have a smooth hard finish when cooled

Thermoplastic polymer

bullDesign in order to control their degradability when exposed to sunlightbullhelping reduce litter and environmental damage

Photodegradable plastic

bull something effected by lightPhotosensitisers

Terms

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLYBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

The use of plastics mulch results in 50 saving of irrigation water and as much as 30 saving in nitrogenous fertilisers even in temperate climates

These saving may be appreciably higher in arid climates and in some desert regions agriculture can now be carried out successfully on land which was previously barren

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Biodegradable Mulch Film

Biodegradable Mulch Film is specifically designed in order to prevent heat from reaching the plants roots thus keeping it cool for faster growth

With these films moisture soil temperature and microorganism carries out the decomposition into water carbon dioxide and biomass thus generating no toxic residues

Features

Environment friendly Eliminate weeds Biodegradable and

compostable Keep residue in soil Reflect light heat from

penetrating the soil thus keeping roots cool

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Degradable Mulching Films Photo-biodegradation is timed to

match the growth of the plants to the level of the plastic film above them

This procedure not only avoids the cost of transplanting but also eliminates the shock of transplantation and leads to earlier maturity

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

Economics of Degradable Mulching Films

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References

References

1 L Aveacuterous and E Pollet (eds) Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites Green Energy and Technology DOI 101007978-1-4471-4108-2_2 Springer-Verlag London 2012

2 Gerald Scott Polymers and the Environment 2006 X001-X002 DOI1010399781847551726-FX001

3 Rouilly A Rigal L (2002) Agro-materials a bibliographic review J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev C42(4)441ndash479

• KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM SEKITAR
• Content
• History
• Definition of Biodegradation
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Classification biodegradable
• Slide 7
• Agro-Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Slide 11
• Biopolyester
• Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates
• Polylactides
• Slide 15
• Polycaprolactone
• Slide 17
• Aliphatic Copolyesters
• Mechanism of Biodegradable Polymer
• Mechanism
• BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• MAIN TYPE OF POLYMER
• photolytic polymers
• peroxidisable polymers
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Photo-biodegradable Polymer
• Definition
• Photo-biodegradable plastics
• Slide 32
• AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BIODEGRADABLE POLY
• Biodegradable Mulch Film
• Degradable Mulching Films
• Economics of Degradable Mulching Films
• Slide 37
• References