biocontrol of brazilian peppertree- thrips and … of brazilian peppertree- thrips and psyllids on...
TRANSCRIPT
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BioControl of Brazilian Peppertree- Thrips and Psyllids on the Horizon
J. P. Cuda1, W.A. Overholt2, R. Diaz2 V. Manrique2, P. Prade1, and J.C. Medal1
1Entomology & Nematology Dept., Gainesville, FL 32611-0620
2UF/IFAS Indian River REC, Ft. Pierce, FL
Central Florida Invasive Species Workshop Lakeland, FL, 24 May 2016
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Acknowledgements • Kenia Duran-Aguirre • Judy Gillmore • Kenyatta Nichols • Marcelo Vitorino • J.H. Pedrosa-Macedo • Dean Williams --------- • Florida Department of
Environmental Protection • South Florida Water
Management District • Florida Industrial &
Phosphate Research Institute
(Photo credit: Bryan Harry, NPS)
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TD
Outline • Historical Perspective • Rationale for the Project • Progress to Date
– Thrips – Psyllids
• Questions & Comments
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TD
Outline • Historical Perspective • Rationale for the Project • Progress to Date
– Thrips – Psyllids
• Questions & Comments
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Brazilian Peppertree Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi
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Distribution of BP • ORIGIN- Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay
• US DISTRIBUTION- - California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii Texas, Alabama, Caribbean Islands • DESCRIPTION- - Evergreen Shrub - Compound Leaves - Red Berries - Several ‘Varieties’ - Dioecious Mukherjee et al. (2011)
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History of BP in Florida • Date of First Introduction Uncertain
– As Early as 1884, More Likely ca. 1900 • Popularized as Ornamental by George
Stone, Punta Gorda, ca. 1926 • Recognized as Invasive Weed
– During 1950s - 1960s • Currently Estimated to Occupy > 700,000
acres
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Late 1970s
Del Delfosse
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Early 1980s
• First Domestic Survey of Arthropods on BP
John Cassani
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Late 1980s
Fred Bennett
Dale Habeck
• Extensive Faunal Surveys Conducted in Brazil by UF/IFAS • Collaboration with Local Scientists Established Bennett et al. (1990)
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Mid 1990s • Importation & Host Specificity of Testing Natural Enemies Initiated
• Sawfly & Thrips
Julio Medal
Heteroperreyia hubrichi Malaise (Hymenoptera: Pergidae) Medal et al. (1999)
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TD
Outline • Historical Perspective • Rationale for the Project • Progress to Date
– Thrips – Psyllids
• Questions & Comments
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– “Nowhere in Brazil is [BP] invasive like it is in Florida . . .”
– “[BP] does not form pure dense stands in its native habitat . . . In most areas you really have to look for it . . .”
BP Not Invasive in Brazil
Campbell et al. 1980. Brazil Expedition: Search for BioControl Agent(s). Interim Rpt., July. First Fund for Animals, Sanibel, FL.
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Aroeira = Brazilian Peppertree • Popular Ornamental in Brazil
- Street Names - Neighborhoods
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Southeastern Brazil
Growth Habit of BP
Everglades National Park
Don Schmitz, FWC
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BP Supports Other Invasive Species
Diaprepes Weevil http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/citrus/S_R_B_W_TW4.htm
Simpson et al. (1996), McCoy et al. (2003)
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Williams et al. (2005,2007)
West Coast (A)
East Coast (B)
Hybrids (A & B)
Punta Gorda
Miami
Why is BP Invasive in Florida? • Multiple Genotypes in South America
Rio de Janiero
Blumenau
Sao Paulo
Salvador
Collection site
Major citySource population
Brazil
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Geiger et al. (2011)
Why is BP Invasive in FL? • Hybrid Vigor
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Why is BP Invasive in Florida? • Enemy Release Hypothesis (Williams 1954)
(or Escape from Natural Enemies)
– Native Specialist Enemies Strongly Control the Abundance and/or Distribution of Native Plants
– Escape from Specialist Enemies Key
Contributor to Exotic Plant Success
– Enemy Escape Benefits Exotics
• Gain Competitive Advantage Over Native Plants That Have Natural Enemies
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BP Targeted for BioControl • Non-native Invasive Species • Causes Severe Ecological Damage • Toxic and Allergenic (Poison Ivy
Family, Anacardiaceae) • Low Beneficial Value (Beekeepers?) • Conventional Controls Temporary,
Costly • No Native Schinus spp. in US !!!
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TD
Outline • Historical Perspective • Rationale for the Project • Progress to Date
– Thrips – Psyllids
• Questions & Comments
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1. Thrips - Damages Shoots
2. Sawfly - Defoliator 3. Seed Wasp - Attacks Fruits 4. Weevil
- Stem Feeder 5. Psyllid - Galls Leaves 6. Leafroller
- Defoliator 7. Fungus
- Leaf Spot
BP Natural Enemies
3
1
(Fortuitous)
6 2
7 4
5
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1. Thrips - Damages Shoots
2. Sawfly - Defoliator 3. Seed Wasp - Attacks Fruits 4. Weevil
- Stem Feeder 5. Psyllid - Galls Leaves 6. Leafroller
- Defoliator 7. Fungus
- Leaf Spot
BP Natural Enemies
3
1
(Fortuitous)
6 2
7 4
5
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(Habeck et al. 1989, Wheeler et al. 2001)
Late 1980s • Discovery of Adventive Torymid Seed Wasp
Megastigmus transvaalensis
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TD
Outline • Historical Perspective • Rationale for the Project • Progress to Date
– Thrips – Psyllids
• Questions & Comments
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1. Thrips - Damages Shoots
2. Sawfly - Defoliator 3. Seed Wasp - Attacks Fruits 4. Weevil
- Stem Feeder 5. Psyllid - Galls Leaves 6. Leafroller
- Defoliator 7. Fungus
- Leaf Spot
BP Natural Enemies
3
1
(Fortuitous)
6 2
7 4
5
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Pseudophilothrips ichini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)
• Adults- Black, Winged • Females Live ca. 50
days & Deposit 220 Eggs
• Oviposit on New BP Growth
• Four Generations in Brazil
(Garcia 1977)
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Pseudophilothrips ichini s.l. (Hood) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)
• Larvae- Red or Orange; Feed on Tender Growth
• Damage / Kill New Shoots & Young Plants
• Host Specific? – Only Collected only on
Brazilian Peppertree in South America (Garcia 1977)
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Pseudophilothrips ichini (Hood) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)
• 1997- TAG Recommended No Release - Insufficient Data (Biology, Oviposition) • 2002- New TAG Petition Submitted • 2004- TAG Recommended No Release - Requested Field Efficacy Data & Testing of Caribbean Anacardiaceae • 2006- New TAG Petition Submitted • 2007- TAG Recommended Release
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BP Thrips Field Impact Study Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
0
10
20
30
40
50
MAIN STEM FIRST BRANCH
STEM
LEN
GTH
(cm
)
CONTROLP. ichini
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2002 2003
YEAR
BIO
MA
SS (g
m/p
lant
)ControlP. ichini
Damaged
• Growth Reduction - Stem Length, 40% - Biomass, 46%
Control
90 cm
* *
*
*
Furmann et al. 2005
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Figure 2. Performance of P. ichini s.l. on Caribbean and other native plants in supplemental no-choice oviposition tests conducted in Florida, June 2003-November 2005.
No-Choice Oviposition Tests
Schinus terebinthifolia
Cuda et al. (2009)
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P. ichini Haplotypes
Hap 5- Curitiba, Brazil
Hap 2 or 3- Ouro Preto, Brazil
Manrique et al. (2008)
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Distribution of P. ichini “Haplotypes”
Brazil
Salvador
Ouro Preto / Vicosa
Rio de Janeiro Curitiba
Florianopolis
Manrique et al. (2008), Mound et al. (2010)
P. gandolfoi P. ichini
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‘Fine Scale’ Adaptation to BP
d 0
102030405060708090
S. molleBP-BZ DBP-BZ ABP-FL ABP-FL BBP-FL HBBP-FL HA
P. ichini P. gandolfoi
Surv
ival
to A
dult
(%)
0
5
10
15
20
25S. molleBP-BZ DBP-BZ ABP-FL ABP-FL BBP-FL HBBP-FL HA
Dev
elop
men
t Tim
e (d
) b a a
b
a
a a
c b
d
b a a
Manrique et al. (2008), Cuda et al. (2012)
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TD
Outline • Historical Perspective • Rationale for the Project • Progress to Date
– Thrips – Psyllids
• Questions & Comments
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1. Thrips - Damages Shoots
2. Sawfly - Defoliator 3. Seed Wasp - Attacks Fruits 4. Weevil
- Stem Feeder 5. Psyllid - Galls Leaves 6. Leafroller
- Defoliator 7. Fungus
- Leaf Spot
BP Natural Enemies
3
1
(Fortuitous)
6 2
7 4
5
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Peruvian Peppertree Model • Calophya schini Discovered in CA, 1980s • Attacked Ornamental Schinus molle L.
– Spread from San Diego to San Francisco – Caused Severe & Widespread Damage – Did NOT Attack Brazilian Peppertree
Downer et al. (1988)
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Intimate Relationship with the Host => Highly Host Specificity
• Plant responds to insect feeding by inducing galls
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Photo Credit: R. Diaz
• Conducted near Salvador, Bahia; Ubu, Espirito Santo; Itajai, Santa Catarina
- August 2012 - March 2014
Surveys in Brazil
Bahia
Espirito Santo
Santa Catarina
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Calophya terebinthifolii
(Hemiptera: Calophyidae) • Native to Brazil,
Paraguay & Argentina
• Adults – Black & Yellow
• Nymphs – Form Circular
Pit Galls • Dorsal Surface
Sclerotized Photo Credit: L. Christ
Mc Kay et al. (2009); Christ et al. (2013)
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Calophya latiforceps
(Hemiptera: Calophyidae) • Native to Brazil,
Adults – Green & Yellow
• Nymphs – Form Circular
Pit Galls • Dorsal Surface
Sclerotized
• Discovered in 2010
Burckhardt et al. (2011)
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Psyllid Rearing Cages
Cages used for experiments in quarantine, Indian River REC, Ft. Pierce, FL, Photo Credit: R. Diaz
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Development & Fecundity Comparison
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Oviposition and Survival C. latiforceps
• Test plants included 90 species in 48 families • Gall initiation and complete development only on Brazilian peppertree!!
Schinus terebinthifolia Haplotypes A, B, & Hybrid
Diaz et al. (2014)
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Adult Survival on Non-target Plants C. terebinthifolii
Times (Days)
Adu
lt S
urvi
val
Cotton w/ water
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Impact on Plant Height C. latiforceps
Plants after 4 months of exposure, without (L) & with (R) psyllid galls, Photo Credit: R. Diaz.
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Summary • Thrips and Psyllid Natural Enemies Host
Specific & Impact BP Growth • Host Range Testing/ Impact Studies of
Calophya terebinthifolii in progress • Status of Release Petitions:
– Thrips- Submitted Jointly to TAG by USDA & UF, August 2014; Under Review
– Psyllid- Petition for Release of Calophya latiforceps Submitted to TAG, April 2015;
– TAG Recommended Field Release of Calophya latiforceps, April 2016; Undergoing Biological & Environmental Assessments by APHIS PPQ
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Brazilian Peppertree Management Plan
http://www.fleppc.org/Manage_Plans/schinus.pdf
• 1997 Management Plan Revised – April 2006
• 2nd Edition Available – In Print and On-Line:
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Thanx !!
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TD
Outline • Historical Perspective • Rationale for the Project • Progress to Date
– Thrips – Psyllids
• Questions & Comments