biochemical cells tissues epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous organs examples include stomach,...
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• Biochemical • Cells• Tissues• Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
• Organs• Examples include stomach, liver, heart
• Organ Systems• Their purpose is to maintain homeostasis
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• Epithelial• Covering or lining
• Connective• Joins, stores and supports
• Muscle• Internal and external movement
• Nerve• Conducts electrical signals
Blood
Muscle
Nerve
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Skeletal MuscularCirculatory Immune (Lymphatic)Respiratory DigestiveExcretory ReproductiveNervous EndocrineIntegumentary
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• Functions:• Framework and support• Protection• Storage
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Sternum
Skull
Clavicle
Ribs
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals Metacarpals
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Phalanges
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• Functions• Movement• Warmth• Posture
• Muscle Properties• Ability to contract• Ability to be stretched • Ability to respond to a stimulus
• Muscle Types• Skeletal• Smooth• Cardiac
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DeltoidPectoralis major Biceps brachi
Gluteus maximus
Rectus femoris
Gastrocnemius
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Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
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Myosin
Actin
Sarcomere
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• Transports nutrients, gases, wastes, water, and hormones and also distributes heat
• Structures of circulatory system • Heart• Vessels• Blood
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Anterior view
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Mitral Valve
Left Ventricle
Superior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
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Lymphatic system purpose:•Collects loose blood and returns it to circulatory system•Filters out pathogens from blood• Nonspecific defense responses• Skin and mucous membranes• Inflammatory response• Temperature• White blood cells
• Specific immune responses• To bacteria and viruses
Lymphatic system parts:•Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen
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• Respiration is gas exchange between an organism and the environment
• Respiratory structures include: the nose, pharynx, larynx, lungs (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli)
• Mechanics of Breathing• Negative pressure
• Respiratory Diseases
Exhalation
Inhalation
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Nasal Passage
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Larynx
Bronchioles
Alveoli
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• Purpose: breakdown of nutrients to a level that can be absorbed and used by cells of the body.
• Structures• gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine)• Accessory (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall
bladder, pancreas)
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Villi
Mouth
Liver
Pharynx
StomachLarge Intestine
Small Intestine
Esophagus
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• Excretion is the removal of metabolic wastes from the body, including toxic chemicals, excess water, and salts.
• Excretory Organs• Skin• Kidneys
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Nephron
Kidney
Ureter
UrinaryBladder
Urethra
Kidney
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• Purpose: produce and carry offspring• Produces gametes (eggs and sperm)• Fertilization – produce zygote
• Male Reproductive System• Testes• Epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, seminal
vesicle, prostate gland, Cowper’s gland
• Female Reproductive System• Ovary• Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
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Urinary bladder
Vas deferens
Prostate gland
Urethra
Penis
Seminal vesicle
Epididymus
Testis
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Sagittal View
Anterior View
Fallopian tube
Ovary
Uterus
Vagina
Uterus
Vagina
Fallopian tube
Urinary bladder
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• Purpose: produce hormones, which are chemical messengers of the body that travel in the blood steram
• Parts:• Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid,
thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, testes
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Hypothalamus andPituitary gland
Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thymus
Adrenal gland Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
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• Purpose: Communicates specifically between two parts of the body• Does so by transmitting electrical signals via neurons
• Nervous System is in two parts• Central Nervous System (brain, spinal cord)• Peripheral Nervous System (nerves)
• Somatic nervous functions require thought or reflexes• Autonomic nervous functions are involuntary/automatic
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Dendrite
Axon terminals
Cell body
Axon
Myelin sheath
Node of Ranvier
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Cerebrum
Corpus callosum
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
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• Purpose: excretion, temperature control, general defense, sensing
• Consists of the skin, hair, and nails• Skin• Epidermis• Dermis
• Subcutaneous tissue• Hair and nails
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• Homeostasis is the process where the body keeps internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external conditions
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• A controlled, stable internal environment • Gains and losses must balance• Control systems• Receptor, control center, effector• Feedback loops• Negative feedback (a.k.a. feedback inhibition)• Positive feedback
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• Feedback inhibition (negative feedback) – a process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus.
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• The cellular environment responds to feedback from its own activities by switching on and off as needed.
• The part of the brain that works like a thermostat to regulate and maintain many functions of homeostasis is the hypothalamus .
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• The hypothalamus does this by sending chemical messages that either speed up or slow down cellular activity.
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Example of positive feedback is lactation.
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• Blood sugar• Calcium• Temperature• Blood pressure• Oxygen• Water balance
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• Create a visual product explaining the process of stimulus and response• Focus on homeostasis and feedback inhibition and
positive feedback
• Also, design an experiment that examines if feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis
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• Purpose: to determine if a stimulus increase adrenaline in the blood
• Independent variable: pre-rated scary scenes• Dependent variable: adrenaline levels in the
blood• Study group: 100 x 16 year-olds (50 male, 50
female)• Hypothesis: