Biobased Technologies

Janie Fouke

May 1, 1998

Employment in Bioengineering

Pharmaceutical IndustryMedical Device IndustryBiotechnology Industry

Biotechnology Industry Trends

Employment of 140,000 people: up 19% (1996 to 1997)

Sales of $13 B: up 20% (1996-1997)University royalties: 80% of $242M earned in 1996 in

biological/medical sciencesCompanies rank in top five for R&D expenditures per

employee (1995)Sources (Bio Report, June 1998; Business Week 1995

R&D Scoreboard)

Medical Technology Market

World wide market for medical devices and diagnostic products: $120 B (USD)

Single largest market: U S $58 B

Product segments

Commodity disposablesTechnology-intensive therapeutic devices Imaging equipment

Import/Export for United States

Manufacturing balance of trade not generally positive

Medical device sector +$ 7.1 BRapid growth rate

1989: $ 5.5 B 1997: $13.7 B

Employment Picture (US)

Medical device manufacturers registered with Food and Drug Administration: 7,000

Average # employees: ~ 40 peopleSalaries: >>>$$$

Social Impact of Permanent and Interventional Devices

Pacemakers/DefibrillatorsHeart valvesVascular graftsIntraocular lensesHip prosthesesNeurological stimulators

Impact of Monitoring and Diagnostic Industries

Exploratory surgery does not exist any more!

Threshold of the future

Yesterday, we leveraged existing technologies to create innovations

Tomorrow’s medical advances will incorporate breakthroughs from cellular and molecular biology

Implantable technology of the future

BiocompatibleBiointeractiveBiological mimicryEngineering structures/processes that

promote regrowth

Short term vision

Tissue engineered heart valvesIndividually grown new blood vesselsRegrowth of peripheral and spinal nerves

Explosion of Data from Biological Systems

e.g., Information Content in Genomics of Organisms, in Molecular Dynamics of Proteins, in Population Dynamics

Driving New Approaches to Data Analysis and Integration of Data

Biological Information

Three Types of Biological Information• 1-D Info. of chromosomes and genes• 3-D info. of protein molecular machines• 4-D info. (space+time) on complex biological

systems and networks

New Approaches to Human Disease Classification

Genomics/proteomicsPredicting an individual’s

susceptibility/resistance to disease/environmental agents

Designing therapeutics/health policiesCommon basis of biological systems

Arabidopsis human yeast Drosophila mouse

One-D Analysis needs Informatic Tools

Large Scale DNA SequencingGenome-wide GenotypingDNA arrays

Global Analysis needs Nano-technology

Mass SpectroscopySeparation TechniquesHigh Speed, Multi-parameter Cell Sorting

Miniaturization Parallelization

Global Analysis needs Computational Biology

The Protein-folding Problem: How does the amino acid sequence direct its folding in three dimensions?

The Protein Structure-Function Problem: How does the shape of a protein permit its function?

Global Tools Required to Decipher the Systems and their Networks

What are the components and their interconnections for various biological systems?

How is the information for these units regulated?

How to break up into subsystems whose properties reflect those of the entire system?

Challenge: Integration

Integration of the following to address the problem

MODERN BIOENGINEERING

Biology

Engineering

Mathematics

Computer ScienceChemistry

Orchid Biocomputer

By leveraging the same technologies used to design computer chips, Orchid is designing microchemical platform technologies capable of performing high-throughput chemical synthesis, biochemical assays, and DNA analysis for applications in drug discovery and diagnostics. Analogues/variants are available in hours or days.

Orchid’s Latest Want Ad

Molecular BiologyBiochemistryChemistryMicrofluidicsMicrofabrication

InstrumentationElectrical

EngineeringMechanical

EngineeringPhysics

Affymetrix

DNA chips . . . A scanning technologyUsing a large segment of human DNA as a

reference, investigators rapidly compared a sequence of 3400-base pairs with that of another primate

Faster than generating the DNA de novo

Food Safety: DNA probes

SalmonellaListseriaE. coli 0157:H7Mycotoxins

Biosensors

Highly specific actions of biological molecules can be exploited

Enzymes, antibodies, microbial cells can be immobilized on solid surfaces

The reactions they mediate can be detected by a variety of physical and chemical means

Bioelectronics

Use biological molecule in IC or in optical processor

Build devices on molecular level: high densities of data storage/nano-sized computers

Irradiate naturally occurring protein with visible light: it absorbs light. Since it exists in two states, it can be used in molecular electronics/switches, and the lithographic fabrication of nanometer-scale patterns.

Phytase

Pigs and chickens lack the enzyme to digest a certain sugar alcohol so they excrete phosphates.

The gene for the enzyme (created from a genetically modified microbial source) has been inserted into tobacco seed which is then fed to the animals.

Salt-tolerance gene

Gene for salt tolerance has been successfully introduced into tomato, tobacco, and Arabidopsis

Does seawater irrigation become a possibility?

U. S. Patent and Trademark Office

Number of requests to patent nucleic acid sequences: 1991 4,000

1996 500,000

More Wild Stuff

Medical prescriptions personalized to genotype

Neutriceutical foodsVaccines delivered through raw potatoesCosmetic companies merging with

pharmaceutical companies (biologically active cosmeceuticals)

World Economy

Biotech, chemical, pharmaceutical, and agribusiness: all invest in molecular technologies

Merger mania!

Life Sciences Industry

Chemicals

Agri-business Pharmaceuticals