Biology 4B Exam 2 (Chapters 32, 33, 34, 35, and 38) Animal Diversity to Angiosperm Reproduction

PracticeMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? 1)A) the structural carbohydrate, chitinB) cells that have mitochondriaC) heterotrophyD) nervous conduction and muscular movementE) both A and C

2) The Hox genes came to regulate each of the following in what sequence, from earliest to mostrecent?1. identity and position of paired appendages in protostome embryos2. formation of water channels in sponges3. anterior-posterior orientation of segments in protostome embryos4. positioning of tentacles in cnidarians5. anterior-posterior orientation in vertebrate embryos

2)

A) 4 1 3 2 5B) 4 2 5 3 1C) 2 4 5 3 1D) 4 2 3 1 5E) 2 4 3 1 5

3) The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a 3)A) flagellated protist.B) plant.C) unicellular chytrid.D) unicellular yeast.E) multicellular fungus.

4) Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of 4)A) mass extinction.B) adaptive radiation.C) evolutionary stasis.D) A and B onlyE) A, B, and C

5) What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest tomost recent?1. tetrapods2. vertebrates3. deuterostomes4. amniotes5. bilaterians

5)

A) 3 5 4 2 1B) 5 3 2 4 1C) 5 3 4 2 1D) 5 3 2 1 4E) 3 5 2 1 4

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6) Cephalization is primarily associated with 6)A) method of reproduction.B) bilateral symmetry.C) adaptation to dark environments.D) fate of the blastopore.E) type of digestive system.

7) What is characteristic of all ecdysozoans? 7)A) a pseudocoelomB) the deuterostome conditionC) the diploblastic conditionD) some kind of exoskeleton, or hard outer coveringE) agile, speedy, and powerful locomotion

The following questions refer to Figure 32.2A (morphological) and Figure 32.2B (molecular) phylogenetic trees of the animal kingdom.

Figure 32.2A: Morphological Phylogeny

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Figure 32.2B: Molecular Phylogeny

8) According to both phylogenies depicted in Fig. 32.2, if one were to create a taxon called "Radiata"that included all animal species whose members have true radial symmetry, then such a taxonwould be

8)

A) paraphyletic.B) monophyletic.C) polyphyletic.D) a clade.E) both C and D

9) In the traditional phylogeny (Fig. 32.2A), the sponges are considered to be a clade, whereas in themolecular phylogeny (Fig. 32.2B), sponges

9)

A) are polyphyletic.B) called the Calcarea should actually be included among the eumetazoa.C) do not all have a common ancestor that is unique only to them.D) called the Calcarea diverged from the lineage that eventually produced the eumetazoa earlier

than did the Silicea.E) called the Silicea are the sole organisms that should be properly called "sponges."

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10) If the traditional phylogeny (Fig. 32.2A) eventually becomes obsolete, the formerly closerelationship depicted between the annelids and arthropods will probably be viewed, in retrospect,as an instance of

10)

A) an evolutionary relationship that modern scientists had "set in stone," now having crumbled.B) lack of objectivity on the parts of arrogant or egotistical scientists.C) scientists having mistakenly identified analogous features as homologous features.D) scientific fraud.E) the inherent invalidity of all evolutionary biology.

11) What is true of the deuterostomes in the molecular phylogeny (Fig. 32.2B) that is NOT true in thetraditional phylogeny (Fig. 32.2A)?

11)

A) It is actually a grade, rather than a clade.B) "Deuterostomia" is a clade.C) Deuterostomia now includes the Acoela.D) to maintain Deuterostomia as a clade, some phyla had to be removed from it.E) It diverged from the rest of the Bilateria earlier than did the Acoela.

12) In the traditional phylogeny (Fig. 32.2A), the phylum Platyhelminthes is depicted as a sister taxonto the rest of the protostome phyla, and as having diverged earlier from the lineage that led to therest of the protostomes. In the molecular phylogeny (Fig. 32.2B), Platyhelminthes is depicted as alophotrochozoan phylum. What probably led to this change?

12)

A) Platyhelminthes' close genetic ties to the arthropods became clear as their Hox gene sequenceswere studied.

B) Platyhelminthes ceased to be recognized as true protostomes.C) The removal of the acoel flatworms (Acoela) from the Platyhelminthes allowed the remaining

flatworms to be clearly tied to the lophotrochozoa.D) All Platyhelminthes must have a well-developed lophophore as their feeding apparatus.

13) What is true of the clade Ecdysozoa? 13)A) It includes all animals that undergo metamorphosis at some time during their lives.B) It includes all animals that have body cavities known as pseudocoeloms.C) It includes all animals with genetic similarities that are shared with no other animals.D) It includes all animals in the former clade "Protostomia" that truly do have protostome

development.E) It includes all animals that molt at some time during their lives.

14) Phylogenetic trees, such as those in Fig. 32.2, are best understood as being scientific 14)A) theories.B) dogmas.C) laws.D) hypotheses.E) principles.

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Figure 32.1Figure 32.1 shows a chart of the animal kingdom set up as a modified phylogenetic tree. Use the diagram to answer the followingquestions.

15) Which group consists of deuterostomes? 15)A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

16) Which group includes both ecdysozoans and lophotrochozoans? 16)A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

17) Which two groups are most clearly represented in the Ediacaran fauna? 17)A) I and II B) I and III C) II and IV D) IV and V E) II and V

18) Which of these is the basal group of the Eumetazoa? 18)A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

19) Which two groups have members that undergo ecdysis? 19)A) III and IV B) IV and V C) I and II D) III and V E) II and III

20) Which cells in a sponge are primarily responsible for trapping and removing food particles fromcirculating water?

20)

A) pore cells (porocytes) B) mesoglea cellsC) epidermal cells D) choanocytes

21) A radially symmetrical animal that has two embryonic tissue layers probably belongs to whichphylum?

21)

A) PoriferaB) CnidariaC) EchinodermataD) NematodaE) Platyhelminthes

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22) Which class of the phylum Cnidaria includes "jellies" with rounded (as opposed to boxlike)medusae?

22)

A) CubozoaB) AnthozoaC) ScyphozoaD) HydrozoaE) Both A and C are referred to as "jellies."

23) The larvae of many common tapeworm species that infect humans are usually found 23)A) crawling in the intestines of cows and pigs.B) encysted in the human brain.C) encysted in freshwater snails.D) encysted in the muscles of an animal, such as a cow or pig.E) crawling in the abdominal blood vessels of cows and pigs.

24) If a lung were to be found in a mollusc, where would it be located? 24)A) visceral massB) coelomC) excurrent siphonD) footE) mantle cavity

25) A terrestrial mollusc without a shell belongs to which class? 25)A) bivalves B) cephalopods C) gastropods D) chitons

26) Of the annelid classes below, which make castings that are agriculturally important? 26)A) PolychaetaB) OligochaetaC) Hirudinea (leeches)D) all three of theseE) two of these

27) The heartworms that can accumulate within the hearts of dogs and other mammals have apseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. To whichphylum does the heartworm belong?

27)

A) PlatyhelminthesB) AcoelaC) ArthropodaD) NematodaE) Annelida

28) While working in your garden, you discover a worm-like, segmented animal with two pairs ofjointed legs per segment. The animal is probably a

28)

A) caterpillar.B) polychaete worm.C) millipede.D) sow bug.E) centipede.

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29) Which of the following have distinct central disks and long, flexible arms? 29)A) class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)B) class Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)C) class Asteroidea (sea stars)D) class Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)E) class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

The following questions refer to the paragraph below.

A farm pond, usually dry during winter, has plenty of water and aquatic pond life during the summer. One summer, Sarahreturns to the family farm from college. Observing the pond, she is fascinated by some six-legged organisms that can crawlabout on submerged surfaces or, when disturbed, seemingly "jet" through the water. Watching further, she is able to concludethat the "mystery organisms" are ambush predators, and their prey includes everything from insects to small fish andtadpoles.

30) Sarah observed that the mystery pond organisms never come up to the pond's surface. If shecatches one of these organisms and observes closely, perhaps dissecting the organism, she shouldfind1. gills.2. spiracles.3. tracheae.

30)

A) 2 and 3 B) 1 only C) 1, 2, and 3 D) 3 only E) 1 and 3

31) Protostomes that have a closed circulatory system and obvious segmentation are part of whichphylum?

31)

A) AnnelidaB) EchinodermataC) ArthropodaD) MolluscaE) Cnidaria

The following questions refer to the paragraph below.

An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a salt-water aquarium. Knowing thatsalt-water aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher proceeded stepwise. First, the teacher conditioned the water. Next, theteacher decided to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a polychaete, a siliceous sponge, severalbivalves, a shrimp, several sea anemones of different types, a colonial hydra, a few coral species, an ectoproct, a sea star, andseveral gastropod varieties. Lastly, some vertebrates–a parrotfish and a clownfish–were added. She arranged for dailyfeedings of copepods and feeder fish.

32) Had the teacher wanted to point out organisms that belong to the most successful animal phylum,the teacher should have chosen the1. bivalves.2. sea anemones.3. shrimp.4. polychaete.5. copepods.

32)

A) 4 only B) 3 and 5 C) 1 only D) 4 and 5 E) 1, 2, and 3

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33) Which of the following is a shared characteristic of all chordates? 33)A) dorsal, hollow nerve cordB) scalesC) jawsD) vertebraeE) four-chambered heart

34) A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has thefollowing characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and asuspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of thefollowing characteristics?

34)

A) endothermy B) legs C) no jaws D) an amniotic egg

35) In which of these extant classes did jaws occur earliest? 35)A) ray-finned fishesB) lungfishesC) placodermsD) lampreysE) chondrichthyans

36) To which of these are the scales of chondrichthyans most closely related in a structural sense? 36)A) osteichthyan scalesB) mammalian scalesC) chondrichthyan teethD) reptilian scalesE) bird scales

The following questions refer to the description below.

While on an intersession course in tropical ecology, Kris pulls a large, snakelike organism from a burrow (the class wasgranted a collecting permit). The 1-m-long organism has smooth skin, which appears to be segmented. It has two tiny eyesthat are hard to see because they seem to be covered by skin. Kris brings it back to the lab at the field station, where it is asource of puzzlement to the class. Kris says that it is a giant oligochaete worm; Shaun suggests it is a legless amphibian; Kellyproposes it belongs to a snake species that is purely fossorial (lives in a burrow).

37) Which characteristic should permit the class to conclude that it is probably not a snake? 37)A) its presence in a burrowB) the absence of scales on its surfaceC) its lengthD) the number of eyesE) the size and condition of its eyes

38) The class decided to humanely euthanize the organism and subsequently dissect it. Having decidedthat it was probably not a reptile, two of their original hypotheses regarding its identity remained.Which of the following, if observed, should help them arrive at a conclusive answer?

38)

A) presence of a closed circulatory systemB) presence of a nerve chordC) presence of lungsD) presence of a digestive system with two openingsE) presence of moist, highly vascularized skin

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39) The organism was found to have two lungs, but the left lung was much smaller than the right lung.Kelly added that the herpetology instructor had said that in most snakes, the same condition exists.If the size difference between the lungs in this organism is not a shared ancestral characteristic withits occurrence in snakes, then its existence in this organism is explained as a(n)1. result of convergent evolution.2. example of homologous structures.3. similar adaptation to a shared lifestyle or body-plan.4. result of having identical Hox genes.5. homoplasy.

39)

A) 1 and 5 B) 1, 3, and 5 C) 3, 4, and 5 D) 2, 3, and 5 E) 3 only

40) The adaptation of snakes to their body shape has resulted in one of their lungs having becomevestigial. Another adaptation (to a fossorial lifestyle) is snakes' absence of limbs. If the "mysteryorganism" has also become adapted to a fossorial lifestyle, though its ancestors moved about on thesurface, then which structures should one expect to find upon dissecting the organism?1. reduced or absent pelvic and/or pectoral girdles2. metanephridia3. hydrostatic skeleton

40)

A) 1 and 3 B) 2 and 3 C) 1 and 2 D) 1 only E) 1, 2, and 3

41) Which of these is not considered an amniote? 41)A) nonbird reptilesB) placental mammalsC) amphibiansD) birdsE) egg-laying mammals

42) Differentiation of teeth is observed in 42)A) bony fishes.B) amphibians.C) mammals.D) reptiles.E) sharks.

43) Which of these hominin traits seems to have occurred before the others? 43)A) tool useB) languageC) symbolic thoughtD) increased brain sizeE) bipedalism

44) Which of these species was the first to craft stone tools? 44)A) H. erectusB) H. sapiensC) H. habilisD) H. ergasterE) H. heidelbergensis

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45) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship.(A) the thickness of the cell wall of sclerenchyma(B) the thickness of the cell wall of parenchyma

45)

A) Item (A) is greater than item (B).B) Item (A) is less than item (B).C) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).D) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B).

46) You are studying a plant from the arid southwestern United States. Which of the followingadaptations is least likely to have evolved in response to water shortages?

46)

A) closing the stomata during the hottest time of the dayB) a thick waxy cuticle on the epidermisC) development of large leaf surfaces to absorb waterD) mycorrhizae associated with the root systemE) formation of a fibrous root system spread over a large area

47) Vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types except 47)A) companion cells.B) cambium cells.C) sieve cells.D) vessel elements.E) tracheids.

48) Plants contain meristems whose only function is to 48)A) attract pollinators.B) produce flowers.C) divide.D) absorb ions.E) photosynthesize.

49) Gas exchange, necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf tissue? 49)A) palisade mesophyllB) bundle sheathC) vascular tissueD) spongy mesophyllE) epidermis

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The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2

50) A monocot stem is represented by 50)A) IV only.B) I only.C) II only.D) III only.E) both I and III.

51) A plant that is at least 3 years old is represented by 51)A) II only.B) IV only.C) I only.D) III only.E) both I and III.

52) A woody eudicot is represented by 52)A) I only.B) III only.C) IV only.D) II only.E) both I and III.

53) Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called 53)A) xylem cells.B) phloem cells.C) stomata.D) hairs.E) sclereids.

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54) If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exitfrom the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order,

54)

A) the summer wood, bark, and phloem.B) the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem.C) the secondary xylem, cork cambium, phloem, and periderm.D) the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium.E) the annual rings, phloem, and bark.

55) Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells? 55)A) apical meristemB) vascular cambiumC) endodermisD) xylemE) phloem

56) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship.(A) The number of cells within the embryo sac(B) The number of nuclei within the embryo sac

56)

A) Item (A) is less than item (B).B) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).C) Item (A) is greater than item (B).D) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B).

57) At the conclusion of meiosis in plants the end products are always four haploid 57)A) seeds. B) gametes. C) spores. D) sperm. E) eggs.

58) Location of the microsporangia: 58)A) petals B) sepals C) receptacle D) carpel E) stamen

59) Which of the following correctly describes a complete flower? 59)A) It has no sepals.B) It has both stamens and carpels.C) It has no endosperm.D) It has fused carpels.E) It is on a dioecious plant.

60) In which of the following pairs are the two terms equivalent? 60)A) ovule eggB) embryo sac female gametophyteC) seed zygoteD) microspore pollen grainE) endosperm male gametophyte

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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

The following questions refer to the diagram of an embryo sac of an angiosperm.

Figure 38.1

61) Which cell(s), after fertilization, give(s) rise to the embryo plant? 61)

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

62) What is the first organ to emerge from a germinating eudicot seed? 62)A) hypocotyl B) epicotyl C) radicle D) shoot E) plumule

63) Which of the following "vegetables" is botanically a fruit? 63)A) potatoB) green beansC) celeryD) lettuceE) radish

64) Fruits develop from 64)A) ovules.B) receptacles.C) ovaries.D) microsporangia.E) fertilized eggs.

65) Under which conditions would asexual plants have the greatest advantage over sexual plants? 65)A) a fire-maintained ecosystemB) an environment that varies on a regular, predictable basisC) an environment with many seed predatorsD) an environment with irregular fluctuations of conditionsE) a relatively constant environment with infrequent disturbances

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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

The following questions refer to the diagram of an embryo sac of an angiosperm.

Figure 38.1

66) Which cell(s) become(s) the triploid endosperm? 66)

67) Which cell(s) guide(s) the pollen tube to the egg cell? 67)

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