bio fuel generation

0

BioFuels forEnergy Generation

Adel Garcia, Jr. - PEESuite 7H, 20 Lansbergh Place, 170 T Morato Ave.

Quezon City, Metro ManilaTel/Fax: +63 2 374 6455

Email: [email protected]

Energy Systems IntegrationGeneration - Distribution - Utilization

AVGarcia Power Systems Corp.The Energy Resource Company

0Suite 7H, 20 Lansbergh Place, 170 T Morato Ave. Quezon City, Metro Manila, Tel: 372 9247




Suite 7H, 20 Lansbergh Place, 170 T Morato Ave. Quezon City, Metro Manila, Tel: 372 9247


Presentation Outline

The presentation shall: Introduce various BioFuels and common

forms Discuss various BioFuels technologies Applicability of BioFuels to local Industries Case summaries of a bio-fuels in Energy

Generation Projects in the Philippines





Contents

1. What is Biomass2. What is Biofuel3. History of Biomass and Biofuels4. Forms of Biofuels5. Energy Content of Biofuels6. Biofuel based technologies7. Application of Biomass fuel in the Philippines8. BioFuel in Energy Generation Projects





What is Biomass? In the energy production industry, refers to living and recently living

biological material or their metabolic byproducts which can be usedas fuel or for industrial production

Produced from plant matter, either domestically or wildly grown

It includes plant or animal matter

Includes biodegradable wastes

It excludes organic material which has been transformed bygeological processes (i.e. hydrocarbon fuels)





What is Biofuel

Any fuel with an 80% minimum content byvolume of materials derived from livingorganisms harvested within the ten yearspreceding its manufacture

Derived from biomass

Renewable energy source





A bit of History…

Solid biofuels such as wood or dried waste have beenused since man learned to control fire

Liquid biofuels for industrial applications was used sincethe early days of the car industry

Nikolaus August Otto, invented the combustion engine to run onethanol

Rudolf Diesel, invented the diesel engine using peanut oil Henry Ford, after being prevented to mass produce electric

cars, designed the Model T completely fuelled originally onethanol





A bit of History…

Before WW2, Germany sold biofuel, a blend of gasolinewith alcohol fermented from potatoes (Reichskraftsprit)as alternative to imported oil

In Britain, grain alcohol was blended with petrol by theDistillers Company Limited under the name Discol andmarketed through Esso

After WW2, cheap Middle Eastern oil lessened interestin BioFuels

The oil shocks of ‘73 and ‘79 pushed governments andacademics to pursue BioFuels

The counter-shock of 1986 again reduced oil prices andinterest





A bit of History…

BioFuels development is now the priority of mostgovernments due to:

Rising oil prices Concerns on GHG emissions (global warming) Middle East instability

USA plans to replace 75% of Middle East oil importswith BioFuels by 2025

Brazil now uses 100% ethanol fired transport systems India mandated 10% mandatory BioFuel blend for

transport system





A bit of History…

The Philippines passed the Biofuels Act of 2006,mandating:

2 years from effectivity of the law, 5% ethanol fuel must beblended on total annual gasoline volume sold

4 years from effectivity of law, National Biofuels Board willdetermine the feasibility and recommend to DoE of increasingthe blend to 10%

Within 3 months from effectivity of the law, a minimum of 1%biodiesel by volume shall be blended into all diesel fuel sales

Within two years, 2% biodiesel blend is mandated to beblended to all diesel fuel sold





Forms of Biofuels Liquids

Alcohols - biologically produced by microorganisms (?)

Biodiesel - alkyl esters produced from vegetable oils or animal fats

Biomass - Liquids produced by catalysis from synthetic gas (syngas)

Gas

Methane from anaerobic digesters

Biogas from photosynthetic algae

Synthetic gas from gasification (??)

Solids

Wood, charcoal, rice husk, coco husk, peanut shell

Switchgrass, dried animal waste





Forms of Biofuels - Alcohols

Ethanol - C2H6O Most commonly produced from sugar and corn Cellulosic ethanol - from a wide variety of plants, subject of

intense R&D today

Methanol - CH3OH Normally produced from natural gas (thus NOT a biofuel) Can NOW be produced from biomass but not yet

economically feasible

Other Forms of Alcohol (but NOT BioFuel) Propanol Butanol





Bio-Ethanol - C2H6O Renewable because the energy is derived from the sun (?) Produced from the conversion of agricultural feedstock (??) Can be produced from feedstock of:

sugar cane, bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain sorghum,switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava,sunflower, fruit, molasses, whey or skim milk, corn, stover, grain, wheat, wood,paper, straw, cotton

Cellulosic waste and harvests

Leading countries with developed bio-ethanol programs Brazil, Colombia, China and USA

Currently best sources of ethanol Sugar Switchgrass Corn





Bio-Ethanol ProductionTo Produce ethanol, sugar is required (carbohydrates)Basic Processes: microbial fermentation of sugars Distillation Dehydration (required for blending with gasoline) Denaturing (optional)Some crops require previous saccharification - hydrolysis into

carbohydratesCellulose saccharification is called cellulolysis (cellulosic ethanol).Other steps can be necessary for some crops (i.e. corn refining into

starch and liquification)





Bio-Ethanol Yield of Common Crops





Methanol - CH3OH It is the simplest alcohol Light, volatile, colorless, flammablePoisonous liquid with a distinctive odor, milder and sweeter than

ethanol (ethyl alcohol) It is used as an antifreeze, solvent, fuel and as a denaturant for

ethyl alcohol.Produced naturally in anaerobic metabolism of many varieties

of bacteria, resulting into traces of atmospheric methanol Methanol burns (oxidized by oxygen with the help of

sunlight) in air forming carbon dioxide and water:2 CH3OH + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 4 H2O

A methanol flame is almost colorless





Methanol - CH3OH

Burns with an almost invisible fire

Frequently used as a denaturant additive for industrialethanol

Often called wood alcohol because it was once producedchiefly as a byproduct of the destructive distillation ofwood.

It is now produced synthetically by a multi-step process natural gas and steam are endothermically reformed in a furnace

to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases exothermically

synthesized under pressure in the presence of a catalyst





Forms of Biofuels - Biogas

Basically composed of methane combined with carbondioxides and sulfides

Produced by anaerobic digestion of organic materials 60% - 65% methane content by industrial anaerobic digesters

and mechanical biological treatment systems

40% - 50% methane from landfill gas recovery systems

A solid byproduct from ADGs - digestate or sludge - is also abiofuel or a fertilizer

23 times more potent GHG than CO2





Forms of Biofuels - Biogas

Oils and gases can be produced from various biologicalwastes: Thermal depolymerization of waste can extract

methane and other oils similar to petroleum Nontoxic photosynthetic algae feeds on

smokestack flue gases to produce biodiesel orbiogas and a dry fuel comparable to coal

Forms of biogas Methane Biogas from photosynthetic algae





Methane - CH4

Methane's relative abundance and clean burning process makes it avery attractive fuel. Difficult to transport Converting methane to derivatives that are more easily transported, such

as methanol, is an active area of research. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas with global warming potential.

When averaged over 100 years each kg of CH4 warms the Earth 23 times asmuch as the same mass of CO2,

There is approximately 220 times as much CO2 in the Earth's atmosphereas methane. The Earth's crust contains huge amounts of methane.

Large amounts of methane are produced anaerobically bymethanogenesis

Other sources include mud volcanoes which are connected with deepgeological faults.





Methane Properties Major component of a natural gas, about 85% - 97% by volume Colorless and odorless at room temperature and pressure The smell characteristic of natural gas is an artificial safety

measure caused by the addition of an odorant, often methanethiolor ethanethiol.

Methane has a boiling point of －182.6ºC at one atmosphericpressure

It is flammable only over a narrow range of concentrations (5-15%)in air

Liquid methane does not burn unless subjected to high pressure(normally 4-5 bars)





Methane Potential Health Effects Methane is not toxic It is highly flammable and may form explosive mixtures with air in

an enclosed space Methane is violently reactive with oxidizers, halogens and some

halogen-containing compounds Methane is also an asphyxian and may displace oxygen in an

enclosed space (i.e. septic tanks) The concentrations at which flammable or explosive mixtures form

are much lower than the concentration at which asphyxiation risk issignificant

When structures are built on or near landfills, methane canpenetrate the buildings and expose occupants to significant levelsof methane





Forms of Biofuels - Solids

Most common examples Wood and Charcoal and associated derivatives

Agricultural Wastes Rice husk Coco husk and leaves Sugarcane bagasse Undergrowth shrubs and soft woods

Dried Animal Waste





Energy Contents of BioFuels





Biofuel Technologies

Liquid Biofuels Ethanol - for gasoline fired engines

Additives : 5% - 20% Concentration Pure ethanol fired - 100% concentration Engines can either modified or designed to burn ethanol

Methanol fired Direct Fuel Cells BioDiesel - for diesel fired engines

Additives : 1% - 15 % Concentration for transport 100% concentration - heavy fuel fired engines

Engines must be modified or designed to burn biodiesel Most of the HFO Fired engines have modification kits now available

Biodiesel fired Fuel Cells





Biofuel TechnologiesMethane Gas

Closed Combustion Systems Internal Combustion Engines

Open Combustion Systems Combustion Gas Turbine Systems

Simply Cycle or Combined Cycle Boiler burner systems

Chemical Process Systems Fuel Cells






Internal Combustion Gas Engine Power Plants Higher thermal efficiencies

40% for power generation systems only

Can be as high as 75% on CHP systems

1kW to 10 MW engine models

Lower investment than normal HFO Power Plants

Medium speed models can operate on base load regime, minimum of8000 hrs annually

Potential to produce CO2 byproduct from biogas scrubbers

Ideal Technology Combination with Waste Management Systems Industrial “Zero Waste” Technology Systems






Open Combustion Systems Combustion Gas Turbine Systems

Micro Turbines for sub-MW applications, both on simple orcombined cycle

Relatively lower thermal efficiencies, (15% on simply cycles to 45%on combined cycles) than ICE technologies

1 kW - 5 MW range Relatively higher investments than ICE High RPM applications (thus may mean higher maintenance cost

than ICE) May require multi-modules to guarantee base load operations Ideal Technology Combination with Waste Management Systems






Open Combustion Systems Boiler burner systems

Ideal for 1 MW to 10 MW range per module Relatively lower thermal efficiencies

15% on low MW 25 % on >10 MW ranges)


Relatively higher initial investment costs but ideal for CHPapplications with higher heat output than power

Ideal Technology Combination with Waste Management Systems





Biofuel Technologies Solid BioFuels

Rice Husk Fired Thermal Plant Ideally up to 10 MW modules Relatively lower thermal efficiencies

15% on low MW 25 % on >10 MW ranges


High silica of ash is a concern HV of 10 MJ/kg - 12 MJ/kg

Ideally 50 km radius supply range Relatively higher initial investment costs but ideal for CHP

applications with higher heat output than power

Ideal Technology Combination with Post Harvest Facilities






Coco Husk Fired Thermal Plant Ideally up to 10 MW modules

Has better fuel/ash characteristic than rice hull Relatively lower thermal efficiencies


Can be as high as 40% on CHP systems High chlorine on coco husk is a concern

HV of 12 MJ/kg - 18 MJ/kg Ideally 50 km radius supply range

Relatively higher initial investment costs but ideal for CHPapplications with higher heat output than power







Bagasse Fired Thermal Plant Ideally up to 5 MW modules Relatively lower thermal efficiencies



High moisture content of fuel HV of 9 MJ/kg - 10 MJ/kg

Limited supply Relatively higher initial investment costs but ideal for CHP

applications with higher heat output than power







Processed Solid Fuel Thermal Plant Pelletized biomass such as soft woods and other undergrowth

plants and trees

Ideally for > 10 MW modules

Relatively higher thermal efficiencies than other solid fuels Low moisture content and higher heat densities is possible

HV to approximate those for good quality coal, > 20 MJ/kg

Theoretically unlimited supply

Relatively higher initial investment costs due to the fuel processingplant

Ideal for CHP applications with higher heat output than power





Phillippine Biomass Application

Statutes Biofuels Law of 2006, RA 9367 Renewable Energy Law - still pending at

Senate Energy Committee

DoE Policy To install about 4800 MW in 10 years

250 MW from Biomass based





Most Viable Technologies

Liquid Biofuel Ethanol / Methanol Fired Gas Engines

Light transport

Coco Methyl Ester (CME) or biodieselfired engines Heavy transport for light diesel Power generation for modified HFO

engines





Most Viable Technologies

Biogas / Methane Fuel Biogas Fired Engines

10 kW - 7500 kW

Biogas Fired Industrial Boilers Up to 30 tph steam output, 8 bars, 180 ºC

Biogas Fired Thermal Plants 10 MW, 44-46 bars, 450 - 460ºC, 50 tph

Fuel Cell Technology Solid Oxide Types, up to 100 kW Direct Fuel Cell, up to 10 MW





Most Viable Technologies Solid Biomass Fuel

Rice Husk Fired Thermal Plants 1 x 10 MW - San Jose City, Nueva Ecija

1 x 10 MW - Cabatuan Isabela

1 x 2.5 MW - Talavera, Nueva Ecija

1 x 6 MW - Calapan, Mindoro Oriental

About 500 MW potential for the Philippines

Coco Husk Fired Thermal Plants 3 x 10 MW Cogen - Quezon

1 x 10 MW Cogen - Camarines Sur

About 500 MW potential for the Philippines

Bagasse Fired Thermal Plants Sugar mills





Biomass Energy Generation1 x 10 MW CHP - Quezon

Fuel Primary - Coco Husk Secondary - Coco Kayakas; Buli; Ipil-ipil HV - 13 MJ/kg - 15 MJ/kg, 25% MC Rate - 15 tph

Thermal Parameters Pressure - 40 - 45 ata Temperature - 400ºC - 430ºC Flow - 50 tph - 55 tph Plant Efficiency - 15% - 23%






Power Generation Island Generator Gross Output - 10 MW Net to Grid - 8.8 MW Station Load - 900 kW Generator Bus Voltage - 13.8 kV Grid Bus Voltage - 69 kV

Process Steam Island Mass Flow - 5 tph - 10 tph Heat Input - 2 - 4bars, 150ºC Copra Feedstock Input - 100 tpd Coco Oil Output - 60 - 65 tpd






Investment Volume EPC - US $ 24 M Soft Costs - US $ 5 M Total Investment - US $ 29 M

Project Returns Electricity - PhP 5.25 /kWH Copra - PhP 30 - 35 /kilo IRR - > 15% RoE - > 25%






Chemical Process Systems Direct Fuel Cells - Hydrogen is produced inside the cell by

reacting ADG with steam. A proprietary catalyst system createscarbonates from the CO2 of the fuel as electrolytes, creating electricityas a byproduct

ANODECATALYST

CATALYSTCATHODE

ELECTROLYTE

REFORMING4H2 + 4CO3 4H2O + 4CO2 + 8e

CH4 + 2H2O 4H2 + CO2

2O2 + 4CO2 + 8e 4CO3

Biogas FuelSteam

Air





Conventional Power Plants - 15% to 30%

Fuel Cell Power Plants - 40% to 65%

Fuel Direct Fuel Cell Electricity

Fuel Cell vs Conventional Power GenerationDirect Energy Conversion Improves Efficiency

Fuel Combustion Steam Turbine Generator Electricity

Fuel Combustion Turbine Generator Electricity





Emissions of Fuel Cell Power Plants

Average USfossil fuel plant

Combined cyclegas turbine

Microturbine DFC Fuel cell

24.89

1.2

0.6

0.04

(Pounds of emissions per 1000 kWh NOx,CO, SOx, Hydrocarbon, Particulates)

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

24.5

25.0

Source: NETL(http://www.eren.doe.gov/der/pdfs/mid_atlantic_conf_02/williams.pdf)

(18 gm)

(273 gm)

(545 gm)

(11,364 gm)





Direct FuelCell Tri-generation – Electricity/Heat/Hydrogen

kWs to electric load

Hydrogen

Heat/Cooling tobuildingsthermal load

Fuel Cell Power Plant

Commercial - Industrial Bldg

H2 – Refueling Station

• Distributed tri-generation of electricity, heatand hydrogen is attractive

• Current technology is competitive with smallscale/distributed H2 production

• Future developments have potential tomake fuel cell produced hydrogen thepreferred method of supply





Fuel Cell Power PlantsFuel Cell power plants are superior distributed generation option

Reliable, 24/7 uninterrupted base load power supply for commercial,industrial & utility customers

More efficient than competing technologies, high 60% range

Complimentary with Solar and Wind Energy Generation Systems

Clean & quiet

On-site, customer - controlled

Uses existing electric grid & fuel infrastructure & multiple fuels





Thank You….

Adel Garcia, Jr. - PEESuite 7H, 20 Lansbergh Place, 170 T Morato Ave.

Quezon City, Metro ManilaTel/Fax: +63 2 374 6455


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