bio-cryptoeconomy: smart contract blockchain-based bio-nano repair dacs
TRANSCRIPT
11th Annual Workshop on Geoethical NanotechnologyJuly 20, 2016, TerasemSlides: http://slideshare.net/LaBlogga
Melanie SwanPhilosophy & Economic Theory
New School for Social Research, [email protected]
Bio-cryptoeconomyPhilosophy of Biological Cell Repair informs
Geoethical NanotechnologyPart of a Series on Cryptophilosophy
July 20, 2016Cell Repair 2
About Melanie Swan New School, Singularity University, IEET Affiliate
Scholar, EDGE Contributor Founder DIYgenomics, Institute for Blockchain
Studies, GroupPurchase Education: MBA Finance, Wharton; BA
French/Economics, Georgetown Univ Professional: Fidelity, JP Morgan, iPass,
RHK/Ovum, Arthur Andersen Sample publications:
Source: http://melanieswan.com/publications.htm
Kido T, Kawashima M, Nishino S, Swan M, Kamatani N, Butte AJ. Systematic Evaluation of Personal Genome Services for Japanese Individuals. Nature: Journal of Human Genetics 2013, 58, 734-741.
Swan, M. The Quantified Self: Fundamental Disruption in Big Data Science and Biological Discovery. Big Data June 2013, 1(2): 85-99.
Swan, M. Sensor Mania! The Internet of Things, Wearable Computing, Objective Metrics, and the Quantified Self 2.0. J Sens Actuator Netw 2012, 1(3), 217-253. Swan, M. Health 2050: The Realization of Personalized Medicine through Crowdsourcing, the Quantified Self, and the Participatory Biocitizen. J Pers Med 2012, 2(3), 93-118.
Swan, M. Steady advance of stem cell therapies. Rejuvenation Res 2011, Dec;14(6):699-704. Swan, M. Multigenic Condition Risk Assessment in Direct-to-Consumer Genomic Services. Genet Med 2010,
May;12(5):279-88.
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Agenda Introduction Biological cell repair Philosophy of biological
cell repair Top 9 nanotechnology
cell repair advances Conclusion
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Thesis
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Understanding biological cell repair at the philosophical level might help in developing nanotechnology solutions that facilitate and
augment biological processes congruently and geoethically with nature
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Introduction Cellular repair is an age-old
function in biology Natural cells already perform
many complex acts of molecular synthesis, manipulation, repair, and replacement as part of their normal function
Philosophically, these functions reflect a systems theory perspective
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Frame: augment natural healing processes
Nanotechnology-enabled cell repair examples Apply synthetic growth factors and morphogens to
induce tissue regeneration Introduce novel genetic programs for to reverse
cellular and tissue injuries for which natural healing mechanisms do not exist
Example applications Short-term: Control and reverse ischemic and
freezing injuries (presently irreversible) Long-term: Atom-by-atom cellular and tissue repair
6Source: Wowk, B. Cell Repair Technology. 1988. http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/cellrepairmachines.html
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Geoethics Emerging field of geoethical behavior Definition: research, reflection, and implementation of
values and actions which support practices where human activities interact with the geosphere
7Source: Extended from http://www.geoethics.org/#!geoethics/c1m3f
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Temporal Asymmetries Planetary time
Geological time (Scottish geologist James Hutton, 1726-1797)
Geo-philosophies of time
Human time Life-span, generation-span Historical events (moon landing)
Nanotechnology Lifecycles Unknowable Lingering effects
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Earth 4.5 bn years old
100 years
Unknown
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Agenda Introduction Biological cell repair Philosophy of biological
cell repair Top 9 nanotechnology
cell repair advances Conclusion
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Human body cell types by Function
1. Conductive (nerve, muscle)2. Connective (bone, blood)3. Glandular (secretive)
4. Storage (adipose, liver)5. Supportive (glial)6. Specialized (stem,
rod/cone, sperm/egg)
10Source: Krafts. Tissue Repair. Organogenesis 6:4, 225-233, 2010.
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Cardiac Cell Repair process Accelerate natural healing following myocardial injury
11Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755807
Replacement Tissue transplant
Rejuvenation or restoration Activation of resident cardiac stem cells
or other stem cells via paracrine or autocrine mechanisms
Modulation of apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, or metabolism
Regeneration Progenitor or stem cell engraftment
forming differentiated myocytes Myocardial regeneration therapy
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Biologically, wound-healing is the primary form of cellular repair
Normal wound-healing (skin) cell repair
1. Hemostasis (immediate) Lock-down, blood loss, compromised barrier,
vasoconstriction, fibrin protein cross-links at top of skin; border secured, bleeding stopped
2. Inflammation (2-3 hours later) Attack any pathogens; vasodilation
3. Proliferation (2-3 days later) Load raw materials; dropped at construction
site); collagen protein in skin tissue to replace fibroblasts
4. Remodeling (days, weeks months later) Cell type differentiation (organize raw
materials); collagen rearranged & redeposited
12Source: Krafts. Tissue Repair. Organogenesis 6:4, 225-233, 2010.
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Philosophical Lens of Cell Repair Properties of biological cell repair
Highly processual Globally systemic Specialized functions Many participants (cells, factors)
Communication and coordination Sequentiality as coordination
mechanism Signaling as communication mechanism
Presuppositions, dependencies On-demand availability
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Futuristic Thinker image credit: https://in.pinterest.com/pin/32791903508619820/
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Agenda Introduction Biological cell repair Philosophy of biological
cell repair Top 9 nanotechnology
cell repair advances Conclusion
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Philosophical Lens of Cell Repair
Under the umbrella of Systems Theory…1. Complexity…2. Process Philosophy…3. Relational Ontology…4. Posthuman-Transhuman…5. Assemblage…6. Economics…7. Aesthetics…
…as a theoretical model for biological organization
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Systems Theory Interdisciplinary study of the abstract organization of
complex phenomena, independent of their substance, type, or spatial-temporal scale of
existence, investigating and describing principles common to all complex
entities or systems of behavior
16Source: http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/systheor.html
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Complexity Systems that are non-linear,
dynamic, emergent, open, unknowable at the outset, interdependent, self-organizing
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Sources: Morin, Edgar. (2007). "Restricted complexity, general complexity." Trans. C. Gershenson. In Worldviews, Science and Us: Philosophy and Complexity, ed. C. Gershenson, D. Aerts, and B. Edmonds, 5–29. World Scientific, Singapore.
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Posthuman and Transhuman perspectives
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Always-already technological: making tools out of tools Notion that superintelligent AI would take over the world
is an outdated master-slave hierarchical paradigm Mode of organization-association: affinity communities Multispecies (post)humanisms: geo-aware, animal,
human, machine, brain-computer interfacing
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Big Data: Complexity and Machine Learning
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1. Science and Biology becomes a
math problem
2. Simple Machine Learning algorithms running over large
data corpora
3. Deep-learning algorithms: real-time image & video processing, lip-reading
transcription, emotion-recognition
Sources: http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.6209, http://karpathy.github.io
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Complexity and Big Data Analytics
20Source: https://medium.com/@akelleh/if-correlation-doesnt-imply-causation-then-what-does-c74f20d26438#.mrmot5t7t
Contemporary era: Algorithmic reality, big data, machine learning analytics
Similar goals in causal analysis frameworks Whether structural equation modeling, causal
graphical models, potential outcomes… ...mindset shift from Causality to Predictability
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Relational Processes The relations between entities, and the
effects produced by interactions are more relevant than the underlying substance, morphology, or classification
Relational Ontology (Barad): replace agential realist conceptions of causality
Process Philosophy (Alfred North Whitehead): substance is temporary patterns produced by processes
Assemblages (Deleuze and Guattari) Fusion of horizons (Gadamer)
21Source: Barad, K. (2003). Posthumanist Performativity
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BaselineFixed-Pie model: Maximum possibility is pre-determined, the recouping of a pre-specified baseline ideal
Philosophy of Immanence
Sources: Swan, M. (2015). A New Kind of Economic Philosophy: Network Economies of Abundance. http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/swan20150914
Scarcity
Abundance
Expanding-Pie model: Open-ended possibility trajectories up and out from baseline into new territory
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Abundance Philosophy of Economics
23Sources: Swan, M. "Automation Economy: An Abundance Philosophy of Economics" In Emerging Technology and Unemployment. Palgrave Macmillan. Forthcoming.
A
B
C
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Economics as an Organizational Paradigm
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New economic principles (since scarcity no longer valid) Social goods: autonomy, choice, recognition, contribution Digital goods: zero marginal cost, infinitely copiable Commons goods: Wikipedia, open-source software, Creative Commons licensing
New modes of economic life Decentralization, technological unemployment, bio-cryptoeconomy
Sources: Swan, M. "Automation Economy: An Abundance Philosophy of Economics" In Emerging Technology and Unemployment. Palgrave Macmillan. Forthcoming.
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A General Biological Economy
Modeled on Bataille’s General Economy
Biological and information economies are systems based on consumption and expenditure rather than accumulation and scarcity (Bataille)
The principle of living matter requires that the chemical operations of life, which demand an expenditure of energy, be gainful, and productive of surpluses (Styhre)
25Source: Bataille, G. 1927-1939; 1991, p 9. The Accursed Share: an Essay on General Economy. Styhre, A. Information and Communication Technology and the Excess(es) of Information: An Intro to Bataille’s General Economy. Ephemera 2(1): 28-42..
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Bio-nanoeconomy and Bio-cryptoeconomyMedical nanorobotic DACs to coordinate cell repair
Bio-economics, bio-cryptoeconomics, for secure automation and coordination of medical nanorobotics for geoethical cell repair in human cells Secure crypto-transaction tracking Automated coordination
Medical nanorobotics as coming-onboard repair platform for the human body Activity coordinated, tracked, monitored High number of agents and “transactions” Automation is obvious Crypto-tracking DAC coordinates medical
nanorobotic cell repair
26Sources: Swan, M. Blockchain Thinking: The Brain as a DAC (Decentralized Autonomous Corporation). Technology and Society Magazine, IEEE 2015; 34(4): 41-52. http://www.slideshare.net/lablogga/brain-as-a-dac-swan
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Digital Cryptocitizen: Bio-Nano Repair DACs In-cell repair DACs monitoring individual cell
health and facilitating augmentation Bio-DACs manage physical health and mental
performance as a demurrage (action-inciting) health currency
Sensibility of the Digital Crypto-biocitizen Design personal bio-economic systems Service on-board cellular repair DAC nano-robots ‘Quantified-self plus’: greater stance of self-authority
taking, self-care, self-maintenance Longevity DAC bots connect to brain-computer
interfaces to record memories and augment social goods quality-of-life experiences
27Sources: Swan, M. Blockchain Thinking: The Brain as a DAC (Decentralized Autonomous Corporation). Technology and Society Magazine, IEEE 2015; 34(4): 41-52. http://www.slideshare.net/lablogga/brain-as-a-dac-swan
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Aesthetics as an organizational paradigm Form and content
Integrated structure and function Symmetry, well-formedness,
integrity, functionality Aesthetic judgment (Kant)
Directive judgment: recognizing that this new particular example is one in a certain class of universality
Reflective judgment: an encounter with a new concept; a new particular that also belongs to a new universal, which prompts our noticing, reflection, and naming
28Source: Klee “Fire and Death;” Kant, I. Critique of the Power of Judgment. 1790.
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Systems Theory Philosophical Principles of Nanotechnology Design for Cell Repair Complexity
Non-linear, emergent, open, interdependent, self-organizing systems; predictability over causality
Posthuman-Transhuman Multispecies geo-awareness
Relational Ontology Relational fabric between entities
Economics Coordination models relational exchange;
abundance over scarcity Aesthetics
Integrated form and function in design
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Agenda Introduction Biological cell repair Philosophy of biological
cell repair Top 9 nanotechnology
cell repair advances Conclusion
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1. Blood clot dissolution2. Microneedle array delivery3. Hydrogel cellular delivery4. Positional nanoassembly robot5. Nanotechnology-guided neural
regeneration6. DNA Nanobots in first human trial 7. Graphene electrode-neuron interface8. Nanobots cargo delivery in mouse 9. Aged skin gene expression
rejuvenation with broadband laser
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Neocortical Neurogenesis in Mammalslafayette.edu
Top 9 Nanotechnology Cell Repair Advances
Microfluidic array
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Cell Repair Nanotechnology Killer AppBlood Clot Dissolution Problem: dissolve life-threatening blood clots in stroke Novel nanotherapeutic for clearing obstructed blood
vessels: biodegradable nanoparticle aggregate coated with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (clot-busting drug)
32Sources: Marosfoi, et al (2015) Shear-Activated Nanoparticle Aggregates Combined With Temporary Endovascular Bypass to Treat Large Vessel Occlusion
Donald Ingber, Wyss Institute and Ajay Wakhloo, U Mass
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Cell Repair Nanotechnology Killer AppBlood Clot Dissolution Novel approach for complete
vascular blockages where there is no blood flow (the usual case for stroke)
The nanotherapeutic reacts to fluid shear force, releasing tPA-coated nanoparticles in narrowed regions where vessels are occluded, binding to the blood clot and dissolving it
Application: less-invasive alternative to existing method (stent-retriever thrombectomy procedure)
33Sources: Marosfoi, et al (2015) Shear-Activated Nanoparticle Aggregates Combined With Temporary Endovascular Bypass to Treat Large Vessel Occlusion
Donald Ingber, Wyss Institute and Ajay Wakhloo, U Mass
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Cell Repair Nanotechnology Killer AppMicroneedle Array Diagnostic/Delivery
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Problem: less-invasive diagnostic/delivery Implantable microneedle array mimics
normal arachnoid granulations surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Microfabricated arachnoid granulations punctured through dura mater membrane in the brain to provide a conduit for cerebrospinal fluid flow (porcine tests)
Application: hydrocephalus treatment Communicating Hydrocephalus caused by
deficient arachnoid granulation valves that poorly regulate cerebrospinal fluid flow
Sources: Oh et al, A novel microneedle array for the treatment of hydrocephalus, 2015.
Jonghyun Oh, Chonbuk National University, Korea and Tim Medina, Drexel University
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Microchanneled hydrogel
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Cell Repair Nanotechnology Killer App Hydrogel Cellular Delivery
Sources: Kim et al, Artificially Engineered Protein Hydrogels Adapted from the Nucleoporin Nsp1 for Selective Biomolecular Transport, 2015.; https://www.cce.caltech.edu/content/chemical-engineering-seminar-126, Lee et al, A bio-inspired, microchanneled hydrogel, 2015.
Problem: selective permeability of the hydrogel-coated lipid bilayer
Artificially-engineered protein hydrogels Nucleosporin-like polypeptide hydrogels mimic
nucleosporin to access the nucleus Tunable mechanical and transport properties
Microchanneled hydrogel scaffolding ability to control spatial organization of biomolecules in a 3D matrix
Application: selective biomolecular transport, transport protein cargo, molecular separation
Katharina Ribbeck, Biological Engineering, MIT
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Cell Repair Nanotechnology Killer App Molecular Robot for Positional Nanoassembly
Sources: Kaszemm et al, Pick-up, transport and release of a molecular cargo using a small-molecule robotic arm, 2016. http://www.nature.com/nchem/journal/v8/n2/pdf/nchem.2410.pdf.
Problem: small-molecule transport and assembly
Artificial robotic arm transports molecular cargo by inducing conformational and configurational changes
Results: 79–85% of 3-mercaptopropanehydrazide molecules transported between platform sites without cargo dissociation
Application: reposition single molecules; atom-length scale positioning
David Leigh, University of Manchester, http://www.catenane.net
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Cell Repair Nanotechnology Killer App Nanotechnology-guided Neural Regeneration Problem: directed neural stem cell
differentiation into neurons and oligodendrocytes
Nanoparticle-based system to deliver nanomolecules to the microenvironment to modulate cell surface chemistry Surface properties influence changes in cell
adhesion, shape, and spreading Nanoscaffolds enhance gene delivery,
facilitate axonal alignment Application: regenerate damaged nerve
tissue
37Sources: Shah et al, Nanotechnology-Based Approaches for Guiding Neural Regeneration, 2016, http://www.slideshare.net/ajaygeorge91/bci-ppt
Shreyas Shah, Rutgers and Physiological Communications, Bell Labs
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Cell Repair Nanotechnology Killer App DNA Nanobots in First Human Trial
38Sources: Amir et al, Folding and Characterization of a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami, 2015. Hachmon et al, A Non-Newtonian Fluid Robot, 2016. http://nextbigfuture.com/2015/05/pfizer-partnering-with-ido-bachelet-on.html
Problem: Targeted cancer treatment less destructive than chemo and radiation
DNA Nanobots: single strand DNA folded into clamshell shaped box
Clamshell contains existing cancer drugs Protective box has two states
Closed during targeted transport Open to disgorge cancer drug to expose
cancerous cells Application: targeted drug delivery
Ido Bachelet, Bar-Ilan University and Pfizer
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Cell Repair Nanotechnology Killer AppGraphene Electrode-Neuron Interface
Sources: Fabbro et al, Graphene-Based Interfaces Do Not Alter Target Nerve Cells, 2016. http://www.gizmag.com/graphene-electrode-brain-disorders/41591/
Problem: Effective implantable electrode materials to interface with human neurons
Created direct graphene-to-neuron interface where neurons retained signaling properties (rat brain culture)
Improvement over currently implanted electrodes (tungsten and silicon) which have scar tissue and high disconnection rate per stiff materials; pure graphene is flexible, non-toxic
Application: restore lost sensory function
Laura Ballerini, University of Trieste; Andrea Ferrari, Cambridge University
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Cell Repair Nanotechnology Killer AppNanobots Cargo Delivery in Live Mouse Problem: Wider range of targeted
in vivo delivery methods Nanobot micromotors delivered
first medical payload in living creature (mouse stomach tissue)
Sources: Gao, Artificial Micromotors in the Mouse's Stomach, 2015. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ipdf/10.1021/nn507097khttp://www.gizmag.com/nanobot-micromotors-deliver-nanoparticles-living-creature/35700/?li_source=LI&li_medium=default-widget
Joseph Wang, Nanoengineering, UCSD
Zinc-coated synthetic micromotors used stomach acid-driven propulsion to install themselves in the stomach wall
Micromotor bodies dissolved in gastric acid, releasing cargo, leaving nothing toxic behind
Application: Autonomous delivery and release of therapeutic payloads in vivo, cell manipulation
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Cell Repair Nanotechnology Killer AppRejuvenation of aged skin gene expression Problem: Rejuvenation of aged skin Rejuvenation of gene expression pattern of
aged human skin by broadband light treatment; 1293 of 2265 coding and noncoding RNAs rejuvenated to youthful expression levels
Improvement in fine and course wrinkles, abnormal pigmentation, longevity
Application: restore gene expression pattern of photoaged and intrinsically aged human skin to resemble young skin
41Sources: Bitter PH Jr et al. Rejuvenation of gene expression pattern of aged human skin by broadband light treatment: a pilot study. J Invest Dermatol. 2013 Feb;133(2):394-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22931923
Patrick H. Bitter Jr., Stanford University
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Thesis
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Understanding biological cell repair at the philosophical level might help in developing nanotechnology solutions that facilitate and
augment biological processes congruently and geoethically with nature
11th Annual Workshop on Geoethical NanotechnologyJuly 20, 2016, TerasemSlides: http://slideshare.net/LaBlogga
Melanie SwanPhilosophy & Economic Theory
New School for Social Research, [email protected]
Bio-cryptoeconomyPhilosophy of Biological Cell Repair informs
Geoethical NanotechnologyPart of a Series on Cryptophilosophy
Thank you! Questions?