7/29/2019 Bio 93 Midterm Review for the Final

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1.  Themes:

2.  Open system

3.  Four properties of water is cohesive behavior, ability to moderate

temperature, expansion upon freezing and versatility as a solvent because of 

its polarity

4.  Functional groups are hydroxyl (-OH) are specializes with alcohol, amino(-NH2) are base, methyl (CH3) nonpolar, phosphate (-OP3^2-) backbone of 

the phospholipids, sulfhydryl (-SH) specializes the protein’s structure,

carbonate (>CO) the function group for sugar- ketones and aldehyde, and

carboxyl (-COOH) is acidic.

5.  Carbohydrate: Glucose and made from sugars; glycosidic linkage when

joining two monosaccharide; cellulose: is a polymer of glucose

6.  Hydrogenation: the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats

by adding hydrogen.

7.  Phospholipids are made up of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails;

cholesterol (steroid =four fused rings) is made from lipids, Unsaturated has

double bonds in their structure while saturated has no double bonds in theirstructure. They are fluid when its warm while its cool it becomes solid. Fats

are made from fatty acids and glycerol =ester linkage. Lipids are hydrophobic

because they contain hydrocarbon.

8.  Fluid mosaic model=a membrane is a fluid structure with a “mosaic” of 

various proteins embedded in it.

9.  Proteins are made from amino acid that is synthesized by ribosomes.

10. Nuclei acids make up the DNA, the DNA has nitrogenous bases, phosphate

and pentose sugars. Purines have two organic rings which is a 6 organic ring

fused with a five rings while Pyrimidine are one organic ring which has the 6

organic ring. Purines are guanine and adenine while pyrimidine is thymine

and cytosine.11. Isotonic has water flowing equally in a red blood cell. Hypertonic has less

water and more solution going in the red blood cell while hypotonic has

more water going in the red blood cell.

12. Lysosome is the garbage man and they are phagocytosis (secrete food waste)

and autophagy (get rid of dead cell)

13. Smooth ER: lipids and steroids, detoxification and tolerance (toxins) and

calcium muscle contraction

14. Rough ER: proteins

15. Peroxisomes: neutralize alcohol, phenols, formic acid by robbing H+ and

giving then to O to produce hydrogen peroxide H2O2 and convert it to water

H2O.16. Exocytosis: transport vesicles to membrane, fuse with it and secrete/ release

their contents

17. Endocytosis: the cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles

Phagocytosis: cellular eating –engulfs and fuses with lysosomes to digest;

pinocytosis: cellular drinking-engulfs with extracellular fluid; receptor-

mediated endocytosis: binding ligand to a specific receptor site

18.