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Respiratory Systemsystem to transport respiratory gases between cells and

external environment

O2 is needed for metabolic processes and CO2 is released as waste product

Respiration gas exchange between organism and its environment

Requires: diffusion of gases; moist & semi-permeable membranesOrganism Respiratory System

Aquatic animals (extract O2 dissolved

in water)

Gills

Terrestrial animals (O2 in gaseous

form)

Tracheal system (arthropods) w/

spiracles

Book lung (arachnids)

Vertebrates (lungs)

Amphibians (frogs & toads)

Lungs (Pulmonary respiration) 2/3

Skin (Cutaneous respiration)

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Mouth and pharynx lining

(Buccopharyngeal respiration)

Vocal cord vs. vocal sac

Bulk Flow higher pressure to lower pressure

Positive Pressure Breathing - frogs; air is pushed downNegative Pressure Breathing humans; air is sucked in

*based on difference between pressure gradient between atmospheric pressure and

alveolar pressure

Part Feature/Function Special Structures

Glottis Slit-like opening at the

floor of the pharynx

Arytenoid cartilage &

ring-like cricoid

cartilage

Larynx/Voice Box Hollow cartilaginous;

below the glottis

Vocal cords

Bronchi Short tubes; connects

larynx to the lungs

Lungs Sac-like, thin-walled and

elastic

Alveoli minute

compartments w/ walls

lined w/ BV

External Respiration (breathing) environment to the lungsInternal Respiration (cellular respiration) lungs to the tissuesRate of breathing velocity at which air is brought into the lungs and outagain (metabolic activity)

*Forms of CO2

PARTS OF ALVEOLI

Physiology

A. Mechanics of Breathing

B. Breathing rate & amt. of CO2

Accumulation of CO2 caused murky color of lime water (saturated CaOH2 inH2O)

More activity, higher breathing rate, higher rate of color change CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

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2Ca(OH)2 + 2CO2 -> 2CaCO3 + 2H2

C. Vital capacity of the lungs

Improvised wet spirometer (measures air capacity) Higher vital capacity if needs more O2 (men, people in high lands) Residual volume prevents collapse of lungs Vital capacity 4600 mL (VC = TV + IRV + ERV)

o Tidal volume 500 mLo Inspiratory Reserve Volume 3000 mLo Expiratory Reserve Volume 1000 mL

Urogenital System= Excretory + Reproductive

Organism Urogenital System

Protozoans, sponges, cnidarians Contractile vacuole - osmoregulation

Flatworms & Roundworms Flame cells/solenocytes

(protonephridia)

Annelids Metanephridia

Crustaceans Antennal/Green Glands

Insects Malpighian TubulesEmbryonic: birds, reptiles, mammals

Adult: Amphibians and fishes

Mesonephros

Adult: most vertebrates Metanephros

Hermaphrodite

EXCEPTIONS: arthropods, mollusks and nematodes

Sexual dimorphism

Nephron basic functional unit of the kidney

Renal Corpuscle = Glomerulus + Bowmans capsule Collecting tubules

Circulatory System transport of gases, nutrients and waste products

PATHWAY OF BLOOD