bio 2 lecture exam 2 package 2... · bio 2 lecture exam 2 package . 2 fungi lecture evolution:...
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Bio 2
Lecture
Exam 2
Package
2
FUNGI LECTURE
Evolution:
General Characteristics:
Animal-like Characteristics:
3
Fungal Reproduction:
Asexual:
Sexual:
Plasmogamy:
Karyogamy:
Syngamy:
Fungal Classification:
Division: Chytrids:
4
Division: Zygomycetes:
5
Division: Glomeromycetes
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
Division: Ascomycetes
6
Division: Basidiomycetes
7
Microsporidia
Lichens:
Ecological Impacts:
8
Plant Evolution:
Ordovician (475mya)
Devonian (400 mya)
Carboniferous (360 mya)
Cretaceous (130 mya)
Common Characters with Algae:
Adaptations to Terrestrial Life:
1. Multicellular Dependent Embryos
2. Alternation of Generation
3. Walled Spores produced in Sporangia
4. Apical Meristems
5. Other Adaptations
a) Cuticle
b) Stomata
c) Xylem and phloem
d) Secondary compounds
9
Nonvascular Seedless Plants
Division: Hepatophyta:
Division: Anthocerophyta:
Division: Bryophyta:
Bryophyta Life Cycle
10
Vascular Seedless Plants:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Division: Lycophyta
Division: Pterophyta
Psilophytes:
Sphenophytes:
Ferns:
11
Fern Life Cycle
12
Vascular Plants
Alteration of Generation
Mosses
Ferns
Seed Plants
Why be Sporophyte Dominant?
Why retain Gametophyte Generation?
Seeds
13
Ovule to Seed
Overview of Seed Plants
Phylogeny
Division: Ginkgophyta
Division: Cycadophyta
Division: Gnetophyta
14
Division: Coniferophyta
Pine Tree Life Cycle
15
Flower
Sepals
Petals
Receptacles
Stamen
Anther
Filament
Carpel
Stigma
Style:
Ovary:
Ovule:
Angiosperm Life Cycle
16
Cross Pollination:
Angiosperm Radiation
Pollination
Dispersal
The Global Impact
17
Tissue Systems
Ground Tissue:
Parenchyma:
Collenchyma:
Sclerenchyma
Vascular Tissue:
Xylem:
Phloem:
Dermal Tissue:
Epidermis:
Periderm:
18
Plant Systems:
Root Systems:
Shoot Systems:
Plant Growth:
Meritstems:
Apical:
Protoderm:
Ground:
Procambium:
Lateral:
Vascular:
Cork:
Monocot vs. Dicot
Embryo Veins Stems Roots Flowers
Monocot
Dicot
19
Root System:
Tap Root:
Fibrous Root:
Four Regions:
Root Tissue:
Pith:
Xylem:
Phloem:
Pericycle:
Endodermis:
Cortex:
Epidermis:
Monocot vs. Dicot:
20
Modified Roots:
Shoot System:
Stems:
Leaves:
Fruits:
Flowers:
Primary Growth:
Protoderm:
Procambium:
Ground Meristem:
Vascular Bundles:
21
Stem Structure: Monocot vs. Dicot
Pith: Ground Tissue:
Vascular Bundles:
Cortex:
Epidermis:
Secondary Structure:
Vascular Cambium:
Cork Cambium:
Dicot:
Pith:
Primary Xylem:
Secondary Xylem:
Vascular Cambium:
Secondary Phloem:
Primary Phloem:
Cortex:
Phelloderm:
Cork Cambium:
Cork:
22
Heartwood:
Sapwood:
Bark:
Wood:
Spring wood vs. Summer wood
Modified Stems:
23
Leaf Structure;
Simple:
Compound:
Doubly Compound:
Epidermis:
Stomata:
Guard Cells:
Cuticle:
Mesophyll:
Pallisade:
Spongy:
Modified Leaves:
24
Transport
Cellular Transport
Diffusion:
Osmosis:
Facillitated Diffusion:
Active Transport:
Proton Pump:
Water Potential:
Solute Concentration:
Pressure:
25
Plant Cell Water Movement:
Turgid:
Flaccid:
Plasmolysis:
Aquaporins:
Tissue Level Transport:
Trans-membrane:
Symplastic
Apoplastice:
Long Distance Transport:
Bulk Flow:
26
Long Distance Transport (cont) - Absorption of Water and Minerals
Two Pathways:
Long Distance Transport – Transport of Xylem Sap
Pushing Xylem:
Guttation:
27
Long Distance Transport – Transport of Xylem Sap (cont)
Pulling Xylem:
Transpiration:
Adhesion:
Cohesion:
Surface Tension:
28
Control of Transpiration:
Guard Cells:
Potassium Ions:
Stomata:
Reducing Transpiration:
Phloem Loading:
29
Translocation of Phloem:
Pressure Flow:
30
Plant Nutrition:
Macronutrients:
Carbon - organic compounds
Oxygen - organic compounds
Hydrogen - organic compounds
Nitrogen - nucleic acids, proteins
Sulfur - proteins
Phosphorus- nucleic acids, lipids
Potassium - Protein Synthesis, water balance
Calcium - cell walls, membranes, permeability
Magnesium - chlorophyll, enzymes
Micronutrients:
Chlorine - water balance, photosynthesis
Iron - cytochromes
Boron - chlorophyll synthesis
Manganese - amino acids, photosynthesis
Zinc - Chlorophyll synthesis
Copper - enzymes for redox rxns
Molybdenum - nitrogen fixation
Nickel - Cofactor in nitrogen, metabolism
Soil:
Texture:
Composition:
31
Availability of Soil Water and Availability:
Soil Conservation:
32
Nitrogen Fixation:
Nutritional Adaptations:
33
Control Systems:
Plant Hormones:
Auxins:
Control:
Polar Transport:
34
Acid Growth Hypothesis:
Others:
Cytokinins:
35
Gibberelins:
Abscisic Acid:
Ethylene:
Oligosaccharins:
Brassinosteroids:
Plant Movements:
Phototropism:
Gravitropism:
Thigmotropism:
36
Rapid Leaf Movement:
Sleep Movement:
Daily and Seasonal Responses:
Circadian Rhythm:
Photoperiodism:
Flowering Hormones:
Phytochromes:
37
Red vs. Far Red Response:
Response to Environmental Stress: