bio 199 lecture 3 (literature review)
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
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THE LITERATURE REVIEW
Evaluating Others’ and Developing Your Own
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RELATED LITERATURE
• RELATED LITERATURE: Composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related
• RELATED STUDIES: studies, inquiries or investigations conducted to which the present proposed study is related or has some bearing or similarity
• usually unpublished materials
• manuscripts; theses; dissertations
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SEARCHING FOR THEORIES
We usually survey the literature to arrive at theories.
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THEORY
• DEFINITION
• set of interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables (Kerlinger, 1973)
• purpose: explaining and predicting the phenomena
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FUNCTIONS OF THEORY
• It identifies the start for the research problem by presenting the gaps, weak points, and inconsistencies in the previous researches. This provides the study with a conceptual framework justifying the need for investigations.
• It puts together all the constructs or concepts that are related with the researcher’s topic. The theory then leads you into the specific questions to ask in your own investigation
• It presents the relationships among variables that have been investigated. This process enables you to view your topic on hand against the findings earlier bared.
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OTHER IMPORTANCE, PURPOSES AND
FUNCTIONS OF RELATED LITERATURE
“WHAT IS IT FOR ME ME ANYWAY?”
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• It gives the researcher a feeling of confidence since by means of the review of related literature he will have on hand all constructs related to the study.
• It provides information about the research methods used, the population and sampling considered, the instruments used in gathering data, and the statistical technique and computation employed in previous research.
• It provides findings and conclusions of past investigations which may relate to your own findings and conclusions.
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• The surveyed materials must be as recent as possible
• Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased
• Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study
• Surveyed materials must have been based upon genuinely original and true facts or data to make them valid and reliable
• Reviewed materials must not be too few or too many
CHARACTERISTICS OF RELATED LITERATURE
MATERIALS
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HOW TO CONDUCT THE REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE“WHERE DO I GO FROM HERE?”
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WHERE TO SEARCH
• personal or school library (magazines, journals, books, etc)
• attend seminars, scientific meetings (under your topic of course)...take down notes
• do a computer-aided search through databases
• example: www.scirus.com; pubmed; toxnet, etc
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HELP, THEY ARE ALL FOR SALE!
• You can actually ask for reprints:
• via postcards
• via request letters
• via emails
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AFTER ALL THESE PHOTOX WHAT’S
NEXT?“ITS TIME TO ORGANIZE YOUR TREASURES!”
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ORGANIZING YOUR NOTES
• General Information
• Methods in Other Studies
• Support for Objectives
• Results to Compare with My Results
• Pros and Cons of Controversy
• Others...it may be of use (malay mo!)
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ALSO...
• write all bibliographic information, i.e., author(s), complete title, publisher, date and place of publication, and so on
• write what others have said on the subject plus your own impressions and comments
• Start paraphrasing
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GUIDE QUESTIONS WHEN YOU REVIEW RESEARCH
LITERATURE
• Do the accumulated literature indicate gaps and inconsistencies which you hope to fill?
• Are the variables adequately described?
• What data gathering instruments have been used? Are they reliable and valid tools?
• Are the target and sampling populations presented?
• Were the hypotheses tested and correctly interpreted?
• Are the results logical? Are the conclusions and recommendations data-based?
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IT’S TIME TO WRITE...AVOIDING PLAGIARISM!
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• Use headings arranged in logical order to indicate main points
• Avoid too long introduction to your main topic.
• Include information that are directly related and relevant to your topic.
• A maximum of half-page (double-space) must constitute one paragraph
• Do not copy in toto the information from your source. No more than 10% of the entire paper is allowed for direct quotation
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• Give due credit to the real source of your data. Cite the authors at the end of the sentence.
• Paraphrase using your own words and style the data gathered.
• Summarize important points from your sources and relate them to your topic.
• Reinforce your data with selected figures or statistics from your course.
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A common problem...turning your
list of ideas into a BORING review
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HOW TO AVOID IT
• Make subheads (not too many), transitional phrases and unifying ideas to make information flow smoothly
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HOW TO AVOID IT
• Spice your writing with a variety. Keep your paper alive!
• Vary the way sentence and paragraph begins:
• Author A found out
• Author B found out
• Replace found out with:
• demonstrates; presented evidence for; supported; observed; reported; examined; concluded
• Early in the 1980’s, author A
• According to Author A,
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READY TO DO YOUR RRL?
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But before that, let us learn to critique or
evaluate a research study
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GUIDE QUESTIONS
• Why did the Researchers do this particular study?
• Who/What was/were studied?
• How was the study done?
• What did the researchers find?
• What were the limitations of the study?
• What are the implications of the study?
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ACTIVITY 2
• For December 3, 2009
• Materials: photocopy of guide questions and uploaded (FB) journal article
• Task: To be guided by the questions and critique the research study
• One page, single space, Arial, 12
• Submit on December 7, 2009
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FOR ACTIVITY 3...
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BRING THE FOLLOWING
• December 7, 2009
• Choose 5 abstracts from journal articles related to your desired topic/interest
• Inclusive Dates: 2000 to present
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thank you and see you next meeting!