bio 124 lab exam 2 study guide
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Domain Eukarya
Supergroup Archaeplastida
KingdomCharophycean
NucleusIntercellular structuresCytoskeleton Linear chromosomesMeiosis and Mitosis
Primary EndosimbiosisContain plastidsChlorophyll AContain Cellulose in cell wallsStarch used as food storage
Chlorophyll B, Carotene, XanthophyllFlagellaInternal fertilization, egg retainedForm phragmoplast during cell plate formation
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Domain Eukarya
Supergroup Archaeplastida
KingdomPlantae
NucleusIntercellular structuresCytoskeleton Linear chromosomesMeiosis and Mitosis
Primary EndosimbiosisContain plastidsChlorophyll AContain Cellulose in cell wallsStarch used as food storage
Diplohaplontic life cycleApical meristemCuticleDispersed by seeds or spores
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Supergroup Archaeplastida
KingdomPlantae
Bryophytes
Primary EndosimbiosisContain plastidsChlorophyll AContain Cellulose in cell wallsStarch used as food storage
Diplohaplontic life cycleApical meristemCuticleDispersed by seeds or spores
HomosporousNon Vascular, small size Flagellated SpermGametophyte dominant Sporophyte dependant on gametophyteNo true leaves, stems or roots (anchors with rhizoids)Have Gametangia: Antheridia & Archegonium
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• Bryophyte Life Cycle – Diplohaplontic, Homosporous• Gametophyte dominant, Sporophyte dependant on gametophyte• Gametangia (cluster of sex organs)• Sporangium
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Female Gametangium
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Male Gametangium
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Moss Sporophyte
• Grows out of adult gametophyte
• Dependant on gametophyte
• Sporangium containing spores located on the top
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Rhizoids
• A structure in plants that functions like a root in support or absorption.
• Not a true root due to lack of vascular tissue
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KingdomPlantae
Bryophytes
Division Hepatophyta(liverworts)
Diplohaplontic life cycleApical meristemCuticleDispersed by seeds or spores
HomosporousNon Vascular, small size Flagellated SpermGametophyte dominant Sporophyte dependant on gametophyteNo true leaves, stems or roots (anchors with rhizoids)Have Gametangia: Antheridia & Archegonium
Gametangia are antheridia and archegoniaJust pores, no stomataFlattened leaf-like lobes
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Division Hepatophyta(liverworts)
• Flattened leaf-like lobes
• Looks like liver, originally thought to be good for the liver when eaten
• Just pores, no stomata
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KingdomPlantae
Bryophytes
Division Anthocerophyta(hornworts)
Diplohaplontic life cycleApical meristemCuticleDispersed by seeds or spores
HomosporousNon Vascular, small size Flagellated SpermGametophyte dominant Sporophyte dependant on gametophyteNo true leaves, stems or roots (anchors with rhizoids)Have Gametangia: Antheridia & Archegonium
Hornlike sporangia
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Division Anthocerophyta (hornworts)Green top parts: Sporangia (horns)Dark slime looking bottom: Dominant Gametophyte
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KingdomPlantae
Bryophytes
Division Bryophyta(mosses)
Diplohaplontic life cycleApical meristemCuticleDispersed by seeds or spores
HomosporousNon Vascular, small size Flagellated SpermGametophyte dominant Sporophyte dependant on gametophyteNo true leaves, stems or roots (anchors with rhizoids)Have Gametangia: Antheridia & Archegonium
Has Leaf like structuresSporophyte has a capsule with calyptrasGametophyte grows from protonema Important part of the eco system
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Division Bryophyta (moss)
Life Cycle
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Division Bryophyta (moss) capsule
• Operculum falls off when dry
• Teeth open
• Internal spores are released
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Division Bryophyta (moss) capsule with calyptras
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Division Bryophyta (moss) Protonema• When a moss first grows from the spore, it grows as a
protonema which develops into a leafy gametophyte.
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Kingdom: PlantaeDomain: Bryophyta
Genus: Sphagnum
• Demonstrated moss absorbance in the lab
• Looked at the clear, non photosynthetic, absorbent cells
• Compared to green, photosynthetic cells
• Absorbance important in the global ecosystem
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Division Bryophyta (mosses) gametophyte
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KingdomPlantae
Seedless Vascular Plants
Diplohaplontic life cycleApical meristemCuticleDispersed by seeds or spores
Structure, grow larger, nutrient movementStomataRoots, shoots and leaves (micro/megaphylls)Sporophyte dominant “seen”Gametophyte dependant on Sporophyte Contain Phloem and Xylem
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Seedless Vascular Plants
Division Lycophyta(club moss, ground pines, spike moss, quillworts)
GenusLycopodium(club moss)
Structure, grow larger, nutrient movementStomataRoots, shoots and leaves (micro/megaphyll)Sporophyte dominant “seen”Gametophyte dependant on Sporophyte Contain Phloem and Xylem
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Lycopodium (club moss) specimen
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Lycopodium leaf cross section
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Lycopodium Life Cycle
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LycopodiumStrobili Unmagnifiedand Magnified
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Seedless Vascular Plants
Division Lycophyta(club moss, ground pines, spike moss, quillworts)
GenusSelaginella
Structure, grow larger, nutrient movementStomataRoots, shoots and leaves (micro/megaphyll)Sporophyte dominant “seen”Gametophyte dependant on Sporophyte Contain Phloem and Xylem
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Selaginella sporophyte
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Selaginella Life Cycle
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KingdomPlantae
Seedless Vascular Plants
Division Pterophyta(whisk ferns, horsetails, ferns)
Diplohaplontic life cycleApical meristemCuticleDispersed by seeds or spores
Structure, grow larger, nutrient movementStomataRoots, shoots and leaves (micro/megaphyll)Sporophyte dominant “seen”Gametophyte dependant on Sporophyte Contain Phloem and Xylem
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Seedless Vascular Plants
Division Pterophyta
ClassPterophyta(ferns)
Structure, grow larger, nutrient movementStomataRoots, shoots and leaves (micro/megaphyll)Sporophyte dominant “seen”Gametophyte dependant on Sporophyte Contain Phloem and Xylem
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Fern Life cycle
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Fern Life cycle
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BelowSporophyte growing from gametophyte
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fern sporophyte
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fern sorus on leaf
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Fern sorus magnified
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fern sporangium with annulus
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Seedless Vascular Plants
Division Pterophyta
ClassPsilophyta(whisk ferns)
Structure, grow larger, nutrient movementStomataRoots, shoots and leaves (micro/megaphyll)Sporophyte dominant “seen”Gametophyte dependant on Sporophyte Contain Phloem and Xylem
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PsilophytaLife cycle
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Psilotum Sporangium
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Seedless Vascular Plants
Division Pterophyta
ClassSphenophyta(horsetails)
Structure, grow larger, nutrient movementStomataRoots, shoots and leaves (micro/megaphyll)Sporophyte dominant “seen”Gametophyte dependant on Sporophyte Contain Phloem and Xylem
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Life cycle shown in lab
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Equisetum life cycle1. Sporophyte plant2. Strobilus3. Sporangium4. Spores5. Antheridium6. Sperm7. Male gametophyte8. Female gametophyte9. Archegonium10. Egg11. Zygote12. Young sporophyte
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Equisetum sporophyte
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Equisetum gametophyte
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Equisetum spores
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Seedless Vascular Plants
Division Pterophyta
ClassSphenophyta(horsetails)
Structure, grow larger, nutrient movementStomataRoots, shoots and leaves (micro/megaphyll)Sporophyte dominant “seen”Gametophyte dependant on Sporophyte Contain Phloem and Xylem
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Kingdom Plantae Division Hepatophyta Division Anthocerophyta Division Bryophyta
Division Lycophyta Division Pterophyta
Division Ginkgophyta Division Cycadophyta Division Gnetophyta Division Coniferophyta Division Anthophyta
Moss gametophyte, moss sporophyte, moss capsule with calyptras, moss antheridium, moss archegonium, moss protonema, moss rhizoids, Selaginella strobilis nonmagnified & magnified, fern sporophyte, fern sorus, fern sporangium with annulus, fern gametophyte, stomata, megaphyll, Lycopodium strobilis, fern gametophyte, Psilotum sporophyte, Selaginella sporophyte, Equisetum spores, Equisetum sporophyte